Asilikali - ndi chiyani ichi? Board shoguns ku Japan

chitukuko Japanese akuti ndi aang'ono. Ngakhale kuti zilumba Japanese anayamba kutenga zaka zoposa chikwi chimodzi zapitazo, yobweretsa anthu pamodzi mu chisokonezeko cha mafuko izo zinachitika kokha m'zaka chachiwiri BC. Semblance wa statehood yekha kuno mu zaka za zana lachitatu AD, pamene mgwirizano wa mafuko katundu wa Yamato anatha pogonjetsa mtundu wonse, ndi kukhala waukulu. Pang'onopang'ono ulamuliro katundu wa Yamato Fuko anakhala ngati mfumu, ndi oweruza awo amadzitcha mafumu ( "Tenno"). akuti wina "asilikali" (kani, wolamulira - High mtsogoleri), adafika zaka ntchito ina.

Magwero wakale wa asilikaliwo ndi

Mu Japan, mu zaka 6-7 zambiri za anthu anali kuimiriridwa ndi osawuka, palinso anali akapolo ndi nzika wosiyana wa anthu Japanese, nthawi zambiri a Chinese ndi Korea. Wamba adamangidwa misonkho yokongola kwambiri mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala lendi ndalama, anauzidwa kuti ntchito kunja ndipo kwenikweni anali Ufumuyo dziko. Pofuna kuthetsa ang'onoang'ono osauka zionetsero analenga magulu a asilikali ophunzitsidwa mwapadera - asilikaliwo, ndi mphamvu oyang'anira mu dziko a otchuka, amene makamaka a mtundu womwewo monga wolamulira wamkulu.

The shogunate yoyamba m'mbiri ya Japan

shoguns Japanese mwalamulo anaonekera mu 11 m'ma AD. Pa gawo la Japan anayamba kupanga gulu la ambuye asilikali ang'onoang'ono, lomwe ndi Taira ndi Minamoto. Iwo anabweretsa yapachiweniweni nkhondo 1180-1185 gg., Ndewu imene anatenga malo onse chilumba cha Honshu. Pa mbali zonse za kutsogolo panali masauzande magulu ankhondo, anthu wamba anapha chadzaoneni mchitidwe umenewu. Wopambana wa Minamoto banja, amene nthumwi, Yoritomo, kupereka mu 1192 mutu wa "Seyi Tay asilikali" - ". Aakulu, kugonjetsa akunjawo" kutanthauza Choncho mbiri ya Japan anaonekera shogunate.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti nkhondo ku Japan pa nthawi imeneyo kwenikweni anapambana palibe Yoritomo, ndi m'bale wake - Yoshitsune, amene mogwirizana ndi wolamulira Muzisamala anachotsedwa nyumba yachifumu. Malinga ndi ena nthano, Yoshitsune anathawa Japan ku Chile, kumene anatenga dzina "Genghis Khan", ina - anadzipha. Komanso chidwi nthano za imfa ya Yoritomo pambuyo akugwa pa kavalo zinachitika chifukwa chakuti kavalo anakulira anaona Mzimu wa Yoshitsune.

Mawu akuti anabwera ku China

Ngati Japanese kufunsa: "Fotokozani mawu akuti" asilikali "," taysegun, "etc ..." mayankho akhoza kukhala osiyanasiyana ndithu. chakuti mfundo anadza kwa Japan ku China, kumene nawagawira mu mawonekedwe a "mwamseri asilikali", sipangakhalenso likumasuliridwa kuti "mkulu wa mtengo waukulu." Malinga ndi nthano, wotchuka Chinese asilikali Hyo-Ndinali odzichepetsa kuti pamene chipulumutso wake ananena poyera, anathamanga pansi pa mtengo waukulu, osati kuti amvetsere kutamanda ku adiresi wake.

M'mbiri ya mawu Japanese "asilikali" ndi ZOWONJEZERA osiyanasiyana otchulidwa zaka 7-8 a m'nthawi yathu ino, kuphatikizapo:

• fukusegun - "kazembe wolamulira";
• taysegun - "wamkulu ambiri" (awiri mtima posts onyamula anagawidwa apamwamba m'munsi mwa udindo);
• tinteki asilikali - mtsogoleri wa asilikali amene anagonjetsa akunjawo wa West;
• monga asilikali - wopambana wa akunjawo wa East;
• tindzyu asilikali - mkulu-conciliator.

Mutu wa woyamba anabwerera

Masiku amenewo, chotengera cha dzina limeneli anali udindo waukulu, amene walunjika asilikali kapena gawo zace, kapena mtumiki. Udindo chinaperekedwa kwa nkhondo, ndiyeno mfumu. Mwambo wakale wa "mwambo" ankaganiza wachinsinsi lamulo pa phunziro ili (lamulo) ndi ulaliki wa lupanga mwamwambo m'bwalo lachifumu. Kenako, ndondomeko ndi pang'ono kusinthidwa. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa oimira okalamba sadzaloledwa mu nyumba yachifumu mu Kyoto kwa omvetsera, ndipo m'zaka 14-19 lamulo anabweretsa asilikali "nyumba". Iye anadzaza mu bokosi yankho kuchokera pansi pa lamulo la mchenga golide, anamupatsanso kazembe yachifumu ndi analonjeza kutsatira "Mwachitsanzo yowala" wolamulira wa Yoritomo Minamoto.

Mkulu wa asilikaliyo anali wokhoza kukhala mwana wazaka

Shoguns ulamuliro mu Japan unakhala kuchokera 1192 mpaka Meiji utasintha. Nthawi imeneyi, mkulu wapamwamba ankasonyeza mphamvu cholowa ndi ophatikizana posts pamwamba boma, pamene mphamvu ya mfumu inali m'malo ceremoniously-par. Ndi Minamoto Yoritomo anafa, mphamvu ankadutsa regents mwana wake - ndi Hojo banja.

Pambuyo kutha kwa mtundu Minamoto patrilineal Japanese shoguns, mwina nthawi yokhayo mbiri, m'gulu chiwerengero chawo cha mwana wa Fuko Fujiwara, amene anasankhidwa kuti udindo waukulu anthu pa nthawi pa zaka ziwiri.

Kamakursky shogunate anabweretsa Japan ndi mbendera

The shogunate yoyamba Japan anali likulu lake mzinda wa Kamakura, wotchedwa Kamakurskim shogunate. nthawi yakale imeneyi anali yodziwika ndi ndewu asanakhale ndi ulamuliro wa mamembala a asilikaliwo wa - "anthu servicemen" amene anapanga asilikali ang'onoang'ono kalasi olemekezeka zazing'ono, kuteteza ndi kutumikira "daimyo." Pa nthawi yomweyo Japan chifukwa cha phukusi mphamvu zachilengedwe anatha kubweza awiri Mongol nkhondo (zaka 1281 ndi 1274) ndi kupeza mbendera, limene, mogwirizana ndi nthano, anapatsa shogunate Chibuda - kholo la Nichiren.

m'magulu ang'onoang'ono

Minamoto Yoritomo, asilikali (chithunzi kupenta azimuona tafotokoza), pambuyo pa nkhondo iliyonse m'chigawo yoikidwiratu akazembe ankhondo, zomwe pa nthawi akhala akukuchitirani ndithu lankhondo, ndipo ankaganiza m'manja mwa magawo a. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Japan wakhazikitsa yabwino asapita malonda ndi China ndi Korea, zomwe zinachititsa kuti patsogolo wa ambuye ang'onoang'ono kum'mwera-kum'mawa.

njira amenewa ngati ambuye ang'onoang'ono mu mlingo wa Kamakura, zikubweretsa mikangano ndi kulanda mphamvu kwa Ashikaga banja. Oimira yotsirizira anasamuka anawononga Kamakura ku Kyoto, pafupi ndi yachifumu, kumene ndalama kwambiri pa machesi ndi mwambo wa khoti otchuka. zochitika State anali mu mkhalidwe kunyalanyaza zomwe zinachititsa kuti intensification akazembe ankhondo m'madera ena a dziko ndi latsopano gawo la nkhondo yapachiweniweni.

Shoguns kulamulira Japan mu 1478 - 1577 zaka, kachiwiri limodzi ndi nkhondo pakati pafupifupi maiko onse, kutsogolera ufumu anangotsala pang'ono kugwa mu m'ma 16. Koma panali "daimyo" - nthumwi za anthu mwa asilikaliwo (Nobunaga), amene anagonjetsa likulu la dziko ndi likulu la Kyoto, anagonjetsa chachikulu ambuye ang'onoang'ono ndi kusamalidwa mabungwe ake aluso ambiri - Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

Mkulu wa asilikaliyo anali wokhoza mlimi

Izi osaphunzira koma akhama ndi wanzeru amachokera ku banja wamba atamwalira Nobunaga oimira banja anamaliza kugwirizana kwa Japan (mu 1588). Choncho, nonaristocratic kalasi nthumwi kwenikweni analandira udindo wa "asilikali." Koyamba, izo blurs malire pakati pa magulu, koma lamulo Hideyoshi amatsimikizira mwayi onse a asilikaliwo ndipo ngakhale pomenyera kuchotsa zida (malupanga) wamba.

Anasintha shoguns Japanese, koma ku Tokugawa Fuko analamulira Japan pafupifupi kotala la Mileniamu. chakuti Hideyoshi m'manja mphamvu Mwana wake, amene anali mwana, ndipo ankavutika otumikira. Zolungama zochokera mwa oyang'anira anaima Tokugawa Ieyasu, amene kwathetsa mphamvu ya wolowa yovomerezeka ndi anayamba kulamulira ndi kusankha ngati likulu la Tokyo ano.

Poyamba, asilikaliwo anali osankhika

Pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Tokugawa nyumba anali streamlined dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka dziko - mfumu opanda mphamvu, analowa mabungwe mzinda wa akulu, anthu alipo magulu. malo lalikulu ndi wotanganidwa ndi ankhondo - asilikaliwo. Enanso alimi, osema, amalonda, akuyendayenda asangalatsi, pariah ndi osauka, amenenso zigwire m'kalasi osiyana. Pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Tokugawa asilikaliwo anali ochepa a anthu, omwe ndi chakhumi cha anthu, ndipo anali ndi maudindo ambirimbiri. Koma ndiye chiwerengero cha asilikali anatsimikizira zosafunika, ndi ena asilikaliwo anakhala Ninja, ronin (ganyu wakupha), pamene ena asamukira tradespeople kapena nawaphunzitsa malonda a asilikali komanso nzeru za "Bushido" - Code wa asilikaliwo. Achiwawa akuwotcha Ronin adali kubisa asilikali aboma.

Chifukwa kuwonongedwa kwa boma shogunate

Chifukwa ndiye sanali kumusamalira m'manja ulamuliro wa asilikali? Reviews mbiri yakale amati dziko chifukwa kukula ubale malonda anaonekera kalasi ya bourgeoisie zazing'ono, zomwe kwambiri mumtima Akuluakulu a shogunate, ndipo zinapangitsa zionetsero. Mu wosanjikiza m'tawuni anayambitsa anzeru, amenenso anafuna kubisa, makamaka chifukwa cha chilakolako chake kwa Shinto Kulengeza kuyandikana kwa Japanese kaya kalasi ndi ena.

boma laletsa zipembedzo zina (Christianity), kulankhula zochepa ndi mayiko ena, zimene zinachititsa kuti zionetsero ndipo pamapeto pake, kuti kulanda ndi Tokugawa shogunate wa mphamvu ya boma kumbuyo kwa mfumu mu 1867. Lero, "asilikali" mu Japan - ndi akuti zakale, kuyambira otere linathetsedwa pa Meiji Kubwezeretsa, umene unachitika mu 1868 - 1889 zaka.