Zimfundo anthu. Mitundu zimfundo anthu

Mfupa wa munthu ndi wolimba kwambiri moti ukhoza kupirira makilogalamu pafupifupi 10,000, koma ngati mafupawo anali ndi fupa limodzi lokha lolimba, kuyenda kwathu sikukanatheka. Chilengedwe chinathetsa vutoli mwa kungopatula mafupawo m'matumba ambiri ndikupanga ziwalo - malo omwe mafupa amalowerera.

Manambala a anthu amachita ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Chifukwa cha iwo, mafupa, mano ndi matumbo a thupi amabwera pamodzi.

Mitundu ya ziwalo zaumunthu

Zitha kusankhidwa ndi ntchito:

Mgwirizanowu, womwe sulola kuloka, umadziwika ngati synarthrosis. Zida za gaga ndi gompos (kugwirizanitsa mano ndi chigaza) ndi zitsanzo za synarthrosis. Mphindi pakati pa mafupa amatchedwa syndesmosis, pakati pa matumbo - synchrodrosis, minofu ya fupa - synthostosis. Synarthrosis imapangidwa mothandizidwa ndi minofu yogwirizana.

Amphiarthrosis imalola kuyenda pang'ono kwa mafupa ogwirizana. Zitsanzo za amphiarthrosis ndi intervertebral discs ndi pubic symphysis.

Kalasi yachitatu yogwira ntchito ndi ma diarthroses oyandikana. Iwo ali ndi kuyenda kwakukulu kwambiri. Zitsanzo: zitsulo, mawondo, mapewa ndi zida. Pafupipafupi nthawi zonse izi zimagwirizana ndi synovial.

Mphuno ya mafupa aumunthu ingathenso kuikidwa motsatira malingaliro awo (ndi zinthu zomwe zimaphatikizapo):

Mankhwala ochititsa chidwi amakhala ndi collagen zamphamvu. Izi zimaphatikizapo zigawo za beza ndi chophatikizira, chomwe chimagwirizanitsa mpukutu ndi chigawo cha msoti pamodzi.

Manyowa a munthu amakhala ndi kagulu kanyama kakang'ono, kamene kamangokhalirana mafupa. Zitsanzo za mankhwalawa ndizolumikizana pakati pa nthiti ndi mtengo wamtengo wapatali, komanso pakati pa intervertebral discs.

Mtundu wochuluka - mgwirizano wa synovial - ndi malo odzaza madzi pakati pa mapeto a mafupa. Yili pafupi ndi kapule wa minofu yolimba yolimba yomwe ili ndi membrane. Mphuno ya synovial yomwe capsule imapangidwa imapanga mafuta a synovial madzi, ntchito yake ndiyo kuyatsa mgwirizano, kuchepetsa kukangana ndi kuvala.

Pali magulu angapo a mapulogalamu a synovial, mwachitsanzo, ellipsoidal, zoboola-zoboola, thumba ndi globose.

Mankhwala a Ellipsoidal amathana mafupa osakanikirana ndipo amawalola kuti agwirane mbali iliyonse.

Pewani manyowa, mwachitsanzo, goli ndi mawondo a munthu, kulepheretsani kuyenda motsatira njira imodzi kuti mpata pakati pa mafupa ukhoze kuwonjezeka kapena kuchepa. Kusunthika pang'ono mu zigawo zomangira zimapereka mphamvu ndi mphamvu kwa mafupa, minofu ndi mitsempha.

Mankhwala osakanikirana, monga pakati pa mitsempha ya mitsemphapeni ndi trapezoid bone, amalola mafupa kusinthasintha madigiri 360.

Manyowa a mchere ndi chiuno cha munthu ndizo zokha zolumikiza thupi. Iwo ali ndi kayendetsedwe kaumasuka kwambiri, ndi okhawo omwe angathe kutembenukira kumbali yawo. Komabe, kusowa kwa ziwalo zofiira ndizoti kuyenda kwaufulu kumapangitsa kuti iwo asokonezeke kwambiri kusiyana ndi ziwalo zochepa za munthu. M'malo amenewa, nthawi zambiri amathyoka.

Mitundu ina ya synovial ya ziwalo za anthu iyenera kuganiziridwa mosiyana.

Dulani pamodzi

Pewani ziwalo ndi gulu la ziwalo zogwirizana ndi synovial. Izi ndizozigoba, mawondo ndi bwalo la munthu. Kawirikawiri mgwirizano woboola pakati ndi gulu la mafupa awiri kapena kuposera kumene amatha kusunthira limodzi limodzi kuti agulire kapena kuwongolera.

Zolumikiza zosaoneka bwino mu thupi ndi interphalangeal, ziri pakati pa phalanges za zala ndi zala.

Chifukwa chakuti ali ndi thupi lochepa kwambiri komanso ali ndi mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito, amakhala ndi zinthu zosavuta zogwiritsira ntchito ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera. Pfupa lililonse limakhala lopanda utoto wofewa wa hyaline cartilage, wokonzedwa kuchepetsa kusamvana m'magulu. Mafupa amazunguliridwa ndi kapsule wa minofu yolimba yomwe imapezeka ndi membrane ya synovial.

Mapangidwe a mgwirizano waumunthu ndi osiyana nthawi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, gululi limakhala lovuta kwambiri, lomwe limapangidwa pakati pa chimfine, mafupa a radial ndi ulna omwe ali pamwamba pake. Golidi imakhala ndi katundu wolemetsa kwambiri kuposa ziwalo za zala ndi zala, choncho imakhala ndi zida zina zowonjezera zamphamvu komanso zosiyana ndi mafupa omwe amalimbitsa kayendedwe kawo.

Zilonda zam'mimba ndi zowonongeka zimathandiza kuti ulna ndi zowonjezereka zikhale ndi mphamvu komanso kulimbitsa ziwalo. Miyendo ya anthu imakhalanso ndi ziwalo zingapo zofanana ndi zibokosi.

Mgwirizano wa mitsempha wong'onong'ono uli pakati pa tibia akulu ndi ang'onoang'ono m'munsi mwendo ndi talus mwendo. Nthambi za tibia zimapanga chisa chozungulira pa talus pofuna kuchepetsa kuyenda kwa phazi limodzi limodzi. Mankhwala ena anai, kuphatikizapo deltoid, amagwiritsanso mafupa pamodzi ndi kulimbikitsa mgwirizano kuti asunge thupi.

Pakati pa ntchafu ya mwendo ndi tibia ndi tibia, mawondo a mawondo ndi aakulu kwambiri komanso ovuta kwambiri ophatikizidwa mu thupi la munthu.

Mgwirizano wa mmphepete ndi minofu, zomwe zimakhala zofanana, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kwa osteoarthritis.

Ellipsoidal pamodzi

Mgwirizano wotchedwa ellipsoidal, womwe umatchedwanso flat, ndiwo mawonekedwe omwe amavomereza kwambiri. Iwo amapangidwa pafupi ndi mafupa omwe ali ofewa kapena pafupifupi ofewa pamwamba. Mapepala awa amalola mafupa kuti agwe kumbali iliyonse - mmwamba ndi pansi, kumanzere ndi kumanja, mozungulira.

Chifukwa cha mapangidwe awo, mapulogalamu a ellipsoidal amatha kusintha, pamene kuyenda kwawo kuli kochepa (kupewa kulema). Mankhwala a Ellipsoidal ali ndi chipsera cha synovial chomwe chimapanga madzi amadzimadzi kukhala othandizira mafuta.

Mafupa ambiri a ellipsoidal ali m'magazi amodzi pakati pa mafupa a carpal a mkono, pakati pa mapepala a carpal ndi mafupa a metacarpal a dzanja, pakati pa mafupa a bulu.

Gulu lina la maulendo a ellipsoid ali pakati pa magawo makumi awiri ndi asanu ndi limodzi m'magulu opatsirana. Mapulogalamuwa amatilola kugwada, kusasuntha ndi kutembenuza thupi, pamene tikukhala ndi mphamvu ya msana, zomwe zimathandiza kulemera kwa thupi ndikuziteteza ku msana.

Zilumikizidwe

Pali mtundu wosiyana wa maulendo a ellipsoid - mapulojekiti ophatikiza. Ikhoza kuonedwa ngati mawonekedwe osinthika kuchokera kumtundu wofanana wa mgwirizano ndi ellipsoidal. Kuchokera ku chipika chophatikizana, condylar imasiyana mofanana ndi kukula kwake kwa malo ozungulira, motero chifukwa chazotheka kusuntha nsonga ziwiri. Kuchokera palimodzi la ellipsoid, condylar imasiyana ndi chiwerengero cha mitu yokhala pamodzi.

Chophimba pamodzi

Chophimbachi ndi mtundu umodzi wothandizana ndi mafupa omwe mafupa amapangidwa ngati chingwe, ndipo fupa lina limakhala ngati wokwera pahatchi.

Zilumikizi zowonongeka zimakhala zosavuta kuposa zozungulira kapena zolimbitsa thupi.

Chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha mgwirizano wa thumba m'thupi ndi mgwirizano wa carpometacarpal wa thupi, womwe umapangidwa pakati pa fupa la trapezium ndi mafupa oyambirira a metacarpal. Mu chitsanzo ichi, trapezium imapanga chophimba chozungulira chomwe woyamba metacarpus akukhala. Mgwirizano wa carpus-metacarpal umathandiza kuti chala cha munthu chimathandizidwe mosavuta ndi zala zina zinayi. Chovala chachikulu chimakhala chofunika kwambiri kwa ife, chifukwa chimalola dzanja lathu kumvetsa zinthu ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida zambiri.

Mphindi wozungulira

Mankhwala opangidwa ndi minofu ndi gulu lapadera la ziwalo zothandizira, zomwe zimakhala ndi ufulu wopitirira mu thupi chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo apadera. Kuphatikizana kwa mchiuno ndi humerus ndizo zokha mu thupi la munthu.

Zomwe zikuluzikuluzi zimagwirizanitsa ndi: fupa lokhala ndi mutu wooneka ngati mpira ndi fupa lokhala ndi chikho. Taganizirani za mapewa. Matenda aumunthu ali okonzedwa kotero kuti mutu wa globular wa manyowa (pamwambapa fupa la dzanja) umalowa m'kati mwachitsulo cha scapula. Mng'oma wamtunduwu ndi mphanga waung'ono komanso wosazama, chifukwa chophatikizira chimakhala ndi kuyenda kwakukulu mu thupi la munthu. Lili ndizingwe ndi phokoso la hyaline cartilages, lomwe limapangitsa kuti mafupawo azikhala olimbitsa thupi, pamene minofu - makapu a chipangizo chosinthasintha - imagwiritsa ntchito humer mkati mwake.

Kuphatikizana kwa chiuno kumakhala kochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi mapewa, koma ndi mgwirizano wamphamvu ndi wolimba. Kukhazikika kwina kwa mgwirizano wa chiuno ndikofunikira kuti pakhale kulemera kwa thupi la munthu pamilingo, kuchita zinthu monga kuyenda, kuthamanga, ndi zina zotero.

Pamwamba pa chiuno, mutu wozungulira, womwe uli pafupi kwambiri wa femur (femur) umagwirizana ndi acetabulum, chifuwa chachikulu mumphuno. Mitundu yambiri yokwanira ya mitsempha yamphamvu ndi minofu yamphamvu imapangitsa mutu wa chikazi kukhala m'malo ndikukaniza zovuta kwambiri mu thupi. The acetabulum imathandizanso kuti minofu iwonongeke, kuchepetsa kuyenda kwa fupa mkati mwake.

Malingana ndi zonsezi, mukhoza kupanga tebulo laling'ono. Kapangidwe ka mgwirizano waumunthu sichiphatikizidwa mmenemo. Kotero, mu chigawo choyamba cha tebulo mtundu wa mgwirizano ukuwonetsedwa, wachiwiri ndi wachitatu - zitsanzo ndi malo awo, motero.

Manambala a anthu: tebulo

Mtundu wa mgwirizano	Zitsanzo za ziwalo	Alikuti
Zimangidwe	Mphete, mpukutu, mgwirizano wamagulu. Matenda ena a iwo amaperekedwa pansipa.	Nsalu - pakati pa chikazi, tibia ndi patella; Chigoba - pakati pa mapewa, goli ndi fupa; Ankle - pakati pa nkhono ndi phazi.
Ellipsoidal	Mapulogalamu opatsirana; Amuna pakati pa phalanges za zala.	Pakati pa ma vertebrae akuyang'ana; Pakati pa phalanges za zala ndi manja.
Spherical	Hip ndi mapewa pamodzi. Manatomu aumunthu amanyalanyaza kwambiri mtundu umenewu.	Pakati pa chifuwa chachikazi ndi fupa; Pakati pa humer ndi scapula.
Zovala zofanana	Wrist-metacarpal.	Pakati pa fupa la trapezium ndi mafupa oyambirira a metacarpal.

Kuti tiwone bwino zomwe ziwalo zaumunthu ziri, tidzakambirana momveka bwino ena mwa iwo.

Mgwirizano wa Elbow

Mankhwala a munthu amene anatchulidwa kale amatanthauza chidwi chapadera.

Mgwirizano wa mphuno ndi chimodzi mwa ziwalo zovuta kwambiri za thupi la munthu. Zimapangidwa pakati pa mapeto a distal of humer (makamaka, malo ake ozungulira - chipika ndi condyle), kudula kwa radial ndi blocklike ya ulna, komanso mutu wa malo oyandikana ndi maonekedwe ake. Zimaphatikizapo kamodzi pa ziwalo zitatu: zowopsya, zowonongeka komanso zosawerengeka.

Mzere wodulawu umakhala pakati pa chigawo cha ulna chokhala ngati chiboliboli ndi chipika (articular pamwamba) cha humer. Mgwirizano umenewu ndi wofanana ndi wofanana ndi wosagwirizana.

Mphuno yamtunduwu imapangidwa pakati pa humer ya humer ndi mutu wa humer. Kusunthira mu mgwirizano kumapangidwa pafupi ndi nkhwangwa ziwiri.

Mbali yaikulu yamtundu wa radiolucent imagwirizanitsa kuwala kozungulira kwa ulna ndi chozungulira chozungulira cha mutu wapatali. Icho chimakhalanso uniaxial.

Palibe zowonongeka muzowonjezera. Kawirikawiri, amaonedwa kuti ndi ophatikizana ndi mawonekedwe a helical.

Thupi lalikulu kwambiri pamtundu wapamwamba ndilokha. Miyendo ya munthu imakhalanso ndi ziwalo, zomwe simungathe kuziuza.

Hip Joint

Mgwirizano uwu uli pakati pa acetabulum pa fupa la mimba ndi femur (mutu wake).

Mutu umenewu uli ndi hyaline cartilage pafupifupi, kupatula fossa. The acetabulum imakhalanso ndi cartilage, koma pafupi ndi semilunar pamwamba, yonseyo ili ndi membrane synovial.

Kuphatikizana kwa mchiuno ndi mitsempha yotere: ischial-femoral, ilio-chachikazi, pubic-chikazi, chigawo chozungulira, komanso mtolo wa mutu wa mkazi.

Lileum-femoral ligament imachokera kumtambo wotsika kwambiri wa iliac ndipo imathera pamzerewu. Izi zimaphatikizapo kusunga thunthu pamalo otsika.

Mtsinje wotsatira, ischial-femoral, umayamba mu ischium ndipo umapangidwa mu kapule wothandizana.

Chokwera pang'ono, pamwamba pa fupa la pubic, chimayamba pubic-femoral ligament, yomwe imapita pansi ku kapule wothandizana.

Mkati mwa mgwirizano womwewo ndi mtolo wa mutu wa chikazi. Amayamba pamtundu wambiri wa acetabulum ndipo umatha pa fossa ya mutu wa mkazi.

Mzere wozungulirawu uli ngati mawonekedwe a mtsempha: umagwirizanitsidwa ndi fupa lakuya la iliac fupa ndipo umakhala pamutu wa chikazi.

Mapepala a chiuno ndi mapewa ndiwo okhawo omwe amawoneka mthupi la munthu.

Mgwirizano wamphongo

Mgwirizanowu uli ndi mafupa atatu: patella, kutha kwa kutalika kwa chikazi ndi kutha kwa tibia.

Chovala cha mawondochi chimakhala pamphepete mwa tibia, femur ndi patella. Kwa femur izo zimagwiritsidwa pansi pa epicondyle. Pa tibia imayikidwa pamphepete mwa mgwirizano pamwamba pake, ndipo kwa patella kapule imamangiriridwa m'njira yoti mbali yonse yomwe ili patsogolo ili kunja kwa mgwirizano.

Mitsempha ya mgwirizanowu ingagawidwe m'magulu awiri: owonjezera-capsular ndi intracapsular. Komanso muzowonjezerapo pali zitsulo ziwiri zotsatizana.

Mphindi

Amapangidwa mothandizidwa ndi pamwamba pa talus ndi malo omwe amapezeka pamtunda wa mafupa a peroneal ndi tibial.

Mphuno yamaguluyi imayendetsedwa mpaka kumapeto kwa kanyumba kakang'ono kameneka ndipo imachoka pamtunda. Pamalo olowera ophatikizana ndi mitsempha yake.

Mtundu wa deltoid, kapena pakati, uli ndi mbali zingapo:

- poseri tibial-talant, yomwe ili pakati pa m'munsi mwa mapiri a malleolus apakati ndi magawo apakati a talus;

- tibialis anterior, yomwe ili pakati pamphepete mwa malleolus wamkati ndi mamita pamwamba pa talus;

- Gawo lachitsulo, kutuluka kuchokera kumalonda a malleolus kuti athandizidwe ndi talus;

- gawo la tibial-navicular, lochokera ku medile malleolus ndi kutha kumbuyo kwa fupa la scaphoid.

Chingwe chotsatira, chidendene, chimachokera kumtunda kwa mthunzi wa malleolus kumalo ozungulira pamtunda wa talus.

Pafupi kutsogolo m'mbuyomo kusungidwa talo-fibular mitsempha - pakati m'mphepete kutsogolo kwa malleolus lateral ndi lateral pamwamba pa khosi la talus lapansi.

Ndipo otsiriza, kumbuyo talo-fibular mitsempha zimachokera pa zapambuyo malire a malleolus lateral ndipo itha pa tubercle lateral za ndondomeko talus.

Nthawi zambiri, bondo olowa ndi chitsanzo trochlear ndi zoyenda helical.

Kotero tsopano ife kuchita ndi lingaliro la zimene ali mafupa anthu. Kaswili mafupa kwambiri kuposa izo zikumveka, ndipo mukhoza kuona nokha.