Zr: ulimi mu Russia

Zirconium mu mawonekedwe pulayimale ndi silvery woyera zitsulo, momwe katundu ngati khalidwe ngati kukana dzimbiri ndi plasticity. Mu chikhalidwe, ndi zachilendo, koma anamwazikana kwambiri. madipoziti ikuluikulu akadali sizinapezekebe. Kwa nthawi yoyamba kuti kuli zitsulo anthu aphunzira mu 1789, kenako sayansi M. Klaproth pa phunziro la okusayidi mchere zircon mwangozi analitsegula. Mu mawonekedwe woyera, zitsulo ichi chinapezeka yekha mu 1925 zirconium Masiku ano, kofala kupanga ntchito m'mafakitale zosiyanasiyana. Kumene, chinkhoswe mu kupanga ndi mabizinezi ambiri m'banja.

mafotokozedwe ambiri

Zachilendo katundu - icho chiri kwenikweni anatsimikiza ndi phindu mafakitale chotero zitsulo n'chosoŵa monga zirconium. kupanga ake anali opindulitsa kwa chuma cha dziko kupyolera:

1. Mkulu mlingo wa kukana mankhwala. acid amathiridwa pa zitsulo sangabereke mwamtheradi zopanda phindu, ndipo amachitira ndi sulfuric kokha pamene ndende wake si zosakwana 50% ndi kutentha pa 100 madigiri.

2. Luso m'moto mpweya ndi pafupifupi palibe utsi kapena utsi. Zokha azinyadira zirconium (cha zabwino kwambiri) akhale pa kutentha 250 C.

3. Tizilombo inertness. Zirconium ali mwamtheradi zingakuvulazeni munthu kapena nyama. Ubwino, mosiyana ndi zimene ambiri amakhulupirira, izo, mwatsoka, komanso palibe sangabweretse.

wotchuka kwambiri mu makampani si zitsulo, komanso kugwirizana kwake. Maminolo zircon Mwachitsanzo, ali ndi kuuma kwambiri ndi kukondweretsa adamantine luster. Choncho, nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo wotchipa kwa diamondi. Komabe, m'zaka zaposachedwapa mu zodzikongoletsera zircon ntchito kuchepa. Panopa zambiri yoyerekeza diamondi zopangidwa zirconia kiyubiki (zirconium dioxide, yokumba).

kumene ntchito

kupanga zirconium chibwenzi - imodzi mwa mbali zofunika kwambiri za kampani yopanga zitsulo. Ngakhale kuti ntchito m'madera ambiri a chuma (mwachitsanzo, kupanga zida zamankhwala kapena zipangizo pyrotechnic), nthawi zambiri ntchito zonse chimodzimodzi mathanki madzi utakhazikika mphamvu pa zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya.

zipangizo za ulimi

Misa nusu ya zirconium mu matanthwe a pansi padziko chifukwa wake kwina kupanda tsankho, mwatsoka, silinakwaniritsidwe anakhazikitsa. Asayansi kungakhale magalamu 170-250 pa tani. Kwenikweni mchere ndi zircon okha mu chikhalidwe, pali ambiri. Pa nthawi, asayansi kudziwa za 40 mitundu. Komabe, kwambiri ambiri ntchito akadali yekha izi zopangira kwa kupanga zirconium:

• baddeleyite;

• eudialite;

• Zircon.

Large miyala ya zircon mu dziko, monga tanenera, kulibe. Mu Russia, pali ochepa yaing'ono miyala ya mchere amenewa. iwonso ali ncho m'mayiko monga USA, India, Brazil ndi Australia. Ambiri a mchere zonse ntchito yokonza zirconium zoona, zircon (ZrSiO4). Nthawi zambiri, limodzi ndi chikhalidwe cha hafnium.

kupanga zirconium ku Russia: mbali

Mu Russia, amasulidwe zitsulo izi panopa chinkhoswe mu kampani mmodzi - Chepetsk Mawotchi Bzalani ili Glazov (Udmurtia). shopu yake yoyamba inamangidwa pa chiyambi cha Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Ndi 1942, mbewu anafika mphamvu zonse. Ngakhale kuno makamaka umabala makatiriji. Mu 1946 kampani linasinthidwa kupanga fakitale ureniamu zitsulo. Kenako (mu 1957) anayamba kubala zirconium, ndiyeno superconducting zitsulo, calcium ndi titaniyamu. Lero, mbewu mbali ya TVEL Corporation, mtsogoleri lonse kupanga mafuta nyukiliya. Investment kupanga zirconium mu Cmp ndi TVEL mabiliyoni rubles pachaka. Masiku ano, katundu chomera misika zoweta ndi dziko zirconium:

• mipiringidzo;

• mipiringidzo;

• mipope;

• waya;

• mapepala;

• zigawo misonkhano mafuta ndi zinthu mafuta.

Komanso Chepetsky mawotchi mbewu amapangidwa kuchokera alendo izi zitsulo.

Processing ndi yokonza njira zopangira acidic

Zirconium, amene kupanga - ndondomeko zovuta, chitsulo ndi mwachilungamo mtengo. Kupanga zikuyamba ndi kukonza omasulidwa kuchoka madipoziti, chitsulo. Processing zipangizo zimatanthauza zinthu zotsatirazi:

• Mphamvu patsogolo njira;

• kuyeretsa maganizo analandira electrostatic ndi maginito kulekana;

• kuwonongeka maganizo ndi chlorination maphatikizidwe ndi hydroxide ndi sodium kapena fluorosilicate potassium sintering ya laimu ndi;

• leaching ndi madzi kuchotsa mankhwala pakachitsulo;

• kuwonongeka zotsalira asidi sulfuric kapena hydrochloric kupanga sulphate kapena oxychloride.

Masuliridwe fluorosilicate ankachitira ndi madzi acidified ndi magetsi. Pambuyo yozizira yankho chifukwa cha potaziyamu fluorozirconate allocated.

kugwirizana

Zirconium kupanga sitepe yotsatira ndi kupeza mankhwala ake ku njira acid. Chifukwa chaichi angagwiritsidwe ntchito ya umisiri zotsatirazi:

• crystallization wa zirconium oxychloride ndi evaporation njira hydrochloric asidi;

• hydrolytic mpweya wa sulfates;

• crystallization wa zirconium sulphate.

Kuchotsa hafnium

Zirconium, kupanga luso mu Russia (monga Ndithudi, kwina mu dziko) ndi kobvuta kwambiri ndi wodetsedwa uyu ayenera anapambulwa. Pakuti yoyeretsa hafnium zitsulo zingagwiritsidwe ntchito:

• fractional crystallization K2ZrF6;

• zosungunulira m'zigawo;

• kusankha kuchepetsa tetrachloride (HfCl4 ndi ZrCl4).

Monga zitsulo yokha kukonzekera

Zirconium Yopanga njira zosiyana. Makampani, zitsulo zingagwiritsidwe ntchito:

• monga ufa kapena siponji;

• yaying'ono malleable;

• mkulu mlingo wa chiyero.

Pa gawo loyamba la mabungwe ang'onoang'ono amalandira particulate zirconium. Kupanga ake sayansi osavuta. Linapangidwa ndi kuchepetsa metallothermic. Pakuti chlorides ndi sodium wochuluka kapena mankhwala enaake a ntchito, ndi okusayidi - kashiamu hydride. Electrolytic zirconium ufa anakonza kuchokera chlorides soda zitsulo. Choncho kutulutsa mfundo nthawi mbamuikha. Ndiponso, ntchito magetsi Arc ng'anjo ductile zirconium. Last mu chomaliza pansi pa elekitironi mtengo kusungunuka. Chifukwa ndi mkulu chiyero zirconium. Izo ntchito makamaka nyukiliya.

Zirconia: kupanga luso ndi ntchito misonkhano

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa wotchuka kwambiri mu makampani ndi dziko chuma zirconium mankhwala. Mu chikhalidwe kumachitika ngati baddeleyite mchere. Bwaloli zirconia woyera crystalline ufa ndi imvi kapena chikasu kulocha. Iwo akhoza chopangidwa Mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko ya kuyenga iodide. Pa nthawi yomweyo monga zipangizo ntchito ndi ochiritsira tchipisi zirconium zitsulo. Amagwira ntchito kupanga zoumbaumba zirconia (kuphatikizapo m'munda yopanga), zipangizo kuyatsa, ndi refractories, mu pechestroitelstve ndi T. D.

Nkhokwe ya zircon latsopano la Russia

zirconium kupanga mu Russia ndi Ndizotheka, ndithu, kokha chifukwa kukhalapo pa m'gawo lake la madipoziti ake. Miyalayo amaika gulu ili mu Russia (poyerekeza lonse) ndi mokwanira lalikulu. Pakali pano pali 11 minda ku Russia. Lalikulu lotayirira limodzi ndi Central, ili mu dera Tambov. Minda kwambiri zingamuthandize panopa monga Beshpagirskoe (Stavropol Gawo), Kirsanov (Tambov dera) ndi gulu (Novosibirsk). Akukhulupirira kuti nkhokwe zikupezeka Russia zircons zokwanira zosoŵa za makampani dziko. The yabwino kwambiri sayansi malo panopa gawo East Central.

ziwerengero

Choncho, njirayi kuti m'dziko lililonse kuonjezerapo kwa Russia, ndikofunika - zirconium kupanga. zotsimikizira luso ndi zovuta, koma zotsatira - ndi Mulimonsemo kuposa wolungamitsidwa. Pa nthawi, zirconium ndi kokha osowa zitsulo, kupanga ndi mowa mabuku amene masauzande matani. Russia chifukwa nkhokwe zake lili pa nambala yachinayi pa dziko. Kandalama ndi Mkhalidwe chuma m'munsi mwa zirconium mu dziko lathu ziri zosiyana kwambiri ndi kunja. Oposa 50% miyala mu gulu kugwirizana ndi RF granites zamchere, 35% - ndi rutile-zircon ndi ilmenite placers 14% - kuchokera kamaforitami baddeleyite. Lina pafupifupi onse m'matangadza mchere amenewa anaikira mu madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja m'madzi.

m'malo mapeto

Choncho tidadzatulukira momwe kubala zirconium mu Russia. Pa msika lonse lero, mwatsoka, pakhala ndithu kuchepa pachimake zitsulo izi. Motero, dalirani pa katundu wake Russian Sikuti. Ndipo chotero, m'pofunika kulabadira pazipita kuti chitukuko cha madipoziti yake. Pa nthawi yomweyo kulimbikitsa gwero m'munsi mwa zirconium latsopano la Russia ayenera ayambe chitukuko cha njira zamakono zophera kwambiri ntchito zinthu zinazake yaiwisi.