Zojambula Zakale za Chigiriki: Zida ndi Zochitika

Ancient zomangamanga Greek andithandiza kwambiri maganizo zomangamanga a mibadwo wotsatira. mfundo zake zikuluzikulu ndi nzeru kalekale anazikika mu miyambo ya Europe. Kodi chidwi za zomangamanga wakale Greek? dongosolo kuti, mfundo za mapulani a m'tawuni ndi chilengedwe cha owonetsera ali zotchulidwa m'nkhani ino.

nthawi chitukuko

Ancient Greece - ndi chitukuko wakale, imene inali ambiri anamwazikana mzinda-limati. Limafotokoza kugombe la kumadzulo kwa Asia Minor, kumwera kwa Balkan Peninsula, zilumba Aegean, komanso kum'mwera Italy, Sicily ndi dera Black Sea.

Nyumba Greece wakale wafunsira kwambiri kwa kalembedwe ndipo anakhala maziko zomangamanga la Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Mu mbiri ya chitukuko zambiri kusiyanitsa magawo angapo.

• Homeric nthawi (m'ma XII - pakati pa VIII m'ma BC ...) - njira yatsopano ndi zinthu zochokera miyambo zakale Mycenaean. The nyumba zikuluzikulu zinali nyumba ndi akachisi choyamba, zopangidwa dongo, zidina ndi matabwa. Panali woyamba mbali ceramic mu kukongola.
• Chachikale chinkawavuta (VIII - V pachiyambi, 480 TH BCE ....). Ndi mapangidwe ndondomeko, nyumba yatsopano anthu. Kachisi ndi malo pamaso pa phata la moyo mzinda. Kumangidwa kwa mwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri: laimu, nsangalabwi, terracotta cladding. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mipingo. Doric ponseponse.
• Classic (480 - 330 BCE ...) - kuyanga. mitundu yonse ya malamulo pa zomangamanga Greek zikukangalika kukhala ndi ngakhale compositionally chokhudzana ndi mzake. Pali owonetsera woyamba ndi maholo nyimbo (odeyony), nyumba ndi pakhonde. Anapanga chiphunzitso cha misewu ndi midadada Kamangidwe.
• Agiriki (330 - 180 BCE ...). owonetsera anamanga ndi nyumba pagulu. kalembedwe Greek a zomangamanga ndi lowonjezera ndi zinthu kalelo. Chogwidwa ndi kukongoletsa, mwanaalirenji ndi opulence. Nthawi zambiri ntchito Korinto kuti.

Mu 180, Greece anali mchikakamizo cha Rome. Ufumu ankakopa asayansi likulu lake pamwamba ndi ambuye luso, anaitenga ku Ahelene, ena ndi miyambo yawo. Choncho, Greek wakale ndi zomangamanga Roman ndi zambiri zofanana, monga kumanga nyumba kapena dongosolo dongosolo.

Philosophy zomangamanga

Mu mbali ya moyo wa Agiriki akale anafuna kukwaniritsa mogwirizana. Mfundo za sikudali yosokoneza ndi ongolankhula. Mu Greece wakale, mogwirizana anali limanenedwa ngati kuphatikiza kufanana anatsekula.

Iwo amagwiritsa ntchito m'thupi la munthu. Kukongola sikuti anayeza "ndi diso", koma kanjedza konkire. Choncho, ziboliboli Polycleitus mu buku lake "The Canon" anapereka magawo bwino kwa munthu abwino ndi mkazi. Kukongola n'zogwirizana ndi thanzi komanso muuzimu ndi kukhulupirika kwa munthu.

Thupi la munthu ankaonedwa mfundo mamangidwe omwe mwangwiro woyenera mzake. Ancient Greek zomangamanga ndi chosema, nayenso anafuna maximally kutsatira ziphunzitso za mogwirizana.

Miyeso ndi akalumikidzidwa zizigwirizana mafano chiphunzitso cha "ufulu" thupi ndi magawo ake. View wa ziboliboli ndi zambiri zimafalitsidwa munthu abwino: wauzimu, thanzi ndi masewera. Nyumba anthropomorphism anawonetseredwa mu maina a zochita (m'zigongono, dzanja) ndi kufanana amene anachokera ku anapangira maonekedwe.

sanjira anthu ndi yachiwiri. maziko awo kapena m'munsi kuzindikiridwa ndi mapazi, thunthu - ndi thunthu, likulu - mutu wake. The grooves umodzi, kapena zitoliro pa zipilala za thunthu ndi zovala makutu.

Waukulu malamulo a zomangamanga wakale Greek

Za zinthu zofunika kwambiri zosinthira maganizo sangalankhule mu Greece wakale. kutisokoneza komanso njira ndiye si ntchito. Kachisi wa nthawi angayerekezedwe ndi megaliths, amene imagwera pa mwala thandizo mwala mtengo. Ukulu wa zomangamanga zakale Greek ndi chalakwika, koposa zonse, mu aesthetics ake ndi yokongola.

Luso ndi nzeru za nyumba anathandiza kumasulira kuti kapena positi ndi mtengo wake makonzedwe a zinthu mu kalembedwe zina ndi chikhalidwe. Pali mitundu zitatu za madongosolo a pa zomangamanga Greek:

• Doric;
• amaayoni;
• Korinto.

Iwo onse anali akonzedwa wamba zinthu, koma osiyana malo awo, mawonekedwe ndi chokongoletsera. Motero, kuti Greek analowa stereobate, stylobate entablature ndi cornice. Stereobate akuimira sitepe pamwamba m'munsi maziko. Kenaka stilobat kapena yachiwiri.

Entablature adatengedwa ndi gawo ili mizati ya. M'munsi mtengo umene anapuma entablature lonse amatchedwa architrave. Inali ndi frieze - zokongoletsera chidutswa pafupifupi. The kumtunda kwa entablature wa - eaves, iye aakulu m'madera ena.

Poyamba zinthu Greek zomangamanga ndi kusakanizidwa. Amaayoni entablature anapita yekha pa amaayoni mizati, Korinto - Korinto. kalembedwe chimodzi - pa nyumba imodzi. Pambuyo erection Iktinos Callicrates ndi Parthenon mu V m'ma BC. e. Malamulo anayamba kusakaniza ndi kuika pamwamba pa wina ndi mzake. Ichi chidachitika mu dongosolo linalake: choyamba, Doric, amaayoni ndipo pamenepo, ndiyeno Korinto.

kuti Doric

Doric ndi amaayoni kuti Greek pa zomangamanga anali waukulu. Dorian dongosolo kunali kofala makamaka kumtunda ndipo anatengera chikhalidwe Mycenaean. Iwo amakhala ndi yaikulu zakubadwa ndipo wolemera. Maonekedwe chilolezo akufotokoza bata ukulu ndi kufupika.

Doric ndime otsika. Iwo alibe m'munsi, ndi thunthu amphamvu ndi tapers oposa. Abaca, zisoti chapamwamba, ali mawonekedwe lalikulu ndipo amagona pa m'derali zozungulira (Ehin). Zitoliro, monga ulamuliro, anali makumi awiri. Wazomangamanga Vitruvius poyerekeza mizati kuti ndi munthu - amphamvu ndipo naleka.

Pofuna entablature nthawi zonse ankapita ku architrave, frieze ndi cornice. Freese anapatulidwa shelufu ndi architrave wapangidwa triglyphs - elongated rectangles ndi zitoliro kuti taphunzira ndi metopes - pang'ono recessed mbale lalikulu kapena wopanda ziboliboli za iwo. Friezes malamulo ena anali triglyphs ndi metopes lapansi.

Pa triglyphs zikumangidwa ntchito makamaka zothandiza. Ofufuza amasonyeza kuti ankaimira malekezero a matabwa yomwe inali pa makoma opatulika. Iye anali mosamalitsa masamu magawo ndi kuthandiza eaves matabwa. Zina za mu nyumba zakale za danga pakati pa malekezero a triglyphs metopes ali odzazidwa ndi kukhala wopanda kanthu.

kuti amaayoni

Amaayoni kuti dongosolo anawonjezera kuti gombe la Asia Minor, mu Attica, ndi pa zilumba. Mphamvu pa izo zinkayenera Foinike, Persia ahemedinskaya. Chitsanzo momveka bwino kalembedwe uyu anali Kachisi wa Artemi wa ku Efeso ndi kachisi wa Hera ku Samo.

Ionica kugwirizana ndi chithunzi cha akazi. Kuti kuti anali yodziwika ndi kukongoletsa, lightness ndi finesse. Mbali Aika unali likulu, cholinga mu mawonekedwe a volute ndi - symmetrically anakonza mapini. Abacus ndi echinus chokongoletsedwa ndi ziboliboli.

mizati amaayoni ndi n'kakang'ono ndi zambiri wochepa kusiyana ndi Doric. maziko ake anapuma pa mbale lalikulu ndipo chokongoletsedwa ndi zinthu otukukira kunja ndi concave ndi kudula yokongola. Nthawi zina m'munsi imene inali pa ng'oma chokongoletsedwa ndi ziboliboli. Mtunda pakati pa amaayoni mizati yaitali, amene kumawonjezera lightness kukongola kwa nyumbayi.

Entablature akhoza zigwirizana wa architrave ndi cornice (Asia Minor kalembedwe) kapena zigawo zitatu, monga Doric (chapamwamba kalembedwe). Architrave ogaŵikana fascia - yopingasa ledges. Pakati ndi cornice ali cloves yaing'ono. M'ngalande pa cornice ndi kochulukira chokongoletsedwa ndi zokongoletsa.

Korinto kuti

Korinto sikawirikawiri ankaona kuti asadalire, nthawi zambiri amatanthauziridwa kuti kusintha kwa amaayoni. Pali awiri Mabaibulo, pofotokoza za chiyambi cha dongosolo ili. More wamba akulankhula za pobwereka Mwiguputo kalembedwe mizati, amene chokongoletsedwa ndi masamba zamaluwa. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso china, dongosolo analengedwa ndi ziboliboli ku Korinto. Anauziridwa ndi iwo anawona mwa dengu, amene anali acanthus masamba.

Kuchokera amaayoni kumasiyana makamaka msinkhu ndi mitu chokongoletsedwa, amene chokongoletsedwa ndi masamba stylized acanthus. Awiri mizere ya masamba nzelu chimango kumtunda kwa bwalo la ndime ya. Maphwando abaca concave okongoletsedwa ndi yaikuluikulu mapini mwauzimu.

Korinto zimalimbikitsa zokongoletsa kuposa kuti ena Greek pa zomangamanga. Za masitaelo zitatu iye ankaona ngati zapamwamba, kaso ndi olemera. Chifundo chake ndi kudziŵa kugwirizana ndi chithunzi cha msungwana wamng'ono, ndipo acanthus masamba anali ngati mapini. "Girlish" mChipangano chifukwa dongosolo ili.

akachisi wakale

Nyumba ya Ntsembe ikhali nyumba yaikulu ndi yofunika kwambiri Greece wakale. maonekedwe ake anali osavuta, anali zinachitika kwa zogona lalikulu nyumba. Kamangidwe ka kachisi wakale Greek pang'onopang'ono zinavuta kwambiri wodzilemekeza ndiponso kuchita zinthu zatsopano bola ngati iye alibe mawonekedwe chonse. Childs ngati masitaelo akutali:

• distillate;
• prostyle;
• amphiprostyle;
• peripter;
• dipter;
• psevdodipter;
• Tholos.

Kachisi ku Greece wakale mawindo. Kunja ndime wake atazunguliridwa amene anaikidwa pa denga matabwa ndi matabwa. Mkati opatulika munali fano la pa mulungu amene kachisi anali odzipereka.

Ena nyumba akhoza adzaikidwa yaing'ono kuvala chipinda - pronaos. Pa kumbuyo kwa makachisi akuluakulu inali chipinda chimodzi kwambiri. Inapitiriza zopereka za anthu, zipangizo zopatulika ndi mzinda chuma.

Mtundu woyamba wa mpingo - distillate - inkakhala m'malo opatulika, kutsogolo kwa loggia amene wazungulira malinga ndi Antes. The loge linaikidwa magawo awiri. Ndi zovuta kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha masitaelo mizati kuchuluka. Mu prostyle awo anayi mu amphiprostyle - anayi kumbuyo ndi wapakamwa kutsogolo.

Mu makachisi, peripetrah iwo anazungulira nyumba kumbali zonse. Ngati mizati ali mozungulira wozungulira mu mizere iwiri, izi kalembedwe dipter. Kalembedwe yamasika, Tolosa adati mizati chilengedwe, koma wozungulira anali kuvundikira cylindrical. Pa Roma kusanduka mu mtundu tholos ntchito yomanga "Rotunda".

ndondomeko chipangizo

Greek mzinda-limati zinamangidwa makamaka mwanyanja. Iwo zayambika mu democracies malonda. Anthu ndi ndale moyo wa mzinda anapezeka ndi anthu onse oyenera. Zimenezi zimabweretsa chakuti mamangidwe a Greece wakale kusiyana osati mbali ya malo a misonkhano, komanso nyumba pagulu.

The kumtunda kwa mzinda panali acropolis. Monga ulamuliro, izo zinali pa phiri ndipo anali ndi mipanda yolimba kwambiri kusunga mdani mu vuto modzidzimutsa. inali ake mu akachisi a milungu anateteza mzinda.

M'munsi likulu la mzindawu unali msika - lotseguka msika m'dera waya malonda, kuthetsa nkhani zofunika za ndale komanso. Iwo linaikidwa sukulu, milimo ya Bungwe la akulu, Basil, kudzimangira maphwando ndi misonkhano, komanso akachisi. Pamodzi ndi kukafika kutsogolo kwa malo a zamalonda ndi nthawizina amaika ziboliboli.

Kuyambira pachiyambi, akale zomangamanga Greek amaganiza kuti nyumba ili mkati ndondomeko zimene zilipo. Kusinthaku awo kudalira alili m'dera. M'zaka za m'ma V BC Hippodamus ikuchitika kusintha mapulani a m'tawuni. Iye anapereka mauna bwino misewu dongosolo kuti ukugawa midadada mu rectangles kapena mabwalo.

Onse nyumba ndi maofesi, kuphatikizapo malo a zamalonda ndi, inali mkati maselo miyezi itatu iliyonse, osati akulimbana mwa mlingo okwana. Kamangidwe Zimenezi zikhale zosavuta kuti amalize kumanga zigawo watsopano malamulo, popanda kuphwanya umphumphu ndiponso mogwirizana. Malinga polojekiti zinamangidwa Hippodamus Mileto, Kinido, Aso, ndi zina zotero. D. Koma Athens Mwachitsanzo, anakhala pa lakale "wachisokonezo" maonekedwe.

kumpanda

Nyumba Ancient Greece anali osiyanasiyana malingana ndi msinkhu ndi ndalama makamu. Kudziwa mitundu yambiri yaikulu ya nyumba:

• Megaron;
• apsidal;
• pastadny;
• peristyle.

Za mtundu wina oyambirira zokhalamo - megaron. chikonzero chake anakhala zinachitika kwa akachisi woyamba wa nyengo Homeric. nyumba anali ndi amakona anayi mawonekedwe kumapeto limene mbali ndi danga momasuka ndi pakhonde panali munthu. Ndime okantovyvayut zipilala ziwiri, ndipo yotundumukira kunja kwa mpanda khoma. Mkati, panali chipinda chimodzi chokha ndi moto pakati ndi benga pantsoyi kwa utsi.

Apsidal nyumba Anamanga mu nthawi oyambirira. Zinali rectangle ndi m'mphepete gawo anamaliza, ndilo lotchedwa apse. Kenako, panali pastadnye peristyle ndi mitundu ya nyumba. makoma kunja mu iwo anali wogontha, ndi mawonekedwe a nyumba - kutsekedwa.

Pastada anali ndime mkati mwa bwalo. Pamwamba pa izo chidafundidwa ndi anthu amapereka mwa mizati matabwa. M'zaka za m'ma IV BC unakhala wotchuka peristyle. Izo lofotokozabe Kamangidwe lakale, koma ndimeyi pastadny m'malo mwa mizati ankakhala pa kukafika kutsogolo kwa khonde ndi.

Kumbali m'misewu yekha yosalala makoma a nyumbazo. Mkati anali pabwalo, kuzungulira amene anapezedwa malo onse m'nyumbamo. Windows amakhala palibe, gwero kuwalako kunali bwalo. Ngati mazenera ndipo kenako anaikidwa pa nsanja yachiwiri. Mkati chokongoletsera anali mopitirira muyeso ambiri kumodzi anayamba kuoneka yekha mu m'badwo Girisi.

nyumba bwino ogaŵikana chikazi (ginekeev) ndi mwamuna (Andro) theka. Amuna ndi tinali alendo ndipo anakonza chakudya. Pezani kumbali akazi zinali kokha kukhala chotheka kupyolera mu izo. Pa mbali ya Hynek anali pakhomo pa mundawo. The nyumba ya wolemera linaikidwa kukhitchini anthunzi otulutsirako thukuta ndi buledi. Phaka lachiwiri nthawi zapita.

Kamangidwe ka zisudzo wakale Greek

Theatre of Ancient Greece anali ogwirizana osati zosangalatsa mbali, koma kupembedza. zikamera wake kugwirizana ndi mwambo wa Diyonisiyo. Woyamba zisudzo ed inachitika kulemekeza mulungu. Za chiyambi cha malingaliro achipembedzo a Greek wakale zisudzo zomangamanga amatikumbutsa nafe osachepera guwa, chimene chinali orhestre.

Pa siteji, panali chikondwerero, masewera ndi masewero. Mu BC IV atumwi, anasiya zokhudzana ndi chipembedzo. Udindo ndi chuma ulamuliro chinkhoswe Archon. Ntchito yaikulu ankaimba munthu pazipita anthu atatu, akazi ankaimba amuna. Drama nyimbo mpikisano kumene andakatulo mosinthana kupereka ntchito zawo.

Khalidwe la zisudzo loyamba linali losavuta. Pakati anali orhestra - wozungulira pansi, lomwe linaikidwa kwayala. Kuseri kwa icho pali chipinda imene zisudzo atavala (Skene). Yoyankhuliramo (Theatron) anali lalikulu kwambiri ndipo unali pa phiri, ndi semicircle skirting powonekera.

malo onse anaiika mwachindunji pansi pa thambo lotseguka. Poyamba, iwo anali zosakhalitsa. Pa iliyonse tchuthi nsanja amatabwa anamanga mwatsopano. M'zaka za m'ma V BC mipando kwa oonera anayamba kusema miyala bwino ku phiri. Choncho amalenga nyuzi lolondola ndi zachilengedwe, kulimbikitsa zowulutsira mawu abwino. Kuti kumapangitsanso kumveka phokoso ziwiya wapadera itayandikana oonerera.

Ndi kusintha kwa zisudzo ndi gawo yomanga ndi kobvuta. mbali kutsogolo inkakhala mizati ndi kutsogolo wapakamwa anatsanzira akachisi. Mbali ndi lathyathyathya - paraskenii. Iwo anali chilengedwe ndi gawo zida. Mu Athens, bwaloli waukulu anali la zamasewero Diyonisiyo.

acropolis wa Athens

Ena mwa manda a zomangamanga wakale Greek masiku ano. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zambiri yofunika zilipo, ndi Acropolis wa Athens. Iwo lili Pyrgos phiri pamalo okwera mamita 156. Nawa muholo ya Diyonisiyo, kachisi wa mulungu wamkazi Athena Parthenon, malo a Zeu, Atemi, Nike ndi nyumba zina wotchuka.

Pakuti akachisi a Acropolis wa Athens amakhala ndi osakaniza onse atatu chilolezo-kachitidwe. A kuphatikiza masitaelo chinali Parthenon. Inamangidwa mu mawonekedwe a peripetra Doric, ndi frieze mkati omwe ali kalembedwe amaayoni.

Pakati pa fano la Athena wazunguliridwa ndi mizati. Pa acropolis ndi anauzidwa yofunika ndale. maonekedwe ake anali pofuna kutsindika hegemony wa mzinda, ndi kapangidwe wa Parthenon anali kuimba chigonjetso cha demokalase pa dongosolo lolemera.

Pafupi ndi nyumba yaikulu ndi kumusangalatsa wa Parthenon ndi Erechtheion. Iwo kwathunthu anapangidwa mu amaayoni dongosolo. Mosiyana wake "mnansi" anaimba matamando a chisomo ndi kukongola. kachisi laperekedwa kwa milungu iwiri - kuti Poseidon ndi Athena, ndipo ili pa malo, malinga ndi nthano, amakangana zinachitika.

Chifukwa chikhalidwe cha thandizo dongosolo Erechtheion asymmetric. Iwo ali malo awiri - Zell ndi makomo awiri. Kum'mwera kachisi ndi Kukhonde amene si anthu amapereka mwa ndime ndi za nsangalabwi caryatides (wamkazi ziboliboli).

Komanso, Acropolis Propylaea anasunga - pakhomo waukulu pakati pa mizati ndi porticos, m'mbali mwa yomwe inali nyumba yachifumu ndi paki zovuta. The phiri alinso Arrephorion - nyumba atsikana, kuluka zovala kwa Athens Games.