Zima rye: kufotokoza onse

Zima rye n'chofunika kwambiri chakudya ndi chakudya mbewu, womwenso wambirimbiri mapuloteni (mpaka 15 peresenti) ndi mpweya (peresenti 81). Komanso, mbewu yake mavitamini A, B, ndipo E. Kuchokera ufa kuphika rye mkate, kuti kufunika kwachilengedwenso zili caloric kuposa tirigu ofanana. Waukulu agronomic kufunika chikhalidwe, poyamba pa zonse, ndi chifukwa kukula mofulumira ndi mkulu tillering ndi angathe kupondereza namsongole. Rye chinangwa, mbewu ndi ufa ntchito mawonekedwe a chakudya wambiri, omwe si udzu otsika osatha quality. Komanso, yozizira rye amagwiritsidwanso ntchito zolinga luso. Komanso mwapadera, izo zikhoza kukonzedwa pa mchewere mowa ndi wowuma, ndi ku udzu kutulutsa zamkati ndi asidi acetic.

Culture unakhazikitsidwa ku udzu umene infests mbewu tirigu. Malo chiyambi amati Asia Southeast ndi Caucasus. Mu Ukraine, yozizira rye choyamba anaonekera padziko woyamba Zakachikwi BC, ndi kutchula koyamba za kulima pa dera la Russia akale ndi chinayi. Tsopano kulima ake ndi ambiri, osati dziko lathu komanso US ndi Ulaya. Ngakhale, mu dziko pa zaka mwa zakudya zachimanga onse mbewu rye lili malo otsiriza. M'dera la mbewu yake pachaka za mamiliyoni makumi mahekitala. Pamene kukula pa dothi rye chonde ndi oyamba okwanira kuchuluka kwa fetereza likupereka zokolola zabwino (kwa quintals 20 pa mahekitala). Pa nthawi yomweyo, poyerekeza ndi tirigu chithunzi ichi pafupifupi theka zochepa.

Tsopano mawu ochepa pamene kubzala yozizira rye. Izi zachitika mu autumn, pamene kutentha pafupifupi ndi khumi ndi madigiri. Pankhaniyi, zambiri zokayikitsa kuti akhale kuonongeka ndi tizilombo, ndipo chikhalidwe yokha bwino mizu. Mbewu chingathe kupirira chisanu madigiri 25. Kumera akuyamba kulankhula m'nthaka ngakhale pa madigiri 2 kutentha ndi mphukira wochezeka anapanga pamene kutentha ndi madigiri 10. Ndiyamika mizu yake bwino anayamba yozizira rye amanyamula ngakhale kasupe chilala. Ndiponso, m'nthawi ya kukula chikhalidwe si wovuta kwambiri pa chinyezi, kotero bwino anayamba ndi yaitali mvula, ndi kutentha. Si choosy ndi nthaka mtundu. Rye zambiri limakula ngakhale pa nthaka mchenga ndi osabereka. Poyerekeza ndi mbewu zina bwino zimatenga phosphorous ndi potaziyamu mwachindunji kuchokera pansi.

Ambiri ntchito tili tetraploid ndi diploid zosiyanasiyana yozizira rye. Kusiyana pakati pa iwo lagona topangira DNA amapanga maselo somatic wa mbewu. Woyamba wa mitundu adawoneka ndi posachedwapa ndipo ali 28 DNA. Koma wachiwiri, ndiye icho chiyenera 14 DNA. Chofala kwambiri diploid mitundu. Wotchuka kwambiri a iwo ali monga Niva, Will ndi Boguslavka. gulu anati tetraploid September Puhovchanku ndi Drevlyane.