Zambiri zokhudza makompyuta. Kuyendayenda kwa comets. Mayina a makompyuta

Kuyambira kale, anthu adayesera kufufuza zinsinsi zobisika kumwamba. Kuyambira kulengedwa kwa telescope yoyamba, asayansi akhala akuyendayenda pang'onopang'ono kuti asonkhanitse zidziwitso zomwe zimabisika muzomwe zimatuluka. Ndi nthawi yoti mudziwe kumene amithenga ochokera kumlengalenga adachokera - ma comets ndi meteorites.

Kodi komitiyi ndi yotani?

Ngati tifufuza tanthauzo la mawu akuti "comet", ndiye kuti tikufika ku chiyero chake chakale. Zenizeni amatanthauza "ndi tsitsi lalitali". Motero, dzinali linaperekedwa chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a thupi ili lakumwamba. Comet ili ndi "mutu" ndi "mchira" wautali - mtundu wa "tsitsi". Mutu wa comet uli ndi zinthu zakuya ndi za nyukiliya. Zokhumudwitsazo zimatha kuphatikiza madzi, komanso mpweya monga methane, ammonia ndi carbon dioxide. Kapangidwe kamodzi kakhala ndi kometero Churyumov - Gerasimenko, anatsegulidwa pa Oktoba 23, 1969.

Momwe comet analiyimira kale

Kale, makolo athu amamulemekeza ndipo adayambitsa zikhulupiriro zosiyanasiyana. Ngakhale pakalipano pali ena omwe amagwirizanitsa maonekedwe a comets ndi chinachake chamoyo ndi chodabwitsa. Anthu oterowo angaganize kuti ndi oyendayenda kuchokera kudziko lina la miyoyo. Kodi manthawa amachokera kuti ? Mwinamwake mfundo yonse ndi yakuti maonekedwe a zolengedwa zakumwamba izi zinagwirizana ndi zochitika zina zoopsa.

Komabe, nthawi ikapitirira, lingaliro la zomwe zidali zochepa komanso zikuluzikulu makoswe zasintha. Mwachitsanzo, wasayansi monga Aristotle, pofufuza chikhalidwe chawo, adaganiza kuti iyi ndi mafuta oyaka. M'kupita kwa nthaŵi, katswiri winanso wotchedwa Seneca, yemwe ankakhala ku Rome, anafotokoza mfundo yakuti makompyuta ndi matupi omwe amayendayenda m'njira zawo. Komabe, kupitabe patsogolo pa phunziro lawo kunapezedwa pokhapokha atapangidwira telescope. Pamene Newton anapeza lamulo la kugwedeza, zinthu zinakwera.

Malingaliro amakono okhudza makoswe

Masiku ano, asayansi atsimikiza kale kuti makometsu amakhala ndi maziko olimba (kuyambira 1 mpaka 20 km mu makulidwe). Kodi maziko a comet ndi chiani? Kuchokera kusakaniza kwa madzi ozizira ndi fumbi la cosmic. Mu 1986, limodzi la comets linatengedwa. Zinaonekeratu kuti mchira wake wamoto ndikutentha kwa mpweya ndi fumbi zomwe tingathe kuzisunga padziko lapansi. Kodi chifukwa chake "moto" ukumasulidwa? Ngati asteroid imayenda kwambiri pafupi ndi dzuwa, ndiye kuti pamwamba pake pamakhala kutenthedwa, komwe kumatulutsa fumbi ndi gasi. Mphamvu ya dzuŵa imapangitsa kuti zinthu zolimba zimene comet zimapangidwe zikhale zovuta. Chifukwa chake, mchira wa moto umapangidwa kuchokera ku fumbi. Izi zidutswa ndi fumbi ndi mbali ya zomwe tikuziwona mlengalenga tikaona kayendetsedwe ka ma comets.

Chomwe chimatsimikizira mawonekedwe a comet mchira

Lipoti la makoswe, lofotokozedwa m'munsimu, lidzakuthandizani kumvetsetsa kuti comet ndi yotani. Iwo ndi osiyana - ndi mchira wa mawonekedwe onse otheka. Zonsezi ndi za chilengedwe cha particles zomwe zimapanga izi kapena mchira. Zing'onozing'ono zazing'ono zikuuluka mofulumira kutali ndi Dzuŵa, ndi zina zomwe, mosiyana, zimakonda nyenyezi. Chifukwa chiyani? Zimakhala kuti kusunthika koyamba, kukankhidwa ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa, kutali, pamene mapetowa akutsogoleredwa ndi mphamvu yokoka ya dzuwa. Chifukwa cha zochitika za malamulo a thupi, timapeza makoswe omwe miyendo yake imayendetsedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Miyeso ija, yomwe imakhala ndi mpweya, idzatsogoleredwa ndi nyenyezi, pomwe nyongolotsi (yomwe ili ndi fumbi kwambiri), m'malo mwake, imapanga dzuwa. Nanga bwanji kukula kwa mchenga wa comet? Kawirikawiri, miyendo yamtambo ingakhoze kuwerengedwa mu mamiliyoni amakilomita, nthawi zina ndi mazana mamiliyoni. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, mosiyana ndi thupi la comet, mchira wake makamaka umatulutsa particles popanda kukhala ndi mphamvu iliyonse. Pamene asteroid ikuyandikira dzuwa, mchira wa comet ungagwirizane ndikukhala ndi zovuta.

Kuthamanga kwa particles mu comet mchira

Kuyeza liwiro la kuyendayenda mumchira wa comet si kophweka, chifukwa sitingathe kuona particles. Komabe, pali nthawi pamene kuthamanga kwa nkhani mu mchira kungatsimikizidwe. Nthawi zina amatha kutulutsa mitambo ya mpweya. Mwa kayendetsedwe kawo, mungathe kuwerengera liwiro. Choncho, mphamvu zomwe zimayendetsa comet ndi zazikulu kwambiri moti liwiro likhoza kukhala loposa 100 kuposa dzuwa.

Kodi komitiyi imalemera kangati?

Zonsezi zimadalira kwambiri kulemera kwa mutu wa comet, kapena kuti, pachimake. Mwinamwake, kamtsikana kakang'ono kangakhoze kulemera matani ochepa chabe. Ngakhale, malingana ndi zomwe zanenedweratu, zazikulu zazikulu zingathe kulemera matani 1,000,000,000,000.

Kodi meteors ndi chiyani?

Nthaŵi zina imodzi ya ma Comet imadutsa mumtunda wa dziko lapansi, imasiya zotsalira. Pamene dziko lathu lidutsa pamalo pomwe comet anali, zidutswa za fumbi ndi dothi la cosmic, zatsala pamenepo, zimalowa mumlengalenga ndi liwiro lalikulu. Kufulumira uku kumafika makilomita oposa 70 pa mphindi. Pamene zidutswa za comet zimatenthedwa m'mlengalenga, timawona njira yabwino. Chodabwitsa ichi chimatchedwa meteors (kapena meteorites).

Zaka za comets

Ma asteroids atsopano a kukula kwakukulu akhoza kukhala mlengalenga kwa zaka zikwi zitatu. Komabe, ma comet, monga matupi aliwonse a zakuthambo, sangakhaleko kosatha. Nthawi zambiri akamayandikira dzuwa, zimataya kwambiri zinthu zolimba zomwe zimapangidwa. Maseŵera "aang'ono" amatha kulemera kwambiri mpaka kutsika kwake kumatetezedwa pamwamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi asamasunthike. Komabe, kometiti "wachinyamata" amakalamba, ndipo pathupi limakula ndikutaya kukula kwake ndi kukula kwake. Motero, kutumphuka kwa pamwamba kumapeza kuchuluka kwa makwinya, ming'alu ndi mabala. Mitsinje ya gasi, yotentha, imayambitsa thupi la comet patsogolo ndi patsogolo, kupereka mofulumira kwa woyenda.

Comet Halley

Chinanso chodabwitsa, chofanana ndi Chumyumov's comet Gerasimenko, ndi asteroid yotulukira ndi Edmund Halley. Iye anazindikira kuti makoswe amakhala ndi maulendo aatali omwe amayendayenda ndi nthawi yayikulu. Iye anayerekezera zinyama zomwe zinachitika padziko lapansi mu 1531, 1607 ndi 1682. Zinaoneka kuti ndi chimodzimodzi chomwecho chomwe chinasunthira pamtsinje wake pambuyo pa nthawi yofanana ndi zaka 75. Pamapeto pake, adatchulidwa pambuyo pa asayansi mwiniyo.

Kometsani mu Dzuwa

Ife tiri mu dongosolo la dzuwa. Makompyuta okwana 1,000 sanapezeke patali ndi ife. Amagawidwa m'mabanja awiri, ndipo iwonso amagawidwa m'masukulu. Kuti awononge mafilimu, asayansi amalingalira makhalidwe awo: nthawi yomwe amatha kupitilira njira yawo, komanso nthawi yomwe imawonekera. Ngati titengera chitsanzo cha Halley, yemwe tam'tchula kale uja, amapita kukonzanso kwathunthu kuzungulira dzuwa m'zaka zosachepera 200. Ilo limatanthawuza ma comets nthawi. Komabe, pali ena omwe agonjetsa njira yonse ya nthawi yayifupi - yotchedwa comets yochepa. Sitikukaikira kuti m'dongosolo lathu la dzuŵa pali chiwerengero chachikulu cha ma comets omwe amayendayenda mozungulira nyenyezi yathu. Mitundu yakumwamba ingakhale kutali kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe chathu kuti Uranus, Neptune ndi Pluto asiye. Nthawi zina amatha kuyandikira mapulaneti, chifukwa cha zomwe maulendo awo amasintha. Mwachitsanzo, comet Encke angatchulidwe.

Zambiri zokhudza makompyuta: nthawi yaitali

Kuwongolera kwa kayendetsedwe ka ma comet kwa nthawi yaitali ndi kosiyana kwambiri ndi makompyuta aifupi. Amadutsa dzuwa kuchokera kumbali zonse. Mwachitsanzo, Heyakutake ndi Hale-Bopp. Otsatirawa adawoneka okondweretsa pamene adatsikira ku dziko lapansi. Asayansi apeza kuti nthawi yotsatira idzawoneka kuchokera ku Dziko lapansi kokha zaka zikwi kuchokera pano. Mitundu yambiri, yokhala ndi nthawi yayitali imapezeka pamphepete mwa dongosolo lathu la dzuwa. Kale kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, katswiri wa zakuthambo wa ku Dutch anatsindika maganizo a kukhalapo kwa magulu a comets. Patapita kanthawi, kukhalapo kwa mtambo wa comet, womwe umadziwika lero monga "Mtambo Wotchire", unatsimikiziridwa ndipo unatchulidwa ndi asayansi amene adamupeza. Ndi matsinje angati ali mu Cloud Oort? Ndi malingaliro ena, osachepera trilioni. Nthaŵi ya kuyenda kwa ma comets ngati amenewa akhoza kukhala ofanana ndi zaka zingapo zowala. Pankhaniyi, njira yonse yomwe komitiyi idzagonjetsera zaka 10 000 000!

Zagawo za Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9

Malipoti onena za makompyuta ochokera padziko lonse lapansi amathandiza mufukufuku wawo. Masomphenya ochititsa chidwi komanso ochititsa chidwi angakhoze kuwonedwa ndi akatswiri a zakuthambo mu 1994. Zopitirira 20 zidutswa zochokera ku Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 paulendo wopenga (pafupifupi 200,000 makilomita pa ora) zinagwirizana ndi Jupiter. Ma asteroids analowa m'mlengalenga padziko lapansi ndi mafunde ndi mabomba ambirimbiri. Mpweya wotentha unakhudza mapangidwe a moto waukulu kwambiri. Kutentha kumene madzi amadzimadzi amawotcha mobwerezabwereza kuposa kutentha komwe kumakhala pamwamba pa dzuwa. Pambuyo pake, mpweya wapamwamba kwambiri wa gasi umatha kuwona mu makanemafoni. Kutalika kwake kunkafika kukula kwakukulu - makilomita 3200.

Coma Biela ndi kawiri kawiri

Monga tawerenga kale, pali umboni wochuluka wakuti makompyuta akuwonongeka pa nthawi. Chifukwa chaichi, iwo amasiya kuwala ndi kukongola kwawo. Tikhoza kulingalira chitsanzo chimodzi chokhacho - comet Biela. Nthawi yoyamba iyo inapezeka mu 1772. Komabe, patapita nthawi anazindikiranso mobwerezabwereza mu 1815, pambuyo pa 1826 ndipo mu 1832. Pamene adawonedwa mu 1845, zinatheka kuti comet ikuwoneka yayikulu kuposa kale. Patangotha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, izo sizinali chimodzi, koma makompyuta awiri omwe anali kuyenda moyandikana. Nchiyani chinachitika? Akatswiri a zakuthambo apeza kuti chaka chapitacho Biela ya asteroid inagawanika. Nthawi yotsiriza asayansi analembera maonekedwe a chodabwitsa ichi. Mbali imodzi ya iyo inali yowala kwambiri kuposa inayo. Iwo sanamuwone iye kachiwiri. Komabe, meteorite mtsinje, womwe umayenda mozungulira kwambiri ndi mphambano ya comet Biela, unabwerezedwa mobwerezabwereza mu nthawi. Nkhaniyi inatsimikizira kuti makompyuta amatha kuwonongeka pakapita nthawi.

Chimachitika ndi kugunda

Kwa dziko lathu lapansi, kukumana ndi matupi akumwamba awa sikungokhala bwino kwa chirichonse. Chigawo chachikulu cha comet kapena meteorite chomwe chinali pafupifupi mamita 100 chinaphulika m'mlengalenga mu June 1908. Chifukwa cha tsokali, abulu ambiri amafa ndipo makilomita zikwi ziwiri a taiga adagwa. Kodi chingachitike n'chiyani ngati mtanda woterewu unaphulika pamzinda waukulu, monga New York kapena Moscow? Kuyenera kukhala moyo kwa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri. Ndipo chikanati chichitike ndikanakhala kuti kondomeko idagunda pa Dziko lapansi, yomwe inali yaikulu makilomita angapo? Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, pakati pa mwezi wa Julayi 1994, dziko la Jupiter "linatulutsidwa" ndi zidutswa za Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9. Mamilioni a asayansi anawona zomwe zikuchitika. Kodi chidzakhale chiani chakumenyana kotere kwa dziko lapansili?

Comets ndi Dziko - maganizo a asayansi

Zambiri za makoswe, odziwika ndi asayansi, amafesa mantha m'mitima yawo. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo ndi akatswiri ochita zamatsenga akudodometsa m'maganizo mwawo zithunzi zoopsya - kutsutsana ndi komiti. Pamene asteroid imalowa mumlengalenga, idzachititsa njira zosasinthika za chiwonongeko mkati mwa thupi la thupi. Idzaphulika ndi phokoso losamva, ndipo pa dziko lapansi padzakhala zotheka kusunga chigawo cha meteorite zinyalala - fumbi ndi miyala. Mlengalenga adzatentha kuwala kofiira. Padziko lapansi sipadzakhala zomera, chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa mabwinja, nkhalango ndi minda zidzawonongedwa. Chifukwa chakuti mlengalenga sungathe kuzimitsa kuwala kwa dzuŵa, izo zidzasintha mwadzidzidzi, ndipo zomera sizidzatha kugwira ntchito ya photosynthesis. Motero, nthaŵi zambiri chakudya cha anthu okhala m'madzi chimasokonezeka. Kwa nthawi yaitali popanda chakudya, ambiri a iwo adzafa. Zochitika zonsezi zapamwamba zidzakhudza zochitika zachirengedwe. Mvula yambiri yamchere imakhala ndi phindu pazowonjezera wa ozone, kotero kuti sikutheka kupuma pa dziko lapansi. Kodi chimachitika n'chiyani ngati komiti ikugwa m'nyanja imodzi? Ndiye zikhoza kuwononga masoka achilengedwe: kupanga mapulaneti ndi tsunami. Kusiyana kokha ndiko kuti masoka awa adzakhala aakulu kwambiri kuposa omwe tikhoza kudzimverera tokha kwa zaka zikwi zingapo za mbiri ya anthu. Mafunde aakulu a mamita kapena masentimita amatha kuchotsa chirichonse mu njira yake. Sipadzakhala chilichonse chotsalira m'matawuni ndi mizinda.

"Musadandaule"

Asayansi ena, mmalo mwake, anena kuti palibe chifukwa chodandaula za masoka oterowo. Malingana ndi iwo, ngati Dziko lapansi likuyandikira kumwamba kwa nyenyezi, izo zidzangotengera kuunikira kwa mlengalenga ndi kusamba kwa meteor. Kodi ndibwino kuti mudandaule za tsogolo la dziko lapansili? Kodi pali mwayi uliwonse kuti tidzakumananso ndi nthumwi yothamanga?

Kugwa kwa comet. Kodi kuli koyenera kuti muwope?

Kodi n'zotheka kukhulupirira chirichonse chomwe asayansi amaimira? Musaiwale kuti zonse zokhudzana ndi comets zomwe zili pamwambapa ndizongoganiza chabe zomwe sizingatsimikizidwe. Inde, malingaliro oterowo akhoza kuwopsya m'mitima ya anthu, koma mwayi woti tsiku lina zofanana ndi zomwe zidzachitike pa Dziko lapansi ndizosavomerezeka. Asayansi omwe amafufuza dzuŵa lathu la dzuwa, amavomereza kuchuluka kwa momwe zinthu zonse zimaganizidwira mwadongosolo. Meteorites ndi comets ndi zovuta kufika padziko lapansi, chifukwa zimatetezedwa ndi chitetezo chachikulu. Dziko lapansi Jupiter, chifukwa cha kukula kwake, liri ndi mphamvu yokoka. Choncho, nthawi zambiri zimateteza dziko lathu lapansi kuti lisagwedezeke ndi asteroids komanso mapulaneti ochepa. Malo omwe dziko lathu lilili, amatsogolera ambiri kuti aganizire kuti chipangizo chonsecho chinalingaliridwa ndi kukonzedweratu. Ndipo ngati zili choncho, ndipo simunali wokonda Mulungu, ndiye kuti mungathe kugona mwamtendere, pakuti Mlengi adzapulumutsa Dziko lapansi kuti likhalepo.

Maina a otchuka kwambiri

Lipoti la makoswe ochokera kwa asayansi osiyanasiyana ochokera kuzungulira dziko lapansi ndi deta yaikulu ya chidziwitso cha matupi a zakuthambo. Zina mwa zochititsa chidwi ndi zingapo. Mwachitsanzo, comet Churyumov - Gerasimenko. Kuonjezerapo, m'nkhani ino tikhoza kudziwa bwino za comemaker-Levy 9 ndi makompyuta Encke ndi Halley. Kuwonjezera pa iwo, amadziwika osati kwa ofufuza zamlengalenga okha, komanso kwa mafani a comet wa Sadulayev. M'nkhaniyi, tinayesetsa kupereka zowonjezereka komanso zowonjezereka zokhudzana ndi ma comets, mawonekedwe awo ndi kukhudzana ndi matupi ena akumwamba. Komabe, ngati n'kosatheka kulandira zonse zakuthambo, sizidzatheka kufotokoza kapena kulemba makompyuta onse omwe amadziwika panthawiyo. Tsatanetsatane wokhudzana ndi makompyuta a dzuwa lapansi akuwonetsedwa mu fanizo ili m'munsiyi.

Zofufuza za kumwamba

Chidziwitso cha asayansi, ndithudi, si chilili. Kodi tikudziwa tsopano, sanali kudziwika kwa ife ena 100 kapena ngakhale zaka 10 zapitazo. Tikutsimikiza kuti mosatopa anthufe timafuna kuphunzira kukula kwa mlengalenga, ndipo adzapitiriza kukankhira zoyesayesa ake kumvetsa kapangidwe ka zinthu zakuthambo: meteorites, comets, asteroids, mapulaneti, nyenyezi ndi zinthu zina zamphamvu kwambiri. Tsopano ife tiri mu expanses ngati malo amene kusinkhasinkha kukula kwake ndi sakuzidziwa wochititsa mantha. Ambiri amavomereza kuti onse sangathe zimachitika palokha ndipo popanda cholinga. Chonchi dongosolo zovuta akhale cholinga cha. Komabe, mafunso ambiri zokhudzana ndi kapangidwe ka chilengedwe, ndipo amene amafotokoza. Zikuoneka kuti tikuphunzira zambiri, m'pamenenso pali kufufuza zina zifukwa. Ndipotu zambiri ife kudziwa, m'pamenenso timazindikira kuti simukudziwa ozungulira dzuŵa lathu, Way wathu, ndi Milky Way , ndi zambiri chilengedwe. Komabe, zonse izi sasiya zakuthambo, ndipo akupitirizabe kupitiriza kulimbana ndi zinsinsi za moyo. Aliyense kuwuluka pafupi nyenyezi ndi chidwi kwa iwo.

The kompyuta "Space Engine"

Mwamwayi, lero kufufuza chilengedwe mungathe osati zakuthambo, komanso anthu wamba, chidwi kuti amawalimbikitsa kutero. Osati kale litali, a kompyuta linatulutsidwa "Space Engine". Iwo imayendetsedwa ndi makompyuta ambiri amakono a kalasi pakati. Ndi mfulu kwathunthu kukopera kwabasi mwa kufufuza Internet. Kudzera pulogalamuyi, nkhani comets ana kudzakhala chidwi kwambiri. Iwo akupereka chitsanzo cha m'chilengedwe chonse, kuphatikizapo comets onse ndi matupi a m'mwamba, amene tsopano amadziwika asayansi amakono. Kupeza chidwi kwa ife danga chinthu, monga nyenyezi, mungathe kugwiritsa ntchito anamanga-mu dongosolo zochokera kufufuza. Mwachitsanzo, muyenera nyenyezi Churyumov - Gerasimenko. Kupeza izo, inu alowe ake chiwerengero siriyo 67 F. Ngati mukufuna chinthu china, monga nyenyezi Sadulaeva. Ndiye mungayesere kulowa dzina lake m'makalata Latin kapena kulowa chiwerengero yache. Kudzera pulogalamuyi, mukhoza kuphunzira zambiri za nyenyezi dziko.