Zidule - ndi sayansi, matsenga kapena ufiti?

Zidule - ndicho chotchedwa zoseketsa chithunzi kuti omvera kuganiziratu kugawanika chachiwiri. Pakuti chilamulo cha mtundu wanyimbo amafuna liwiro, nthawi yomweyo. omvetsera alibe nthawi kumvetsa zimene akuona. matsenga m'modzi amatsata ena, ndipo zikuoneka kuti bwino komanso anakhazikitsa dongosolo dziko n'chochepa pansi mavuto otsatizana masinthidwe zosaneneka.

The zolinga choyamba (Ancient Egypt)

Miyala pa mtsinje wa Nile ndi osemedwa iwo pafupifupi 1260 BC. e. Kachisi wa Abu Simbel ... Iwo akhoza ankaona nkhambakamwa loyamba chipangizo, amene amadziwika anthu. Kawiri pachaka, pa kubadwa kwake ndipo pa tsiku la inalowa ufumu kuonekera farao Ramses II. Bakuman m'mlengalenga, anthu ambiri akuyembekezera chozizwitsa, ansembe m'kachisi kuwerenga mfiti wakale ndi mawu amatsenga. Iwo adzaitana pa yopuma dzuwa kupyolera mu mitambo ndi kuwulula anthu Farao. Ndipo chozizwitsa amapezeka. Pa nthawi yoyenera, ngati kumvera ansembe ray oblique dzuwa napyoza ndi yopapatiza chitseko, umalowa mu chipinda otsika ndi mdima ndipo nyali ali mu mdima chithunzi wolamulira.

Ife kufotokoza mwambo wa mipukutu yakale. Yankho chinsinsi ichi, akatswiri anapeza okha wakale chitukuko mu zaka mazana makumi awiri. Mbiri isanayambe mapulani kudziwa kwenikweni pamene ndi nthawi pa mwambowu adzakhala akuwuka dzuwa litayamba. Adakhoza kutsogolera gululi dzuwa malinga ndi zitseko za kachisi, amene mtengo likulowerera mu chipinda ndi chipinda Mudali Ramses II. Zotsatira za nkhambakamwa uyu anali zidzasintha - nzika ankakhulupirira moona mtima kuti kuunika anatchulapo wolamulirayo.

Izi zinachitikadi angapereke yankho zotheka ku funso lakuti: "cholinga ndi chiyani?" Mwina ntchito chidziwitso alipo kuti tikwaniritse zotsatira anakhumba! yankho N'kuthekanso.

Manipulators of Ancient Greece

ansembe lachinsinsi Musanyengedwe sakanakhoza kukhala padera. Mu Greece wakale, amatsenga anaonekera pa nkhondo Agiriki ndi Persian. Anasonyeza luso lawo si mu makachisi, ndi fairground. N'zosadabwitsa kuti mu zolemba za malamulo ndiponso wodziŵa Alciphron (III m'ma BC. E.) Pali kutchulidwa kwa tsenga, amene umapulumuka lero. Mu bukhu lace akufotokozera m'mene wamatsenga akungoyendayenda pansi makapu atatu ndi kuika miyala atatu. Amazipanga anasamukira timiyala - anaonekera pansi chikho chimodzi, kenako osaonekanso ndipo anali pakamwa juggler. Ndiyeno kwathunthu mbisoweka, koma illusionist anayamba kutuluka matumba awo, makutu kapena kuonerera tsitsi. omvetsera anaseka nazizwa see wojambula, chifukwa chimakhudza - ndi choyamba, zoseketsa ndi kusangalatsa anthu.

Musamadzinamize a sayansi ndi quackery

Development wa nkhambakamwa luso ku Ulaya anapita limodzi ndi umboni kwathunthu. Palibe ndi osiyana, komwe ndi matsenga charlatanism, ndi kumene zatsopano mu umagwirira ndi Optics. Ichi chidachitika ndi anthu ambiri otchuka amene maina anapulumuka. The nyenyezi wotchuka ndi wambwebwe Mishel Nostradamus (1503-1566) sanazengereze kuchita zidule. Izi, kumene, chinawonjezeka mlingo wa imakhudzira atengeke zozizwitsa ndi zochitika lachinsinsi la anthu. Anasunga kufotokoza zinachitikira kuwala amene anasonyeza lachinsinsi kwambiri. Kudzera kutsegula mu gulu denga ndi adatchithisira pansi othandizira chidole, ndipo kenako anaukitsidwa ndi kutsekedwa zimaswa. Oonera anaonerera izo kupyolera kudula moperewera khoma, umene wokwera ndi mandala triangular prism. Iye anapereka "pepala" kwenikweni. Zikuoneka kuti chidole limatuluka kuchokera pansi komanso pali kusiyiratu. Amaonetsa ndiye anavomereza mu chipinda, ndipo iwo anafunafuna pansi. Koma anali mwala, ndipo ndili hatches aliyense chinsinsi chinalibe.

Akamagwiritsa ntchito za luso

Popularity nkhambakamwa mapulogalamu wakhala lonse mu zaka zapakatikati, olemba ambiri ndi amisiri sanathe amanyalanyaza nkhani imeneyi. Analingalira ntchito zake zinthu zina kuti ali ndi zinthu za ufiti kapena zidule matsenga. Science, matsenga kapena luso - n'zovuta kupereka mwachidule tanthauzo la izi chodabwitsa. Koma inu mukhoza kuwona zochita zawo mu chikhalidwe akale ntchito odziwika zachikhalidwe.

Dutch wojambula Piter Breygel Wamkulu (c. 1525-1569) pa imodzi mwa zojambula wake zinasonyeza chiwonongeko ya amatsenga kuchokera kumpando wachifumu. asangalatsi akuyendayenda Buku pa chinsalu mu matchalitchi amene amati ndi ziwanda. Wa ku Netherlands wina, Ieronim Boskh (1450-1516), mwa ntchito yake limanenanso chifanizo cha akungoyendayenda jugglers, amatsenga ndi anyanga.

Katswiri akale chikhalidwe Goethe (1749-1832) mu "Faust" komanso chikusonyezera chithunzi zamatsenga za Middle Ages. Wine kuti nzimbewo akugwera patebulo ndi nyali, kumasulidwa ku nsinga za Margarita. Headless, onyamula m'manja mwa mutu wake yodulidwa. Onse a zidule awa ndiwo maziko a repertoire aluso kusonyeza zidule. chinsinsi chawo ndi pempho nthaŵi yaitali ndi chiyani? Zikuoneka chilakolako anthu kudutsa chinsinsi ndi chikhulupiriro cholimba zozizwitsa.

Malowedwe mu Russia

Choyamba mapulogalamu kwambiri nkhambakamwa mu Russia amene anali nawo asangalatsi alendo yachilendo. Iwo anali mu owonetsera zikuluzikulu za nthawi. Mu Moscow kuti anali malo osewerera wa Maly Theatre, ndi St. Petersburg Musanyengedwe yachilendo amaonetsa pa siteji ya Alexander Theatre. Ndi nthawi iyi nkhambakamwa luso anali losandulizika. Iwo ankagwira ntchito ndi zaluso luso nthawi. Atapita masiku pamene gawo la amatsenga ndi anyanga anali wotchipa fairground zisudzo. Mosalephera iwo ajambule anthu zoti inagona - imeneyi mopepuka.

asangalatsi alendo zakunja Russia

Makamaka zimalimbikitsa ndi zitsanzo Russia maganizo amenewo anali XIX atumwi. Ambiri aluso analidi ambuye kwambiri polemba chinenero chimenechi.

Karl Hermann - wotchuka nthumwi ya banja ya amatsenga European. Iye anali luso pa ziwonetsero kwambiri za nthabwala ndipo inasanduka amaonetsa wa omuthandizira ake. Pa nthawi yomweyo anali oyamba amene anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zongoganizira lalikulu la zida. repertoire wake anali njomba, "The Boy mu mpweya" - woimba anatsamira dzanja lake pa mtengo wautali. Pa nthawi yomweyo mapazi ake pansi. Pa pempho la anthu ku chimodzimodzi botolo wosewera anali kuthira zosiyanasiyana zakumwa - mkaka ndi shampeni.

Carl Mekgold anafika pa ulendo mu Moscow, anapambana omvera kuti nyuzipepala ya nthawi poyerekeza ndi Schiller ndi Mozart mu luso lake. Mu manja ya ndalama wojambula mkuwa inasanduka chule, amene anakhala ndi chingolopiyo. omvetsera anapereka wojambula mipango, ulonda, zodzikongoletsera. Zonse zinthu adawoneka zeze, amene anapachikidwa pa khoma mlandu chatsekedwa.

Iye anagonjetsa udzafunidwa wamatsenga anthu ndi wamatsenga Bartolomeo Bosco. chifaniziro wake wa matsenga Aigupto anachititsa flurry mayankho aluntha. wosewera anaonekera pamaso pa omvetsera mu suti malaya. eni onse Adali linali losavuta kwambiri - kutsegula matebulo pa miyendo woonda, palibe nsalu za patebulo, zimene zinali zotheka kubisa chinachake. Zinaoneka kuti zinthu kwenikweni apite, pomvera pempho la chithunzicho. omvetsera anavomera mu maganizo agwirizana kuti zatsopano anasonyeza Bosco (zidule) - izo zamatsenga.

Woyamba Russian amatsenga

Musati kwanthawi kumbuyo kwa Akhristu ena ndi jugglers Russian. History wateteza mayina a ena a iwo. Mu 1828, chifukwa Rogozhskaya Chipata anali m'bwalolo kuti baiting nyama. Anaonekera wina Karasev - anasonyeza "aatali makina zatsopano." Kuyang'aniridwa ndi omvera yoimba anali kubisala mu bokosi Buku chronometer, koma kenako osaonekanso. Pamalo maola anaonekera mbalame. Tucked kutali mofanana kabati zodzikongoletsera anapeza m'matumba a azionerera a.

Mu Bwalo la maseŵera wina ku Tver chipata, analankhula wamatsenga Solovyov. Mu chithunzi, iye ankadzitcha kuti ndi "fireproof munthu." Zimene wake (amapinimbiritsa) akhala ndi moto.

Mu 1835, wakale makaniko Nikulin anasonyeza anachitapo zamatsenga pa Maly Theatre mu Moscow. Mmisiri, iye anagwiritsa ntchito ambiri zipangizo kudzikonda anapanga mapulogalamu yonyenga. Ndipo ife tinabwera pansi zokhudza ntchito mu nthawi yomweyi ya amatsenga Russian monga Kuparenko, Vasiliy Korchagin ndi Ivan Martin.

Ngakhale Nkofunika kudziwa kuti ntchitoyo homegrown ojambula zithunzi Russian anthu amaona yozizira kuposa ulaliki anzawo yachilendo. otanthauzira Russian kusonyeza mzimu umenewu uli Russia kudzera tanthauzo la mawu akuti "cholinga" - antics, chisokonezo, chinyengo.

Mu nthawi ya Soviet

Mosakayikira, chitukuko amphamvu kwambiri wakhala nkhambakamwa luso la Soviet Union. Zongoganizira kulenga chidwi latsopano ndi zipinda. Pang'onopang'ono wapita zamasiku maina yachilendo, amene kale anatenga yekha amatsenga Russian. Iwo anasintha maganizo kwa aluso, ndi kumvetsa zimene cholinga ndi. Zamatsenga ndi lachinsinsi maziko a zodabwitsazi m'mbuyomu. Oimira kwambiri polemba chinenero zikuoneka kuitana oonera kuti masewera ndipo anati: "Tsopano inu mudzapusitsidwa, koma mukhoza kukwanitsa kuwulula chinyengo."

ojambula zithunzi zimenezi zikuphatikizapo wotchuka illusionist E. T. Kio, mkazi woyamba Soviet illyuzionistku Kleo Doroti (Claudia Karasik). Mwambo wa ntchito zapamwamba Musamadzinamize kwakukuru anapitiriza Anatoliy Sokol. Otar Ratiani analenga kukopa pachiyambi "Kwachinsinsi Man," pogwiritsa ntchito buku ndi HG Wells. Wina mwaluso illusionary mphambu Soviet ochitira zionetsero - "Madzi Motani Zimene Zimakhala Zofunikadi" Ilya Simvolokova. Ndipo mu mawu omaliza a Anatoly Gawo-Novozhilova pa masewera aja m'bwalomo anju opindika m'makona dera lonse la rye ndi wowerengeka kuvina. Ojambula zithunzi za masewera aja Soviet Osangopereka mukamva - iwo anayamba luso lawo, kupanga ake chikhalidwe ndi apakhungu.

Zozizwitsazo si mathero

Chotero kodi ndi kukopa, amene kunyamula zidule matsenga? Matsenga manja awo mukhoza kupanga imodzi - zikuoneka kuti kutchuka kwawo ndi moyo wautali. Ndipotu, sikuti kukhala katswiri wojambula-wamatsenga. A chiwerengero chachikulu cha mabuku zilipo limachititsa kuti adziwe zidule osavuta koma ogwira mtima. Ndipo eni chachikulu ichi safuna - ndi malo a makadi, mpango, ndalama zochepa kapena mikanda. A maso kusokonezedwa maganizo a omvera, ngati makina nthawi, akhoza kusamutsa chithunzicho kwa zaka m'mbuyo zaka. Ndi Aigupto kotero wakale anayang'ana pa zozizwitsa zikuchitika mu kachisi wa Farao Ramses mu 1260 BC.