Zomangamanga ndi luso la Russia wakale. zojambula achipembedzo cha Russia wakale

Chitukuko cha luso ndi kalembedwe kamangidwe ka kachisi Russia chiyambi chake mu chifunga cha nthawi. Mu 988 Kievan Yairo ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity ndinali chikhalidwe cholowa kwambiri Ufumu wa Byzantine, chomwe chili ndi maonekedwe a ulemerero lonyezimira wa East ndi West wokonda moyo wodzimana kuphweka. Pa kaphatikizidwe Mipikisano luso kalembedwe ndi luso choyambirira anapanga zomangamanga yeniyeni ndi luso la Russia wakale.

Chiyambi m'mbiri ya kalembedwe yoyambirira ya zomangamanga ndi luso la Russia wakale

Luso la Russia wakale ngati chipilala kuti chikhalidwe Chikristu chisanayambe sakudziwika kwa asayansi amakono, ndi chosema nthawi imeneyi ukufanizidwa ndi zifaniziro ochepa matabwa mafano. The vuto lomwelo ali ndi manda mapulani a Chikristu chisanayambe Russia, osalephera, chifukwa chakuti zinali za matabwa ndipo osati zinasungidwa kuti tsiku.

Painting mu Russia anayamba kuona chitukuko mofulumira m'zaka za m'ma 10, pamene, pambuyo oyamba a ntchito pa dera la Russia wa Asilavo zilembo Cyril ndi Methodius kunatheka nzeru zinachitikira pakati amisiri Russian ndi Byzantine amene kuitana patapita zaka 988 mu mzinda Russian wa Prince Vladimir.

Mu zaka za m'ma 11, vuto mu muzochitika zandale ndiponso pa Old boma Russian zachitika ngati njira kuti chipembedzo chachikunja chigawo linanena bungwe kuyambira mokakamiza olamulira kuchokera muzochitika zones za moyo pagulu. Choncho, zomangamanga ndi luso la Russia wakale anayamba chitukuko chifukwa chakuti anagwirizana Lachitatu Byzantine cholowa.

Prerequisites pa chitukuko mbali stylistic a zomangamanga

Zomangamanga ndi luso la Russia wakale monga kwathunthu kalembedwe gulu loyimba anabwera mchikakamizo mwachindunji a zomangamanga Byzantine, ndilo apanga mawonekedwe a nyumba wakale kachisi, pang'onopang'ono n'kupanga odziwika mtundu 10 m'zaka za mpingo mtanda ozungulira, ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi matchalitchi akuluakulu woyambirira wachikhristu. Posamutsa semicircular mzikiti pa m'mbali yaikulu ya munthu quadrangular m'munsi mwa kachisi, pogwiritsa ntchito atsopano akupangidwa ndi "chilikupita" m'tchalitchi cha dongosolo thandizo ndipo inuyo mutsogolere kukakamiza makoma, Byzantine mapulani utakwaniritsa patsogolo pazipita danga mkati mwa kachisi ndi analenga mtundu watsopano wa nyumba mpingo.

Pamwamba anafotokoza kapangidwe ikukhudzana bwanji ndi makachisi, m'munsi mwa ndilo otchedwa "mtanda Greek," chomwe ndi mabwalo asanu anakonza equidistant Chrixitu.

Patapita - m'zaka 19 - mu Russia anapanga otchedwa "zoyerekeza-Byzantine" kalembedwe nyumba kachisi, kumene squat mitundu mzikiti ili ng'oma m'munsi, belted zenera arcades ndipo mkati mwa kachisi ndi malo wamba, sanasiyane ndi zipilala ndi anawasema mtanda.

Prerequisites pa chitukuko mbali stylistic wa pachithunzipa

Luso la Russia wakale monga mtundu osiyana chokongoletsera luso akachisi inkayenda pambuyo m'gawo kuti pambuyo ubatizo wa Lazaro anabweretsa wodziwika bwino zinachitikira awo anaitanidwa ambuye Byzantine. Choncho, murals ambiri ndi frescoes a mipingo wachikhristu woyambirira chisanadze Mongol nthawi osiyana choyambiriracho Russian ndi Byzantine.

Chiphunzitso, ndi zithunzi zokongola, zojambula za Russia zakale Mfundo Cathedral wa Lavra Kiev-Pechersk, pa ntchito imene zojambulidwa ndi ambuye Byzantine. Kachisi sichinakwaniritsidwebe zinasungidwa, koma ulemerero wake mkati amadziwika pa mawu amene wakhala akwaniritsa m'zaka 17. amisiri anaitanidwa anakhala mu obisika ndipo anaika maziko a kuphunzira luso lake. Lolemekezeka Alypius ndi Gregory anali woyamba Russian amisiri amene anasiya sukulu iyi chithunzi kupenta.

Choncho, zojambulajambula, zithunzi, zojambula za Russia wakale wokhala ndi ongolankhula ndi methodological kupitiriza kukhala ndi chidziwitso wakale wa ambuye kalelo.

Kulunjika mapulani ndi kumanga mitundu ya nyumba zogona ndi akachisi a Ancient Russia

Culture of Ancient Lazaro, kupenta, iconography ndi zomangamanga lomwe ndi gulu loyimba wosakwatiwa, pang'ono anakhudzidwa ndi mamangidwe a anthu ndi zogona nyumba, umene kupitiriza kuchita mmene nyumba iliyonse Terem kapena m'malinga. Byzantine mfundo mapulani si ankaganiza chitetezo chilichonse yeniyeni ya nyumba, kapena aliyense wa padera chifukwa cholumidwa ndi mdani. Art of Ancient Lazaro, luso ndi zomangamanga, sipangakhalenso momwe chitsanzo cha Pskov ndi Tver nyumba obisika, lolunjika pa chitetezo structural, atsogolere mzikiti wa nyumbayi ndi maksimalnnym thickening kubala nyumba.

Wodziwika bwino Old Russian kupenta

Culture of Ancient Lazaro, amene luso ali patsogolo ukutitsogolera mwatsatanetsatane za luso Byzantine kwachitika mawonekedwe ndi zaka za m'ma 15, popeza chosakanikirana ndi makhalidwe ake onse kwambiri omveka mosabisa anaphatikizana ndi njira pachiyambi Old Russian luso. Ndipo ngakhale mitundu ina luso, monga luso nsalu ndi nkhuni m'mbale ankadziwika Old Ambuye, lofalitsidwa koposa ntchito ndipo anayamba pachifuwa cha luso achipembedzo iwo analandira pambuyo kubera Chikhristu Russia.

Orthodox chikhalidwe cha Russia akale, kupenta woimiridwa osati kachisi murals ndi iconography, komanso nkhope ndi kusoka ulusi kuwalitsa zikhulupiriro ndi ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku anthu zachidziko unakhudzadi kwambiri pa ulemerero mkati mwa nyumba ndi ulemerero wa kutsogolo.

Zosiyanasiyana mitundu ndi zikuchokera

Mchitidwe umenewu ndi zokambirana chizindikiro-kupenta wa Russia wakale malo ambiri sayansi ndi zatsopano mu zimapangidwira, monga iwo kunja zosakaniza zosiyana-siyana cokonzedwa utoto.

The kupenta kakang'ono mafano pazikopa ndi mbuye advantageously ntchito inki chomwecho. Iwo anali cinnabar, lapis lazuli, ocher, woyera kutsogolera ndi ena. Choncho, oona luso ake othandiza anakhalabe kupenta la Russia wakale: akale luso la Byzantium bwinobwino m'malo njira m'dera yopangira mtundu.

Komabe, aliyense njira makamaka kwa kupenta anali ndi ndiwo maluso amalikonda ndi njira - mmene kupanga utoto yokha ndi njira tanthauzo lake pamwamba.

Malinga novogorodskomu script chizindikiro-kupenta zaka zana la 16, ambiri ankakonda mwa ambuye ntchito cinnabar, Lazor, woyera, prazelen. Mu script kwa nthawi yoyamba zinaoneka mayina a mitundu awa - wachikasu, wofiira, wakuda, wobiriwira.

White ndi mtundu wotchuka kwambiri, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito zikulumikizana la mtundu, ankagwiritsa ntchito pa ntchito mipata ndi "razbelivaniya" mitundu ina. White opangidwa ku Kashin, Vologda, Yaroslavl. Njira kupanga inkakhala makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa n'kupanga kutsogolera ndi asidi zina acetic posambitsa chifukwa woyera caramel.

Mbali yaikulu ya "kalata munthu" kwa iconography wa tsiku ili ocher.

Luso la Russia wakale, komanso muyezo wake Byzantine zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu zosiyanasiyana phale la nkhani za kalata wa fano woyera.

Mmodzi wa mitundu chimagwiritsidwa ntchito lalikulu linali cinnabar - Mercury sulfide sulfure. Cinnabar anali ncho mu wotchuka mu Europe Russian Nikitinsky kumunda. Kupanga inki zinachitika pa cinnabar trituration ndi madzi, kenako Kutha izo mu concomitant ndi galasi miyala galasi. Cinnabar akhoza m'malo ndi mtengo minium akamagwira calcination wa okusayidi patsogolo.

Lazor loyera, anaikira kulemba mipata ndi kutulutsa malankhulidwe a mitundu ina. M'mbuyomu, ndiwo lazuli lapis anali Afghanistan gawo. Komabe, m'zaka za m'ma 16, ambiri njira kutulutsa pigment buluu wa lazuli lapis.

Kuwonjezera utoto zazikulu, akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito Russian iconography bakan, mdima wofiira, prazelen, zobiriwira, verdigris, Krutik ( "Sinilo") modzaza kabichi, sankir (brownish kamvekedwe) gaff, Reft, masewera. wakale wa zojambulajambula a terminology kwa mitundu yonse mawu osiyana.

Art kalembedwe zithunzi wakale Russian

Aliyense territorially yofunika boma kucheza limapezeka kuphatikiza zina mwa mfundo za luso zokongoletsa, zomwe zina kutaya ena mogwirizana ndi chitsanzo chinanso. Chotero lakutali ndi kudzikonda osauka munda wa mawonetseredwe dziko kapena chikhalidwe ndi luso Russia wakale. chithunzi chakale kwambiri kuposa malo ena aliwonse a luso ungasinthe luso ndi zithunzi, kotero ayeneranso anati zokhudza paradaiso yogwirizana kwambiri njira zomangamanga ndi kulemba.

Mongol kuwukira aononga kwambiri ndi Zojambula pakhoma iconography ndi zipilala la Russia wakale, kukumba ndi kusakhulupirira ndondomeko kulemba ntchito yatsopano. Komabe, chithunzi ena a m'mbuyomu n'zotheka kuti abwezeretse zikalata kuteteza zochepa akatswiri a zinthu zakale.

Awa, amadziwika kuti m'nyengo ya chisanadze Mongol nkhondo ya kupenta yaikulu ya Russia wakale kukhudzanso iconography wanu njira - kufupika kwa kumanga gulu ndi wachisoni adaletsa mtundu - koma pofika m'ma 13, mtundu akuyamba kupereka njira kwa mitundu yowala ofunda. Choncho, njira zithunzi Byzantine m'ma 13 ndipo ali mu ndondomeko ya kuloŵerera wa refraction ndi luso ndi zaka Russian dziko luso monga kutsitsimuka ndi kuwala kwa mitundu, rhythmic kapangidwe gulu ndi immediacy mawu mtundu.

Mu nthawi iyi, wotchuka kwambiri mbuye ntchito, donosshie kuti luso chi of Ancient Russia - mwachidule mndandanda akhoza ukufanizidwa ndi Moscow Metropolitan Peter Bishop Theodore la Rostov, St. Andrei Rublev ndi Daniil Black.

Features wa Old Russian Zojambula pakhoma

Mural kupenta mu Russia kulibe isanafike Chikhristu kwathunthu anaitenga ku chikhalidwe Byzantine m'kati kuloŵerera ndi chitukuko cha Byzantine njira zingapo kulemba alipo komanso zida.

Choyamba, tiyeni tinene kuti chikhalidwe cha Russia akale, kupenta kale analipo mu mawonekedwe a Zithunzi, kusintha ntchito pulasitala zipangizo kukonzekera, kutsatira podmozaichnoe anajambulapo nthaka pansi mural, ndi zaka za m'ma 14 panali kusintha pa wakale njira Byzantine kulemba ndi kupanga zipangizo - latsopano primordially madyerero Russian Zojambula pakhoma.

Pakati pa ukasintha anasintha kupanga njira zapansi ndi utoto akhoza kukhala wolemekezeka maonekedwe pulasitala anakhazikitsa kokha pa maziko a laimu woyera, choyamba sitimadzipereka kwa mphamvu ya khwatsi mchenga ndi za nsangalabwi tchipisi. Pankhani ya Russian kupenta Zojambula pakhoma pulasitala m'munsi - gesso - zikhale ndi nthawi makulitsidwe laimu mu kusakanizikana ndi masamba mafuta ndi ulimbo.

Old Russian zithunzi nsalu

Patatha zaka 988, mkubwela kwa miyambo vizantiyskiyh mu luso la Russia wakale, luso wakale ambiri m'dera la m'dera mpatuko mwambo, makamaka kusoka munthu.

A zambiri za izo analimbikitsa Tsaritsyno zokambirana ntchito pansi pa mothandizidwa ndi duchesses chachikulu Sofi Paleologa Solomon Aloetic, Mfumukazi Anastasia Romanova ndi Irina Godunov.

Kunja kusoka monga luso achipembedzo cha Russia wakale ali zambiri gulu wamba ndi mbali likutipatsa ndi chizindikiro. Komabe, nsalu nkhope - ndi ntchito gulu, ndi kugawa bwino maudindo ndiAmene. Chizindikiro zojambula za pa chinsalu nkhope, zolemba ndi makombo a zovala, wodziwa mankhwala - zomera. Maziko anali nsalu ndale mtundu; nkhope ndi manja - silika ulusi malankhulidwe khungu, kuphatikizapo zikulumikizana anaikidwa pa mizere pamodzi ndi contours a nkhope; Zovala ndi zinthu ozungulira kapena nsalu ndi golide ndi siliva ulusi kapena Mipikisano wachikuda silika.

Pakuti mphamvu zazikulu za underlay nsalu embroider nsalu kapena nsalu, amene ananamizira pansi pa akalowa chachiwiri minofu zofewa.

Kovuta ndi bidirectional nsalu pa mbendera ndi mbendera. Pankhaniyi, silika ndi golide ulusi napyoza kupyolera.

Front nsalu ali ntchito yotakata - lalikulu ndi mpweya pelona chokongoletsedwa kachisi, wakumvera zithunzi lansembe chidafundidwa, ntchito pa mbendera ya. Nthawi zambiri, nsalu ndi zithunzi za oyera Ufumuyo makomo a kachisi kapena nyumba, komanso mkati phwando holo.

Kupititsa kusuntha luso lakalekale

Culture of Ancient Lazaro - kupenta, iconography, zomangamanga - ali variantivnost Kupititsa zokhudza onse kukongoletsa akachisi, ndi mapulani ndi kumanga mbali ya nyumba.

Mwachitsanzo, luso la Russia akale amene zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito luso monga ulemerero mkati mwa mpingo kapena Zithunzi, kapena frescoes, zinasonyeza ndi chitsanzo cha Cathedral wa St. Sophia. Apa pali kuphatikiza ufulu ndi zithunzi ndi zojambula mural, kuwululidwa awiri phunziroli wosanjikiza pansi kachisi bwino. Mpingo wa Chiwalitsiro m'mudzi Large Vyazemy onse m'munsi pulasitala anapanga ya laimu woyera popanda fillers. Ndipo Spassky tchalitchi Spaso-Andronievskogo obisika ngati mlatho pulasitala gesso anaulula magazi albumin.

Choncho, tinganene kuti chikhalidwe ndi wapadera luso lakalekale lagona zokonda zake Kupititsa lathu ndi munthu payekha ndi luso aluso Russian kupulumutsa mtundu ndi chikhalidwe cha mfundo malinga ndi malamulo ake dziko.