Zitsanzo bylinas. Ngwazi za epics Russian

Epics - mtundu wa m'nthano nyimbo ndi chikhalidwe yadzaoneni. zolalika zawo nthawi anamanga pa kufotokoza zinthu aliyense zapadera za m'mbuyomu kapena chidwi nkhani zakale. Ngwazi za epos ndi osiyanasiyana mu chilengedwe, koma mphamvu yao nthawizonse chikuchitika kulimbana choipa. Adani ngwazi anafotokoza chimodzimodzi zokongola, aliyense khalidwe - woipa amene amabweretsa lililonse. Zitsanzo muli nkhani zambiri, koma ena kudziwa makamaka, izo ayankhidwa m'nkhaniyi.

Kodi mabuku akuti "epic"

Dzina panopa anali akufuna mu 1839 ndi philologist Ivanom Saharovym, amene anafalitsa nkhani yake mu buku la "Songs wa anthu Russian." Asayansi anagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "kwa epic" kutanthauza "malinga ndi mfundo." "Nkhani Zoona", "wakale", "epic" - kusankha zinenero wopambana.

Anatinso kwa epic ogaŵikana m'zinthu awiri akuluakulu: Kiev ndi Novgorod. Ndi akuluakulu otchulidwa poyamba kuchuluka kugwirizana, monga chimakhala chogwidwa ndi nkhani, imene anaŵerengera likulu ndi bwalo Kiev Prince Vladimir Sviatoslavovych ndipo kenako Vladimir Monomove.

Yadzaoneni ngwazi otchuka ndi: Ilya Muromets, Alyosha Popovich, Dobrynya Nikitich, Stavr Godinovich, Churilo Plenkovich, Michael Potyk. Novgorod epic ngwazi - izo guslar wamalonda Sadko ndi Vasily Buslaev ngwazi. "Senior" Kiev ngwazi - Mikula Selyaninovich, Svyatogor ndi Volga.

kafukufuku asayansi

Zitsanzo za epics yodziwika ndi yakuti mpaka m'ma 18, iwo anali olembedwa. M'chigawo choyamba wa olemba Kirsa Danilova unakhazikitsidwa mu Moscow kokha mu 1804. Ndipo pokhapokha womutsata lowonjezera reissue. Pa yoweyula chidwi epos mu zaka 1830-1850 Slavophil Kireevskiy Petr Vasilevich anasonkhanitsa ndalama ambiri folklore. Mu nthawi yochepa ndi omuthandizira ake analembedwa mazana a nkhani yaikulu m'dera Volga ndi zigawo kumpoto, ndiye mu Siberia ndi Urals. Zotsatira za kafukufukuyo adayamba nkhani 80.

Ambiri zitsanzo za epos anali kwathunthu systematized mu nthawi yaifupi, ndipo philologists, asayansi anali kugwira ntchito ndi chuma chachikulu yadzaoneni. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti ntchito ya folklore mu dissertations ndi ntchito maphunziro. Zitsanzo lapadera kwambiri epic zilandiridwenso wa anthu Russian kuzionetsa pa mlingo lonse.

Ambiri epic nkhani anali m'nthano maziko kufotokoza masoka achilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe kwambiri za ngwazi kugonjetsa mavuto awo. Ndipo kodi nthawi zonse bwinobwino. Kwa zaka zingapo, ndi epic m'zonse kusintha, reshape ndi kuotcha. Pa nthawi ina, nthano wothira folklore m'kamwa mwa West, koma idatha kutukwana, ndipo ayesetsa pitirizani kuletsedwa. M'kupita epos anafufuza.

zizindikiro khalidwe

Pang'onopang'ono epic anatenga folklore azilandira ndi mawonekedwe zolembalemba, chotero panali kalembedwe umodzimodzi andakatulo ongokhala osakaniza ndi dactyl ndi kwayala, ndipo kenako ku anapests. Rhymes sanali pafupifupi, zonse zochokera euphony la vesi ndipo musicality wake. epics Vesi wosiyana "pobyvalschin" wosazindikira anauyamba prose, kumene monga luso sakuvomereza ndi anthu. Syllable epic chenicheni nthawi olemera ndi motsatana ndakatulo, wodzala ndi achipongwe, nthano ndi m'mafanizo. Choncho ndime yomveka ndiponso zomveka mu mkokomo wake.

Kawirikawiri ndime epic kugawidwa m'magulu awiri. The owerenga malinga ndi atumwi anayenera kuchita mukupeka, kuti mupereke malemba monga mwa yekha, ndi gawo lachiwiri obliges kuti kutsatira chitsanzo yeniyeni, ndi amangoona zimafalitsa zili mu ulaliki enieni, popanda kusintha mawu amodzi. Choncho chinapezeka zithunzi mawu, amene si nthawi zonse kuyang'ana achilengedwe. Zambiri zinadalira talente wa owerenga ndi.

Ilya Muromets, ndi ngwazi ya epic ndi

"... Iye anakhala pafupi ndi tauni ya Moore, m'mudzi wa Karacharovo wamba kukula zozizwitsa, koma sanathe kuyenda, onse mbaula akunama. Mfundo yakuti miyendo sapita, chisoni Ilya. Iye anamva achifwamba m'misewu anthu kulanda chinjoka mu Russia wamwano, kotero atsikana onse kwathunthu pachabe. bwanji dziko mbadwa Ilya onse maliro.

Anathandiza aulendo amene anapita kumwa madzi. Pokoldovali inde nakonza miyendo Ile Muromtsu, nanyamuka, silushku wabweza kale lonse. Ine ndinagula kavalo wabwino, emasculate, zilowerere m'mawa mame, ndipo anakhala Knight Ilya machesi modzikhulupirira mofulumira.

Ilya anasonkhana chishalo Burushku, koma anakwera dongosolo mu Russia kulongosola, koma ndi kuwona. "

Sadko

Russian folklore ndi osiyanasiyana mitu ndi kukongoletsa. Zimphona kugwa pa pachilumbachi, kumene Zinthu Wild Kodi, mu kuya kwa nyanja, kumene iwo anali kuyembekezera mfumu ya nyanja ndi mermaids.

Yadzaoneni "Sadko" - mmodzi wa ntchito yabwino yadzaoneni. Mafotokozedwe ake analenga Rimsky-Korsakov ndi dzina lomweli. Komanso, epic "Sadko" ankatumikira monga chiwembu mkulu filimu Alexander Ptushko ndi Sergei Stolyarov ndi aloyi Larionovoy momwe mulinso.

"... Mu Novograd ulemerero aŵiri anali wamalonda Sadko, olemera, wokongola. Pali ntchito kokha zeze wake yarovchaty ndi anzawo anaitanidwa kusewera, kotero iye ankakhala. Inde, koma amene sanamuitane kangapo, osati kawiri, osati atatu, ndinaganiza Sadko anapita Ilmen nyanja, anakhala pa mwala woyera-flammable, nakhudza zingwe.

Vzneslas mafunde madzi anapha mfumu ya nyanja. "Nice play, Sadko momwe zikomo Al chuma golide Pitani-ka inu Novograd ndipo anagunda kubweza chachikulu kuyala golovushku zachiwawa ndi mankhwala ofiira wamalonda cholowa cha wokwera Inde kunena? .. Kodi, mu Ilmen Nyanja nsomba golide ngati. kubweza nkhonya, kubwera kumtunda ndi khoka silika. ine ndikupatsani inu nthenga nsomba-golide atatu. "

Novohradské amalonda anataya zinthu zawo zonse wofiira Guslar Sadko anakhala potorgovyvat kupeza phindu lalikulu. amalonda olemera, koma anabwerera katundu wawo wofiira. Ndipo iye anayamba moyo watsopano chuma chawo. Ndipo mmene Sadko anasambira kuwoloka nyanja koma anabweretsa mkazi wake - ndi nkhani ina ... "

Knights Volga ndi Mikula Selyaninovich

Pakati pa Russian zithunzi epic anapeza otchuka amene kukakambirana ofalitsa nevidanoy mphamvu, ndipo nthawi yomweyo iwo akukhala mu zinthu zachilendo, zikugwirizana ndi mphamvu zawo lowoneka.

Yadzaoneni "Volga ndi Mikula" - yaulemerero chitsanzo cha anthu ntchito, lomwe limasonyeza mmene Russian epic ngwazi mogwirizana kumenya outrages mu Russia. Pa nthawi ya mavuto bureaucracy mu Russia unbelted, nkhani onse anatsimikiza yekha kuwombola anthu ziphuphu. Kuchita wrongful "boma utumiki" anavutika losavuta wolima Mikula Selyaninovich za izi ndipo akuuza epic "Volga ndi Mikula".

"... Iye anagwedeza nyenyezi usiku mu mlengalenga, ndipo m'mawa anabadwa mu Russia, mayi wa ngwazi wamng'ono Volga Vseslav'evich. Baby anagona ola limodzi anatambasula ndi zimaphulika matewera onse, lamba wa golide. Ndipo adati kwa Volga mayi: "Madam, mayi anga, kuti swaddle ine, anaika zida zachitsulo, chisoti mu dzanja kotero kupereka kalabu stopudovo". Mayi mantha, ndi Volga ikukula ndi leaps ndi mphindi wowonjezera kulemba ndi kuphunzira. zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi anatembenuka, anapita kokayenda, dziko lapansi linagwedezeka. Nyama anabisalamo, mbalame inawuluka kuchokamo, Volga ndi tiyeni onse zosangalatsa mukupanga: kabawi adzauluka kudzulu, nswala adzakhala kulumpha, ndipo kenako nkhandwe imvi. Kodi wothamanga ali anagogoda zaka 15, ndipo wachita ntchito zabwino. Ndipo palibe - ndi nkhani ina ... "

Mikula Selyaninovich

"... Kumayambiriro dzuwa anali kupita Volga ndi retinue wake misonkho mzinda anasonkhana, anadutsa, mwina imodzi yomweyo, iwo akumva - amalima wina pafupi, pulawo pa miyala kukantha zikuchepa. Tiyeni tipite kwa wolima, ndipo sangakhoze anafika, madzulo ndi sizinawakhudze, tsiku lotsatira tinafika, anamva monga ploughshare khasu kuponya zikuchepa inde wolima malikhweru. Iwo anafika pa tsiku lachitatu, dzuwa litalowa. Anatsika pa bulu nagwada Volga, wolima ankagwadira m'chiuno: "Moni, mwamuna wanga wabwino, mu rabotnichek ndi!" "Khalani oganiza bwino, Volga Vseslavovich! Kodi njira wake?"

Long kapena, analankhula mwachidule za izo, za izi, koma anapita nawo pa achifwamba pamsewu mantha. Zana M'matawuni inde midzi chikwi anamasulidwa, ndipo anali wolima - Mikula Selyaninovich, Russian wopambana. Kukhala mabwenzi iwo Volga, ndipo pachifukwa linali tsiku mizimu yoipa, anabweretsa kutsukidwa. Ndipo phwando anali nawo pa magome a thundu mu nkhalango inde - izi epic wina ndikuuzeni ... "

Ilya Muromets ndi Nightingale ndi wakuba

Ambiri mwa ntchito za Russian epic buku, pamene pamwamba pawo palibe mphamvu, ndi kutchuka kwawo ikukula chaka ndi chaka. Katswiri monga mwa curricula sukulu, kafukufuku ikuchitika pa iwo. Bylina "Nightingale ndi wakuba ndi Ilya Muromets" ndi wotero mankhwala.

"... Nightingale akukhala pa yonyowa pokonza thundu wakuba Odihmantev mwana. hiss kuti ndi Nightingale ndi kulira kwa chinyama. Kaya likhwelu, kapena wobangula kwa nyerere udzu anaphedwa, maluwa azure kutha, matabwa mdima pansi, kapena anapambutsa, ndipo amene ali kwa anthu - bodza onse akufa. Pryamoezzhey msewu mazana asanu mtunda onse anaphedwa, ndi ezdom yozungulira - pa zikwi.

Pochitika pano Cossack Ilya Muromets, amatenga uta taut, tetivochku Shelkov anakoka, muvi-hot chosungunula. Anawomberedwa chinachake mu thundu yaiwisi Nightingale ndi wolanda. Inde diso ndi kugonja, ndipo anasolola pansi, atamangirira stapes koma anatenga zakutchire zapitazi chisa kotero Nightingale ndi ... "