The zifukwa Bolshevik chigonjetso mu Civil nkhondo: ndi prehistory a nkhondo ndi imfa ya nkhondo

Kwa zaka zambiri, mbiri yakale anayesa athandize zifukwa Bolshevik chigonjetso mu Civil nkhondo. Kafukufuku zochitika za zaka zosiyanasiyana malinga kwambiri m'badwo.

mphamvu centralized

Chachikulu kusiyana pakati pa "ofiira" ndi "woyera" anali chakuti, chikominisi, kuyambira chiyambi cha nkhondo anatha kukhazikitsa ulamuliro waukulu, umene uli pansi pa dera lonse anagonjetsa mwa iwo. The Bolsheviks anatha kulanda Petrograd ndi Moscow. Mu manja awo anali mizinda iwiri yaikulu ya dziko.

"White" ndi sanakhalepo gulu logwirizana. Pakati pa otsutsa, chikominisi anali atsogoleri angapo (mwachitsanzo, Denikin, Kolchak). Iwo onse zinthu m'madera osiyana, pakalibe kulankhulana bwino ndi popanda cholinga wamba. M'mbali zambiri kusagwirizana ichi chinali chifukwa cha Bolshevik chigonjetso mu Civil nkhondo.

Sankasangalala ndi Lenin ndi chipani chake anali osiyana kwambiri ndi maganizo a ndale. Pakati pa "woyera" anali monarchists ndi Republican, nationalists ndi Imperials. Zotsutsana ndi kusiyana maganizo nthawi zambiri asanaganizire atsogoleri kugwirizanitsa zoyesayesa zawo polimbana ndi "ofiira". Choncho zifukwa Bolshevik chigonjetso mu Civil nkhondo sanali kutha ubwino wawo, ndi zolakwa za anthu owatsutsa.

propaganda mwaluso

"White" anali oipa agitators. Nazi ntchito ndi magulu ankhondo ndi anthu a m'madera anagonjetsa zinachitikadi mwanjira ina. Only ndi adani nthawi wa chikominisi ankadziwa kufunika mukubwadamuka, koma kumapeto kwa nkhondo wakhala angagwire ntchito m'manja mwa otsatira Lenin a.

Nthawi zambiri indoctrination asilikali anagona pa mapewa a akapitawo a asilikali tsarist. Kumene, iwo sanali okonzeka kwambiri ntchito imeneyo. Pa nthawi yomweyo chifukwa cha Bolshevik chigonjetso mu Civil nkhondo, monga luso lawo ntchito zokopa ogwira ukuperekedwa mdani. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa, chifukwa lonse chipani utsogoleri anali ndi maphunziro kwambiri, ndipo atavekedwa mu nkhani maganizo.

Utsogoleri Soviet ku masiku oyamba kwambiri kuchokera pamene, pakhala pulogalamu bwino kanthu kwa kusinthika dziko m'tsogolo. Kamodzi wopereka October kulanda boma, iye anali anaperekeranji Watsimikiza wotchuka Land and mu dziko, amene chawonjezeka kutchuka a "ofiira" kwa anthu wamba zokhala ndi asilikali.

Atsogoleri a "woyera" kayendedwe, monga ulamuliro, ndi maphunziro a asilikali. Iwo anali ankhondo wabwino, koma anamwalira mu nkhani za tsogolo la Russia. Revolutions kutsogolo kwa achifumu akale, anafesa mantha ndi chisokonezo maganizo a adani kagulu ka "ofiira". Mu njakata awo ndi zinthu zobisika za Bolshevik chigonjetso mu Civil nkhondo. Mwachidule, kusatsatira zochita ndi zosankha za "woyera" akazembe negate kupambana awo onse ankhondo.

Mwambo asilikali

mbali zonse anavutika desertions. Anthu anathawa asilikali chifukwa cha zinthu osauka, inept bungwe, ulamuliro wa kapitawo ndi zina. D.

Pamene asilikali Denikin chinakwana bwino pazipita kutsogolo, iye anali kale kunja kwa mzinda wa Moscow. Iwo anali pa mphindi ino zagwira zifukwa zazikulu kwa Bolshevik chigonjetso mu Civil nkhondo. Moscow anaganiza atumiza kupondereza ndi deserters ndi vacillating. Komanso walimbikitsa requisitioning m'midzi. The Bolsheviks ankaziona kuti akuvutika mu njira ya zolinga zawo. Chifukwa, mudzi unawonongedwa (kumene njala), koma asilikali likunena kupeza chakudya ndi zinthu zina. Mwambo asilikali komanso kuchuluka, kulola oyang'anira asilikali a nkhonya motsimikiza kuti "woyera".

Pa nthawi yomweyo, akuphatikizapo a South Russia onyamula zowawa kuchokera olimbanawo kayendedwe "wobiriwira" magulu. "White" sangathe kupambana pa lonse la wamba ayi chifukwa chakuti dziko-kutengerapo pulogalamu awo m'mudzimo ndayima kaye. Denikin anali kumenya m'midzi ndi m'matauni kuti kale kwambiri munali nkhondo ya. The mkhalidwe womvetsa chisoni wa chuma ndi impoverishment a anthu chowawa nkhonya kwa "woyera" maboma.

Chifukwa defections adani Communist anali yosankha mayunitsi latsopano akaidi Red Army. Magulu amenewa ankhondo mavuto ambiri kuposa zabwino. Mwamsanga ndinapita kwa mdani, sabotaging, kuthawa nkhondo, ndi zina zotero. D.

Chakuti malamulo achifumu

Mu historiography chifukwa Soviet chigonjetso Bolshevik mu Civil nkhondo, Civil nkhondo ndi pereodizatsiya nkhani yake anali kuperekedwa mu mabuku mu okhwima kwambiri chimango maganizo. Iye anatsindika udani wa "woyera" wa proletariat m'tauni, amene sanafune kubwerera dongosolo akale.

Ndithudi, apamwamba populist wa chikominisi wa zosayembekezereka ya paradaiso zokomera anachita pa anthu osauka dziko ndi wamphamvu kwambiri kuposa opezeka waulesi alonda tsarist. Mu "ofiira" propaganda "woyera" anali exploiters, kenako olemekezeka ndi capitalists ena ankhanza, antchito sakondedwa. The proletariat amakhulupirira kuti pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mphamvu Soviet m'dziko adzayamba nyengo yatsopano ya chitukuko ochiritsira workaholic ndi zomera.

Kulimbana ndi bourgeoisie ndi

Nkomwe aliyense ndiye (ngakhale mtsogoleri wa MCP) mwachidwi, zimene adzatembenuza chilengedwe Soviet Union. The zifukwa Bolshevik chigonjetso mu Civil nkhondo Mwachidule, makamaka lagona kumbali ya anthu wamba pambuyo oyamba a Watsimikiza pa Land. Komabe, palibe m'mudzimo sankadziwa kuti pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa mphamvu Soviet adzachotse ndondomeko za ukapolo ngati chilengedwe cha minda gulu wosiyanasiyana imakhala yonyansitsa.

mfundo zachikomyunizimu amaganiza kuti m'pofunika kuwononga masuku pamutu capitalist antchito. Pambuyo Civil nkhondo, ndi bourgeoisie kwenikweni napukuta pa nkhope ya dziko. Koma malo a zaka exploiter izo boma lomwe mwadongosolo Finyani madzi onse a anthu wamba ndi kalasi ntchito. Pa nthawi ya nkhondoyo, mawu mokweza chilungamo chikhalidwe ndi tothandiza kwambiri anthu osauka ndi nkhondo otopa.

Wolowa a ulimi loyamba

Pakuti proletarians ambiri anali losaiwalika zisinthe wa 1905. Ilo linali kupitiriza kwa nkhondo ku Russia. Chifukwa chigonjetso cha Bolsheviks kugona chakuti iwo anathandiza anthu anakhudzidwa ndi chitsutsocho tsarist, anakonza zaka khumi. Momveka bwino analimbikitsa ndi akukumbukira yanthaŵi wa amagazi Sunday, pamene St. Petersburg anawomberedwa nthumwi antchito limodzi pempho kwa Tsar.

Kuti timvetse zomwe zimayambitsa wa Bolshevik chigonjetso mu Civil nkhondo, izo ndi okwanira kukumbukira chinthu First World. "White" Boma (komanso boma wogwirizira wa 1917) zonse anathandiza Entente mu kutsutsana ndi Germany. The chiphiphiritso "nkhondo ndi owawa mapeto" anali chiguduli wofiira asilikali watopa.

Lenin ndi chipani chake anagwira nthawi mbendera. Zokambirana ndi Germany, pomalizira pake kusaina mtendere Brest. Choncho panali zifukwa Bolshevik chigonjetso mu Civil nkhondo. Chikominisi mu malingaliro onse anakhala imatsogolera mtendere yaitali. The First World nkhondo ankatchedwa "imperialist", kwa zaka zambiri anali kuwasindikiza mu mabuku Soviet.

The phukusi la Entente

Ngati zifukwa lonena za Bolshevik chigonjetso mu Civil nkhondo pa zinthu zimene sitingalephere kutchula zolakwa chakupha "woyera" landirani thandizo a m'mayikowo European. Pambuyo mapeto a Brest pangano kwa Entente moyenerera mlandu atsogoleri Soviet woukira boma.

Adani anapita rapprochement ndi "woyera". Komabe, thandizo lawo anali ofooka kwambiri ndipo anali wotanganidwa mwa madoko angapo kumpoto. Kenako azungu sanatero. Awa zimayambitsa ofuna chigonjetso Bolshevik mu Civil nkhondo. Ogwira wa Party Communist anatengerapo mwayi kuukira zinthu zabwino zokopa kusuntha.

Tsopano "woyera" otchedwa wompereka zinthu national amene anapita kuthana ndi Aisiraeli. Choncho pali zifukwa zatsopano kwa Bolshevik chigonjetso mu Civil nkhondo. Magawo zazikulu za nkhondo wamagazi nthawi zambiri anakonza malinga ndi malo kutsogolo. Koma "woyera" anataya nkhondo, osati nkhondo, womwe kumunda maganizo. Aliyense mdani wochenjera kusuntha "ofiira" propaganda ntchito mwayi wawo.

Ndipo musati kusochera ngati mwapemphedwa: ". Kodi zifukwa Bolshevik chigonjetso mu Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni Kodi" Kuti atchule iwo adzakhala okwanira kutchula nkhani yolembedwa tafotokozazi.

Nkhondo yolimbana ndi Aisiraeli

Kulimbana m'derali, utsogoleri Soviet kuti muzigwiritsa ntchito mosamala proletariat dziko. Antchito ophunzira kuchokera m'mayiko onse European kuyang'ana Russian utasintha ngati chigonjetso chake. makamu okhonda atalanda wothandizila Soviet ndi agitators, amene nkhongono mdani mkati.

Ine ndikudabwa zimene Lenin yekha analemba makalata ake kuti mayiko Entente anali chilengedwe ndithu voteji mphamvu yowononga Bolsheviks ndi kutenga Moscow ndi Petrograd. Komabe, adani sanachite izo. Mu thandizo ake kuti "woyera" iwo okha yaing'ono (pamlingo njira) amapereka mankhwala ndi zida.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa "woyera"

Mu 1919 panali kusintha kwakukulu mu Civil nkhondo. "White" pa amadzibisa onse anabwerera. Kolchak ndi asilikali ake anasiya lonse la Siberia ndipo anafa Irkutsk.

Denikin komanso anagonjetsedwa ndipo anayamba abwerere kum'mwera. Mu 1921, pa "woyera" chinali chabe Crimea, kumene anayamba kuthawa mopupuluma ya otsutsa Communist. Ndi mapeto a Civil nkhondo, misewu unali wa European anasefukira monarchists Russian, olekerera ndi mizukwa zina za "dongosolo lakale".