Wosangalala gawo la Mau. Kulemba mbali yaikulu ya mawu

Morphemic kusanthula mawu - mmodzi wa ovuta kwambiri, koma mmene molondola anatola gawo watanthauzo wa mawu zimadalira kalembedwe ake olondola. Morpheme nawo mapangidwe mawu atsopano, maina awo anasonyeza mwa mawu mapangidwe. Kuphunzira mawu 5 kalasi, ndiye mu chiwiri, iwo abwerezedwa kuphunzira mutu wakuti "Mawu mapangidwe". Monga mukuonera, chidziwitso morphemics - mmodzi wa nyumba zingatipunthwitse limene chinenero kumanga. Kalembedwe anatsimikiza malo ake kuti morphemes ena, nkhawa, ndi lexical tanthauzo phonemes kuti amapanga. Izi zikutanthauza mbali yaikulu ya mawu, chomwe iwo ali, momwe kulemba, kulongosola nkhani imeneyi.

Morphemics - sayansi za mbali ya kulankhula

Morphemics gawo la sayansi ya chinenero monga mwambo amaphunzira mbali yaikulu ya mawu payekha, komanso zikuchokera chizindikiro cha. Morpheme - gawo yaikulu ya mawu, amene amasankha mtengo wake. Muzu ndi suffix, manambala oyambirira ndi mapeto, maziko - ndi morpheme.

Gawani mawu pa udindo wa mawu, komanso mmene zinthu zinalili mu ubale wina ndi mzake. Muzu - ichi ndi mbali yaikulu ya mawu waphindu. Popanda chizindikiro kulibe. Iye nthawi zonse. mbali zina za mawu amatchedwa affixes. Malinga malo, iwo anawagawa prefixes (anaimirira patsogolo pa mizu) ndi suffixes (ili pambuyo muzu) ndi flexion. Amasiyana pa ntchito yomwe.

Ena morpheme nawo mapangidwe mawu atsopano, suffix, manambala oyambirira. Ena (flexion) mawonekedwe kalembedwe mitundu.

Kodi zikutanthauza mbali yaikulu ya mawu? Yankho lake ndi losavuta - kukhudza bwanji kufunika kwake, kalembedwe kapena lexical. Mukhoza kugawa mawu m'magulu, syllables kapena syllables gulu. Koma lingaliro la kufunika kwa ubale ali sadzatero.

muzu

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri akapanda ichi, palibe lingaliro la mawu - muzu wake. Litatha waukulu lexical tanthauzo.

Ndi mfundo morpheme ndi yogwirizana - muzu mawu omwewo. Awa ndi mphatso zosasewera pomaliza kuti ndi mizu chomwecho. La mawu cognate anapanga zisa, zazikulu ndi zazing'ono. Choncho, mawu a yisiti imodzi yokha muzu mawu - yisiti. Ndipo mawu nyenyezi chisa zambiri: a nyenyezi, ndi nyenyezi, interstellar, kuwundana, ndi ena ambiri.

Kupeza muzu n'kofunika kufotokoza tanthauzo lexical mawu. Choncho, mawu ofanana kuwomba angakhale ndi magwero osiyanasiyana: chisanu mkati tanthauzo la chisanu kuwala ndi drizzle mtengo wa drizzle. Mbali yoyamba ya -moroz- zamakolo, lachiwiri - -moros-. Monga mukuonera, mbali yaikulu ya mawu kalembedwe, makamaka mizu, makamaka zimadalira mtima kwawo ndi tanthauzo lexical.

Palinso Mipikisano ofunika mizu. Choncho, -vod- muzu matanthauzo osachepera awiri. Ngati tikulankhula za mawu galimoto, linanena bungwe, kondakitala, kutsogolera muzu izi amatanthauza chinthu. Mu mawu a madzi, madzi, muzu wa mtengo diver -vod- amatanthauza amayanjana ndi madzi.

orfogrammy muzu

Muzu - gawo watanthauzo mawu, ndi kalembedwe amene ayenera kumwedwa mosamala. Pambuyo zonse, anamaliza lexical tanthauzo lenileni. Pali zingapo orfogramm morpheme izi. Iwo olumikiza phokoso alternating ka mavawelo ndi zilembo, komanso graphemes amene scanned malo amphamvu.

Mizu ndi alternating mavawelo kukumbukira. Nthawi zambiri zikhoza kugawidwa mu mfundo zingapo:

1. Chongani malo nkhawa. Choncho, mizu -gar - / - gor- olembedwa kalata ndi anatsindika, nthawi zina onse - of: kuwotcha, Satana. Mizu chomwecho -zar - / - Zor; -klan - / - klon-; -tvar - / - kulenga.
2. Mwakayang'ana akutsatiridwa ndi kalata. Iwo mizu -lag- (a) / - wabodza; -kas- (a) / - CBS; -rast - / - rasch - / - ros-, komanso mizu zambirimbiri kusinthana imelo / ndi: -ber - / - Beer; -der - / - dir-; Perot - / - PIR ndi ena. Zitsanzo: mukukhulupirira / kuika; kukhudza / kukhudza; chomera / kukhala / mabedi; kutenga / Ine achotse.
3. Adafikapo ka. Yang'anani mmwamba mawu kuti phokoso linali unstressed: Nkhata - Nkhata. Last - mawu yachinsinsi imene kalata mauthenga amaima mu malo mantha.

Koma zilembo unpronounceable, ndi kuonanso kalata chofunika, muyenera kupeza mawu gulu la bwino zofunika anamveka: Mwachilungamo - ulemu. Mawu chachiwiri - yachinsinsi.

mathero

Mapeto - zoyambirira gawo la Mau. Iwo akufotokoza tanthauzo lake kalembedwe (jenda, chiwerengero, choncho). Kungakhale ziro.

Monga mbali zina za mawu chiyani salolera kusintha mawonekedwe kalembedwe - alibe mapeto. Ikani mu mbali ya kulankhula ziro kutha - kulakwitsa. Izo zikusonyeza kuti anthu samamvetsa kuti akufotokoza mbali zogwira mawu. Izi ndi mbali ya kulankhula, monga:

• Adverb.
• Gerund.
• Kagulu ka adjectives invariable (beige).
• Mlingo poyerekeza wa adjectives.
• Kagulu ka mawu odzikundikira (izo, iwo).

Choncho, mawu akuti "kunyumba" - ziro mapeto, monga mwa mawu "m'mbuyo" pamenepo, chifukwa ndi adverb - invariable mbali ya kulankhula.

Kuti mukazindikira mapeto, m'pofunika kusintha mawu pa milandu, munthu aliyense payekha kapena manambala. Gawo la mawu, lomwe Pankhaniyi zimasiyanasiyana ndipo adzatha: adayimba - anaimba, ndi kuimba, ndi kuimba, kapena pa mapiri, koma mapiri, m, TH mapiri.

mathero kalembedwe

Kulondola ndi kufufuzidwa pa mapeto a zolemba manauni motere: m'pofunika kudziwa declination molondola. Kuchepa woyamba mu dative mochulukitsa manauni ndi prepositional kumafuna kulemba kothera -e: khoma-e, khoma-e. Zilibe ntchito kwa manauni kutha mu -iya.

Chachiwiri declension mathero -e amafuna prepositional yekha: nyumba-e-e mtambo. Kupatulapo - mawu kutha mu chikufanana / -ie: a planetarium, cholowa.

Chachitatu declension amafuna akamaliza m mochulukitsa manauni mu dative, genitive ndi prepositional: a mwana wamkazi wa mayi wake.

Koma mathero munthu wa mneni, m'pofunika kudziwa conjugation yolondola: mapeto Ine muli kalata imelo kapena Y (w) (-esh / -ete / Ym, etc.). Zitsanzo: pash kudya pash-ete, pash UT.

Mu II conjugation - makalata ndipo ndi (I) (-ish / -ite / -AT neri Al.). Zitsanzo: kutambasula-ish, achimowabu-anatambasula, kutambasula-NY.

Ndi manambala oyambirira ndi suffix

Aliyense mbali yaikulu ya kulankhula nawo mapangidwe latsopano? Izi manambala oyambirira ndi suffix. Kutonthoza - ndi mbali yofunika ya mawu, womwenso kutsogolo kwa muzu. The suffix zili pambuyo pawo. Chotero, mawu a bwenzi mothandizidwa ndi prefixes sanali mdani kupanga mawu, ndipo ngati ife ntchito -tuples suffix, timachotsa mawu bwenzi. Mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito morphemes awiri, ndiye inu mupeza mawu ammudzi. The ntchito njira zimatchedwa derivation prefixed, suffix ndi platformers-suffix.

Kuwonjezera ntchito savuta, suffixes akhoza kukhala akamaumba. Choncho, mapangidwe zinachitika kale mneni suffix ntchito -l- (anaimba anayesedwa).

Kalembedwe suffixes wa kasewenzetsedwe ka mau

Orfogrammy mu suffix ndi pafupifupi pa mbali iliyonse ya kulankhula. Tiyeni tione wotchuka kwambiri.

Kasewenzetsedwe ka mau kudziwa malamulo otsatirawa:

1. -ova suffixes - / - eva-; -iva / -yva-. Kalembedwe cheke panjira mwa munthu woyamba wa nthawi ino ataima limodzi. Ngati mawonekedwe ntchito -s / -yuyu, suffix walembedwa -ova - / - eva-. Apo ayi -iva - / - yva-.
2. Suffixes wa mneni mitundu - ndi masakramenti - ofunitsitsa ndi conjugation za liwu kumene participle pano aumbike. The choyamba ndi conjugation -usch - / - yusch- chachiwiri -asch - / - yasch-.

Kalembedwe adjective suffix

suffixes adjective kutsatira malamulo:

1. -ev suffixes - / - kutsindika iv- zifunike. Udindo amphamvu a m'kalata kwalembedwa, ndi ofooka - kalata e, mwachitsanzo, wokongola, nkhondo .. suffixes -chiv - / - rainfalls ayenera olembedwa mantha, ndi malo unstressed.
2. Kalembedwe N ndi nn mu suffix adjective zimadalira kapangidwe ka mawu ndi ntchito suffix lapansi. Choncho, mawu anapanga ku Misty suffix N cha mawu chifunga. Written nn chifukwa nn ili pamphambano ya morphemes awiri. -onn adjective suffix - / - enn- zonse zolembedwa ndi HH: chosintha moyo.

Kalembedwe suffix manauni

Umboni kwa kukhalapo orfogramm mu suffix wa - chachikazi. zotsatirazi malamulo:

1. Ngati tikulankhula za suffix losonyeza ntchito, pamaso T, D, m, m, yakumadzulo olembedwa -chik-. Mwachitsanzo, katswiri, ndi defector, phula, koma lamplighter, ndi ferryman. Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti -tel- suffix kwalembedwa yekha ndi mauthenga: mphunzitsi, mphunzitsi.
2. A gulu lalikulu la suffixes diminutive, komanso amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo. Kodi n'zokhudza nkhawa ndi kusintha mawonekedwe mawu. -tuples suffixes - (- akuti ek) Onokov (-enok-) zimadalira nkhawa. Udindo wamphamvu zonse zolembedwa za: Galchonok, kushachok, koma mphaka.
3. Kusintha mawonekedwe ndi maonekedwe a mawu milandu zotsatirazi: -ek- kapena -ik- cheke motere: kuika mawu genitive lapansi. A mpukutu makalata -ek-, ayi - -ik-. Mwachitsanzo: mthumba (palibe matumba), chinsinsi (palibe chinsinsi). Ngati wachiwiri kalata ndi kumanzere, choncho amasungidwa suffix lapansi. -ets suffix - / - its- onani, kudziwa mtundu. Mu amuna -ets-, zachikazi ndi neuter - -its-: m'bale, koma madzi amene kavalidwe.

kalembedwe kuwatonthoza

Mosiyana suffixes orfogrammy mu mtima ali chimodzimodzi kwa mbali zonse za mawu.

1. Mbali mabokosi kupatula pamwamba kukumbukira yofanana ndi zolemba zawo si chinenero cha Chirasha. kufalikira kwambiri: c; ob-; Wachibale; kale; a. Zitsanzo: Kodi akuyenda, kukawamenya, kumakwawa, ingayambe.
2. Divergent mtima kutha mu m / s m'pofunika kufufuza phokoso, limene limayamba ndi muzu. Ngati ndi anafuulira consonant kapena za mawu - kulemba iliyonse ayi - ndi. Kupemphera (s, limene limayamba ndi muzu, anafuulira) kapena nyamuka (mizu akuyamba ndi N wogontha phokoso).
3. Ngati muzu akuyamba ndi, ndipo ayenera m'malo ndi m, ngati pamene manambala oyambirira itha mu consonant. Background, zojambula, zilizonse.
4. A gulu lapadera la prefixes zi- / zobisika. kulemba chawo chimadalira pa tanthauzo lexical kuti morpheme izi zimaonetsera. Choncho, ngati ife tikulankhula za incompleteness chikondi ndi njira - adzalembedwa zobisika. Mwachitsanzo, m'mphepete mwa nyanja (pafupi ndi nyanja), otsegula pang'ono (osati kwathunthu lotseguka), kubwera (akuyandikira).