Zinachitikira Montaigne lakuti monga maziko buku "Zatsopano". Montaigne, "Zatsopano": Mwachidule

Pushkin kuwerenga izo, nthawi zonse atagona Lva Tolstogo desiki. Bukuli anali wotchuka kwambiri mu zaka XVI-XVII. Mlembi wake - Eykem Michel de A Montaigne (Dr. 28.02.1533, ndi ..) - a yoweyula latsopano la French otchuka, umene unachitika ku kalasi wamalonda. Bambo wa wolemba tsogolo Pierre Eykem anakhalabe potumikira mfumu, mayi kubanja olemera Ayuda.

Adadi anali aakulu za kuphunzitsa mwana wake. Iye anali munthu wophunzira kwambiri, ndi banja mzimu yofunika kalekale. Michel anatenga wophunzitsa munthu wamba amene sanadziwe French konse, koma wodziwa Latin.

Maphunziro ndi chuma chawo

Mishel Monten anali ndi mwayi kuti ntchito yolembedwa ndi m'boma. Iye anaphunzitsidwa mu masukulu yabwino ya dziko: pambuyo koleji ku Bordeaux kwakukuru maphunziro University of Toulouse. Kumene anaphika 21 wazaka loya limodzi ndi WOWERUZA a mlangizi achifumu, choyamba Périgueux, koma posakhalitsa kunditumiza ku mzinda wa kwawo wa Bordeaux. Mu utumiki wake amtengo, iye anali abwenzi kumeneko. kapitawo Erudite kawiri kusankhidwa malo mlangizi.

Mu 1565 Michel yopindulitsa anakwatira French noblewoman Françoise de A Shansan. Koma patapita zaka zitatu, pambuyo pa imfa ya bambo ake, ndipo adafika ku malo a patrimony wa Montaigne, kusiya ntchito ku khoti. M'tsogolo, Mishel Monten anakhala moyo wa olemekezeka inatera, popeza anadzipereka ntchito zolembalemba.

Ndi pa zimene banja chisa Montaigne unatsanuliridwa pa pepala.

Kwenikweni anali kujambula osagwira ophunzira mwapang'onopang'ono achifumu. Adalenga iwo mu nthawi yake yopuma kwa zaka fifitini, makamaka likukuvutitsani ntchito. Panthawi imeneyi, ena mwa malingaliro a nzeru zapamwamba zinasintha, kotero owerenga woganiza mudzapeza mu "ndi" ndi maganizo ochepa umasemphana kotheratu.

Wafilosofi French ndi zaumunthu, analemba tebulo, ngakhale kuganizira za bukulo.

Yokhala dongosolo ntchito

Monga chopereka ufulu wa kuzipenya wake, mawunikidwe, essays analenga Mishel Monten "ndi". Executive mkota pa ntchito iyi mu mawonekedwe wothinikizidwa kwambiri zimene tingasonyezere akuti, maganizo choyambirira cha wolemba Kubadwa Kwatsopano pa miyoyo ndi chiyembekezo cha chitukuko cha anthu masiku ano.

Collection yokha imakhala ndi mabuku atatu. Essays ali yense wa iwo, anasonkhana kuti mumve zinalembedwa.

Gawo loyamba la "Essays" Michel Montaigne akufotokoza nkhani mu mawonekedwe a nkhani ndi:

- angati njira imodzi akwaniritsa yemweyo;

- kuti cholinga chathu ndi woweruza cha ntchito zathu;

- wa idleness;

- ya zisoni;

- wabodza, ndi zinthu zina zambiri.

Buku chachiwiri kwalembedwa mooneka kusonkhanitsa Montaigne. "Zatsopano" anadzazidwa ndi retelling woyambitsa wa olemba wakale ndi achikristu muzochitika zosiyana za moyo wa munthu:

- impermanence ake;

- pa milandu mtsogolo mpaka mawa;

- za chikondi cha kholo,

- pa chikumbumtima;

- mabuku ndi zina zotero ..

Buku wachitatu akuti owerenga:

- ndi okweza ndi zothandiza;

- luso la kucheza;

- za kulankhulana;

- chifuniro anthu;

- za zachabe ndi zambiri za ambirimbiri mitundu ina zochita za anthu.

zinthu zakale za zikamera a anthu montenevskogo

Freethinking mu nthawi akale a Charles IX la France anali wakupha. Panali wamagazi (makamaka yapachiweniweni) nkhondo pakati pa Akatolika ndi Aprotestanti. Mpingo wa Katolika, chifukwa Bungwe la Trent 1545-1563 gg., Anavutika ndi Reformation mu dziko la Michel de A Montaigne, Franciscans paramilitary ndi kum'patsa mphamvu zapadera.

Mu umoyo ndale moyo wa France anabwerera nthawi lowopsya la kusaka. Mpingo wa Katolika nakhalanso ndi njira mphamvu kupondereza Chiprotestanti ikupita patsogolo.

Franciscans ndi Ajezwiti ankalamulira anthu, akulimbana ndi dissent. Asilikali, amonke anatilola Papa pa behest wa mfumu amakwaniritsa ngakhale machimo wachivundi za Amitundu. Musati kwanthawi kumbuyo Jesuit nkhanza ndi Chilango boma kanthu. Mu m'tauni ya Bordeaux, 15 wazaka mnyamata, nzeru zapamwamba m'tsogolo, Ine umboni chilango chofanana, umene polimbana Montmorency udindo kusangalatsa nzika anapandukira kuenjezera msonkho pa mchere. anthu 120 anapachikidwa, ndi mzinda yamalamulo anathetsa.

Mu nthawi mantha linalembedwa Kutolere essays, amene anatenga zinachitikira Montaigne, wolemba-nzika ndi zaumunthu. Ngakhale mu France mosalekeza kuphana ... Wafilosofi, monga lonse la anthu, ndi kunjenjemera anatenga kupulula chikwiyire ndi Mariey Medichi ku Paris pa otchedwa St. Bartholomew, pamene inali kuphedwa 30 zikwi French Achiprotestanti.

Monen yokha wachibadidwe osati pafupi aliyense wa chikumenyana magulu azipembedzo ndi andale, mwanzeru kukwaniritsa mtendere boma. Ena mwa anzake anali Akatolika, ndipo Achiprotestanti. N'zosadabwitsa kuti apambana pa dziko nkhanza, dogmatism ndi reactionary osamva wotsutsana anthu ndi zinachitikira nthanthi ya Montaigne.

Mu nthawi yomalizira ya moyo wake nzeru zapamwamba anathandiza kuwuka kwa mphamvu ya Mfumu Henry IV, ndi kuwaletsa nkhondo zachipembedzo ndi kutha kugawikana ang'onoang'ono.

Civic ndi udindo anthu

Iye anatsutsana ndi mfundo ya "philosophizing - ndi kukayikira 'motsimikiza zamulungu, scholasticism, abstracted ku moyo, anakamba anakambirana wunika wa Katolika kulakwa achipembedzo, kulephera kutsatira malamulo wachikhristu.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, tiona kuti kwenikweni ake wafilosofi sanali Tribune, mtsogoleri anthu. Ngakhale m'nthawi yake ngati vumbulutso pozindikira kuti anapanga Michel de A Montaigne.

"Experience", lolembedwa ndi dzanja nzeru zapamwamba-nzika, muli chisoni kuti "lakumwamba ndi Mulungu chiphunzitso" ndi mu "m'manja mwa woipayo." Izi anazindikira, "atadutsa mtsinje wa ganizo yokha." (Iwo ayenera kumvetsa makhalidwe a umunthu wake.)

Montaigne munthu unali wachilendo irritability maganizo, kotero iye ankakonda kupewa mu kutsutsana ndi analenga yekha panokha. ntchito zake kuwerenga yaing'ono bwalo la abwenzi, ndipo iyi inali okhutira. maganizo ake yovuta osati priemlel akuluakulu ndi boma. Michel ankakonda mawu akuti: "Pakuti valet ngwazi kulibe!" Izo zinachitika onse chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi umunthu wake. "Metaphysics wanga - phunziro yokha," - anati nzeru zapamwamba.

Kuphunzira wolemba anali pansi lachitatu la nsanja Montaigne m'linga, ndi mawindo ake anali zidawala mochedwa ...

Chiphunzitso cha nzeru tsiku ndi tsiku

Blockbuster mu Europe zaka XVI-XVII anali m'buku lakuti "Zatsopano" Montaigne. A malingaliro tcheru wasayansi akagwire zenizeni latsopano chikhalidwe wokhala bourgeois anthu. Wafilosofi pansi Ulamuliro aitanidwe maganizo wakale wa anthu azikhala, kulolera, ubwenzi nditaona ku chenicheni.

Montaigne watero munthu kuti si zoipa mtheradi ena Akasakaniza, anatulukira kusaka mdierekezi. Zoipa, mfundo zake view, pali chikhulupiriro popanda kumwetulira, chikhulupiriro an'kanthunthumira choonadi yekha, si Mufunsidwe. Zinali iye amene akutumikira monga maziko a analamula wa mwauzimu zachiwawa anthu.

Wafilosofi anafufuza ndipo anapeza (monga ife ifotokoza pansipa) Mfundo za anthu abwino. Iye anali ndi ufulu wa munthu ngati mtengo wapatali kwambiri.

Malinga ndi nzeru zapamwamba, pakuti moyo wosangalala ayenera kukhala moyenera zosangalatsa komanso kusamalira thanzi lawo. Ndipotu, malinga ndi mfundo za anzeru akale, zosangalatsa kwambiri zimakopa ndi kukopa anthu kuti umuwononge.

Mu buku lake, de Montaigne ( "ndi") imabereka aiwala ku Ulaya, chiphunzitso wakale wa misampha ya chikumbumtima chimene munthu wadwala.

Makamaka, anthu ochepa kwambiri apatsidwa kumvetsa oona zachilengedwe zokongola zobisika kuseri kwa kuphweka kunja. Munthu amakonda kutambasula maganizo anu kuti amvetse "chete kuwala kwa kukongola."

njira mwini wa chidziwitso

Ngati mfundo zina maganizo buku, kenako akuwatsutsa ndipo wolemba wake yekha - Mpingo wa Katolika, iye analemba Mishel Monten "ndi".

Chidule kusonkhanitsa nkhani tingasonyezere maganizo bourgeois individualistic. A buku atatu a buku ndi sanali ofanana chiwembu wanzeru maganizo ophunzira achifumu, poyambirira pa Kubadwa Kwatsopano. ntchito imeneyi kwambiri erudite munthu. Okwana yosonkhanitsa essays lili 3000 makoti akale ndi akale olemba. zambiri kuposa nzeru zapamwamba ena tamutchula Virgil, Plato, Horace, Epicurus, Seneca, Plutarch. Mwa njira Mkhristu kutchula iwo ankaganiza za Uthenga wa Chipangano Chakale, mawu a Mtumwi Paulo.

Pamphambano maganizo Asitoiki, Epikureya, wosuliza kukayikira analenga Mishel Monten "ndi".

Chidule cha moyo chachikulu ntchito ya France kwambiri sikunapite pachabe anaphunzira zaka ziwiri mu masukulu European ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Pambuyo ntchito zonsezi kuchita ndi malingaliro nthanthi asayansi kwambiri kumvetsa chiyembekezo Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe.

Wake kuti "mizimu ya mafumu ndi cobblers tadulidwa mu nkhungu chomwecho," zinali zaka ziwiri kenako, mu 1792, a Mwambi wa nyuzipepala - buku la French kuukira boma.

Magwero malingaliro nzeru zapamwamba

N'zoonekeratu kuti pa kauntala-Reformation, Montaigne a nthanthi zinachitikira potsutsana udindo wa Mpingo wa Katolika, zinangokhala mobisa unatsanuliridwa pa pepala.

malingaliro ake zinali zosiyana ndi nduna, motsimikiza ndi prokatolicheskimi. Iye anali wamphamvu magwero ongolankhula kwa amene adatunga maganizo chifukwa cha maganizo awo pa tsogolo dongosolo chikhalidwe.

Scientist, mwangwiro podziwa Latin ndi Greek zinenero ndi kuwerenga pachiyambi, ndipo anadziwa mwangwiro ntchito yotsogolera nzeru ena akale. Monga nzeru zapamwamba ndi ankatchedwa chimodzi mwa zinthu woyenera omasulira Baibulo French.

Kuphunzira makhalidwe chitukuko pa mfundo za otsutsana

Mu XVI atumwi ku Chigawo ena a dziko lapansi akubwera kugonjetsa komaliza kwa Dziko Latsopano ndi azungu. Basi pa nthawi pamene analemba Montaigne "ndi". Chidule cha ntchito imeneyi ndewu ndi ankhanza kumaonekera kaundula wamkulu wa nzeru zapamwamba za.

wasayansi zokwanira ankadziwa mwatsatanetsatane za momwe ikuyendera zothandiza kuti mu America. Kukhala mu utumiki wa mfumu, anali kupezeka pa misonkhano bungwe ndi amishonale a mfumu ndi mkulu wa mfulu Indian. Ndipo iye anali mtumiki, zaka khumi ndi awiri a moyo wake msonkhano mu New World.

Akatidzadza fano lenileni la Nouveau riche - agonjetsi la America - kunapezeka kuti unsightly. Iwo civilly molimba mtima anasonyeza Montaigne ( "ndi"). Kufotokozera za chikhalidwe cha mogwirizana choyamba ichi geopolitical pakati pa anthu a maiko awiri langokhala ukapolo banal. M'malo woyenera kunyamula kwa dziko chiphunzitso cha Khristu, ku Ulaya anadutsa machimo wachivundi.

Anthu zakwawoko la Dziko Latsopano anali mu ntchito Baibulo a nkhosa kukaphedwa. Wasayansi anati anthu amene amakhala popanda chuma ndi umphawi, popanda cholowa, magawano katundu, popanda ukapolo, popanda vinyo, mkate, zitsulo, anali ndi makhalidwe auzimu a dongosolo kuposa azungu. Mu mawu a mbadwa ya kunalibeko mawu kutanthauza kunama, kukhululuka kuperekedwa, nsanje, chinyengo.

Wafilosofi anatsindika mgwirizano wa ubale lotha wa anthu ameneŵa la Dziko Latsopano. Uncorrupted ndi chitukuko ukusokoneza chikhalidwe la madera awo. Liri mu m'badwo, iwo amatchedwa abale, wamng'ono - ana, akuluakulu - makolo. Achikulire, akufa, kudali chuma mdera lawo.

Zaumunthu ndi wapamwamba khalidwe la chitukuko oyambirira

Ponena kuti zamanja ndi mafuko mapulani m'tauni ya Dziko Latsopano sanali wolephera azungu Zomangamanga (Mayan ndi Aztec), wasayansi anatsindika ukulu awo abwino.

Ndi mfundo ya kukhulupirika, kuona mtima, ndi wowolowa manja, mukamamasuka nawo ndi kuwauza mbuli apamwamba kwambiri oposa agonjetsi awo. Ndipo ndicho chimene anawapha: iwo anaperekedwa, anagulitsa. Mamiliyoni a mbadwa anaphedwa, ndondomeko yonse ya chitukuko awo anali "anazondoketsedwa".

Wasayansi anafunsa kuti: "Kodi pali buku lina chitukuko civilizational? N'chifukwa chiyani azungu sanali kupezerapo miyoyo imeneyi namwali wa makhalidwe achikhristu zolinga mkulu? Izo zinachitika, anthu akanakhala bwino. "

Chikhulupiriro ndi Mulungu kumvetsetsa nzeru zapamwamba za

Zosonyeza kulephera kwa potsimikizira-Reformation mfundo, wasayansi nthawi yomweyo amapereka malingaliro wowerenga a oyera ndi bwino kwambiri kumvetsa chodabwitsa cha Mulungu ndi chikhulupiriro.

Iye amaona Mulungu kukhala umboni, zosasinthika, wopezeka paliponse, osati kugwirizana ndi mfundo iliyonse anthu kapena moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Choncho, gulu la Mulungu kukugwirizana ndi chikhalidwe alipo, ndi muzu wa zinthu zonse Mishel Monten ( "ndi").

Zamkati za mfundo imeneyi, malinga ndi wasayansi, munthu aperekedwa yekha kuzindikira njira transcendental, mwa chikhulupiriro.

kuzindikira ichi cha Mulungu amagwirizana ndi kusintha maganizo kwambiri moti Ndipotu, munthu kuyenda pa njira ya chikhulupiriro, akuthamanga zamoyo lonse. Ndipo pa mapeto a msewu uwu udzafika mphatso zoona, chinthu china.

Kudziwa Mulungu mwa chikhulupiriro chozama kulowa kulankhulana mwachindunji naye mwachindunji. Ndipo uyu, nayenso akutumikira modzipereka kukhulupirira chitetezo ku ozunguza "ngozi anthu" (nkhanza, chifuniro cha zipani zandale, kumulakalaka kusintha, kusintha mwadzidzidzi maganizo).

Komabe, Montaigne anali owona za maganizo a mzimu wa munthu sufa.

Development wa chakudya cha Stoicism ndi Epicureanism

Achipembedzo dogmatism Mishel Monten anasiyanitsa miyambo ya Epicureanism wakale ndi Stoicism. Ngati Epicurus, French nzeru zapamwamba amatchedwa chikhalidwe (a sayansi makhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe) ndi yofunika kwambiri harmonization a anthu ndi "mankhwala moyo" a munthu aliyense. Kuti chikhalidwe, maganizo ake, zikhoza kukhala chapakamwa kuti zilakolako zoipa za munthu. Kulipira msonkho kwa maganizo Asitoiki pa chapamwamba chifukwa koyera maganizo oyaka anthu buku "Zatsopano".

Mishel Monten, kumvetsa mfundo zazikulu za chikumbumtima, wavala ukoma pamwambapa makhalidwe onse a anthu, kuphatikizapo mtima chabe. Chifukwa ukoma ndi zotsatira za anzeru cholinga khama volitional ndi kutsogolera munthu kugonjetsa zilakolako zawo. Ndi kuyamika makhalidwe abwino, monga Montaigne, munthu akhoza kusintha tsogolo lake, kupewa kuopseza zofunika ake amapha.

Wasayansi anakonza zambiri mfundo za chikhalidwe ano European. Ndipo wake kuganiza momveka bwino kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kusonyeza makhalidwe oipa a anthu lochitira yokumba wa anthu m'dziko ang'onoang'ono, nzeru zapamwamba alankhula za "meaninglessness kuyima pa Nyumba Zam'mwamba, chifukwa adakali kupita ndi mapazi awo. Komanso, anthu ngakhale pa chimpando kwambiri anamukweza adzakhala pa mpando wachifumu wa iye yekha. "

Pomaliza

owerenga Baibulo masiku ano, n'zosadabwitsa organically amaona kalembedwe la wolemba, amene analemba Montaigne "ndi". Reviews kutsindika ubwenzi kalembedwe akale wolemba awo ndi Olemba mabulogi wamakono: wolemba analemba tinkasangalalira, lembani kwa ntchito nthawi yanga yopuma. Iye sanapite ku mfundo za kamangidwe, structuring ntchito.

Montaigne analemba nkhani akutiakuti pa nkhani ya tsiku, ndi pansi pa kuona zochitika, mabuku, umunthu.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti bukuli zinapatsira ndi umunthu wa wolemba. Iye amadziwika, unali wopita kwa anzake pokumbukira yekha. Ndipo zinatheka! Kalembedwe yoyendetsedwa wochezeka. Nthawi owerenga ndi malangizo abwino okha. Mtundu umene akanakupatsani iye mchimwene.