The Moscow Helsinki Gulu - bungwe ufulu wa anthu. Lyudmila Alexeyeva - wapampando wa Moscow Helsinki Gulu

Monga mukudziwa, analenga 05/12/1976 Moscow Helsinki Gulu - bungwe wodzipereka kwa polojekiti kugwilizana ndi gawo lachitatu la mapangano a Helsinki munali Nkhani anthu. Iwo ndi mfundo zokhudza ufulu wachibadwidwe, kusunga amene a m'gulu lomenyera ufulu wa anthu ku Soviet Union kuunikira kwa zaka zingapo. Pa chilengedwe cha gulu analengeza pa msonkhano wa atolankhani ku nyumba ya sayansi Soviet Andreya Saharova.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

The Moscow Helsinki Gulu (MHG) mu nkhope ya Yuri Orlov, woyambitsa ndi wapampando choyamba, naperekanso zolinga zake motere. bungwe liyang'anire litsatidwe Helsinki Declaration wa USSR ndi kudziwitsa States onse amene walemba chikalata ichi, pamodzi ndi Soviet Union, za zakusokonenezedwa.

Komanso Yuriya Orlova, gulu m'gulu Alexander Ginzburg, Lyudmila Alexeyeva, Natan Sharansky, Vitaly Rubin, Malva Landa, Alexander Korczak, Elena Bonner, Anatoly Marchenko, Mikhail Bernshtam Peter Grigorenko.

amakakamizidwa kusaina

The Helsinki Chogwirizana anaika maziko limagwirira kuti kuwunika kugwilizana ndi zofunika zawo. Makamaka mitu ya nthumwi ayenera kuti aone kugwilizana ndi mayiko onse mnzake walemba kulengeza awo pa misonkhano pachaka. The Moscow Helsinki Gulu ankaganiza kuti mudziwe operekedwa pa kuyan'anila za nkhani zokhudza ufulu wa anthu, adzakhala pa misonkhanoyo, ndi kuti democracies Umafuna kuti Soviet Union anasaina mgwilizano anaphedwa zonse, kuphatikizapo zaumunthu nkhani. Tikapanda kutero kungachititse kuti kugwa kwa Helsinki Chogwirizana, chimene utsogoleri Soviet sanathe kulekerera. Pofuna Soviet Union linali kukhala ndi mgwirizano yapamwamba kwambiri kwa iye, kutenga nkhani yakuti dziko unakhetsedwa woyera yaitali kudzipatula ku dziko lonse ndi likuchemerera manja mpikisano.

ntchito ogwira

Bungwe loona zaufulu wa anthu, imene inali mamembala khumi yokha, sikunathandize kuti athe kuwunika lonse gawo lalikulu la Soviet Union. M'kupita kwa mamembala MHG anali opanda mphamvu monga anthu ena onse a USSR, ndi zida zawo zonse inkakhala makina olembera ziwiri zakubadwa. Komano, Moscow Helsinki gulu m'gulu zokometsera odziwa anasonkhana ndi nthawi wambirimbiri mfundo nkhani akhudzidwa. Komanso, wailesi yachilendo kuulutsa pa dera la Soviet Union, nthawi zonse odzazidwa mbiri ya Moscow Helsinki Group, ndipo anayamba kudziŵa za kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu kudutsa dziko. Makamaka, mamembala a gulu adafotokozera olimbikitsa ufulu wa Chiyukireniya, Chilituyaniya, Chijojiya ndi Chiameniya kayendedwe dziko.

Pa zaka 6 linakhalapo, gulu yapanga ndi m'manja mwa West za 195 malipoti a kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu ku Soviet Union. malipoti amenewa ali ndi mfundo zokhudza kumvera pa kugwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo chawo, kuti akalandire maphunziro m'chinenero chawo, ndi zina zotero. Anthu D. Religious (Abaptisti, Adventists, Achipentekoste ndi Akatolika) anamuuza za kuyan'anila za ufulu ufulu wa chipembedzo. Nzika amene si mamembala a magulu aliyense inanena sanali kugwilizana ndi gawo lachitatu la Helsinki Chogwirizana, amene akuvutika kapena okha kapena okondedwa awo.

chitsanzo chabwino

Kenako, kutsatira chitsanzo cha Moscow Helsinki Group, mu November 1976, inakhazikitsidwa Chilituyaniya ndi Chiyukireniya Helsinki Group, mu January 1977 - Georgia, mu April - Chiameniya, mu December 1976 - Committee wachikhristu kutetezela ufulu wa okhulupirira mu Soviet Union mu November 1978 ga - Komiti Catholic kutetezela ufulu wa okhulupirira. Helsinki Makomiti iyawonekambo mu Poland ndi Czechoslovakia.

anachita

Mu February 1977, Chiyukireniya ndi Moscow magulu chogwira anayamba. Munthu woyamba anamangidwa anali wapampando wa MHG Yuri Orlov. May 18, 1978 iye anali m'ndende kwa zaka 7 ndi ntchito mwakhama ndi zaka 5 ukapolo. khoti ankalitenga ntchito yake monga mukubwadamuka odana Soviet ndi mabodza kugumula boma Soviet ndi dongosolo. June 21 chaka chomwecho Vladimir Slepak akakhale zaka 5 ukapolo. June 14, Natan Sharansky m'ndende zaka 3 m'ndende ndi zaka 10 mu msasa okhwima-boma.

Pofika chaka cha 1977 anali kupondeleza ufulu kwa anthu oposa 50 mwa magulu Helsinki. Ambiri a iwo anaweruzidwa kuti mawu m'ndende kwa nthawi yaitali, ena anamwalira m'ndende.

Yoweyula mogwirizana

Utolankhani m'mayiko demokalase - ampangira Soviet Union ndi Helsinki Chogwirizana kuphimba ndondomeko ndi kuzunza anthu ake mu USSR ndipo limati dzikolo Helsinki. Anthu m'mayiko amenewa anachita chizunzo chimenechi mwa kulenga magulu awo ndi Komiti ya Helsinki.

Pa chilengedwe cha American Helsinki Gulu analengeza mu December 1978. mabungwe ofanana kenako anatuluka mu Canada ndi mayiko ena kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. Cholinga chawo ndi asiye kuzunza anzawo ndi woyesetsa kuthamanga pa maboma awo za mayiko kwambiri adamfunsa ku Soviet Union wa Helsinki Chogwirizana kuphedwa.

Zipatso za ntchito

Zimenezi tagwira zipatso. Kuyambira ndi Conference Madrid mu October 1980, mayiko demokalase Zisangalalo afika msonkhano uliwonse anagwirizana mawu mikhalidwe. Pang'onopang'ono kugwilizana ndi udindo chachitatu "mtanga" anakhala mbali yaikulu ya ndondomeko Helsinki. Pa Conference Vienna cha 1986 yosainidwa protocol ndi zina, chimene zinthu ufulu wa anthu m'dziko - chipani mgwirizano lizindikira kuganizira signatories onse.

Choncho, Moscow Helsinki Gulu anakhala mbewu, anabala mayiko Helsinki kuyenda. Iye ali ndi chikoka kukula zomwe zili m'kati Helsinki. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya mayiko, gulu ufulu wa anthu unachita mu mapangano ndi yapakati-boma. Soviet Union wakhala mlandu wophwanya zothandiza anthu pamaziko a zikalata operekedwa ndi Moscow, Chiyukireniya ndi magulu Chilituyaniya.

Gorbachev m'firiji pamtunda

Opanikizika ochokera m'mayiko a ulamuliro, osati Moscow gulu "Helsinki", komanso kuti anthu onse kupondeleza ufulu kwa nkhani zandale ya Soviet Wachifwamba Code Mu 1987, iwo anamasulidwa. Mu 1990, nzika Soviet anapatsidwa ufulu kuchoka mwaufulu ndiponso kubwerera ku dziko, kuti asiye kuzunza Akhristu.

luso limene tingaphunzire mu njira ya mogwirizana ndi mabungwe omwe si aboma, izo umaonekera chakuti OSCE anali woyamba wa mayiko kucheza kuti m'gulu iwo mu ndondomeko ya ntchito monga Othandizana ofanana. Pa Conference pa Human gawo la anthu a mabungwe omwe si aboma nawo pa maziko a parity ndi oimira boma cha OSCE limati membala, ndipo mawu yomwe apatsidwa pa maziko ofanana.

Back mmaudindo

MHG, lomwe pa chikhazikiro chake chinali kokha palokha si a boma bungwe mu Soviet Union, tsopano n'chofunikira kutsogolera kayendedwe ufulu wa anthu ndiponso anthu wamba, amene unapangidwa la Russia. Chamene wa Moscow Helsinki Gulu akupitiriza kuti aziona zinthu ufulu wa anthu. Komabe, masiku ano izo ikuchitika osati kokha pamaziko a nkhani zothandiza anthu a Helsinki Chogwirizana, komanso ndi thandizo la Russian Constitution, ku Ulaya kutetezela ufulu ndi kumasulika mapangano ena mayiko pa nkani za ufulu yolembedwa ndi la Russia.

Lyudmila Mihaylovna Alekseeva MHG walunjika mu 1996. Zaka zitatu m'mbuyomo, iye anabwerera ku Moscow ku ukapolo ku February 1977 mu United States. Apa n'kuti mayi anapitiriza ntchito mu bungwe ufulu wa anthu, ndipo anachititsanso kuti kulengeza kwa wailesi "Liberty" ndi "Voice of America".

Mu 2012 analowa mphamvu lamulo latsopano la Russia, amaonekera kuti Moscow Helsinki Gulu - wothandizila yachilendo imene amalandira ndalama kuchokera kunja ndipo ndi kugwirizana kunja. Kuti tichotse manyazi amene mbiri ntchito ngati lofanana ndi mawu akuti "kazitape", gulu anaganiza kuchepetsa tokha kuthandiza Russia.

mphoto basi

Mu 2015, Lyudmila Alexeyeva ntchito kwambiri m'munda ufulu wa anthu walandira mphoto Vatslava Gavela. Akupereka € 60,000 pa mwambo womwe unachitikira pa Palace la Europe Komiti pa tsiku la pamayambiriro a gawo plenary wa CoE Parliamentary Assembly, mayendedwe Pulezidenti Anne Brasseur ananena kuti womenyera ufulu ufulu wa anthu, panatenga ntchito kumenyera chilungamo, iye anawauzira mibadwo ingapo wa Anthu Russian ndi achilendo . Kwa zaka zambiri, Alexeyeva kutha, iye anachotsedwa ntchito ndipo anauzidwa kuti achoke m'dziko kupitiriza kulankhula za kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu ku Soviet Union. Iye tsopano mitu ya Moscow Helsinki Gulu - Freethinkers bungwe omwe si aboma, zomwe kawirikawiri zinthu zoipa, koma akupitiriza kutsutsa mfundo kusayeruzika ndi kuthandiza akuvutika.

kuukira kupitiriza

Posachedwapa, madzulo a tsiku la 40 la MHG boma TV "Russia-1" anapereka "zopelekedwa", amene anali zinadziwika kuti mtsogoleri chitsutso Alexei Navalny analandira ndalama kuchokera nzeru British, kuphatikizapo mothandizidwa wa Moscow Helsinki Group. Iwo anali anagonjera "zikalata" ndi "makalata" ankati kusonyeza ubwenzi wake ndi mutu wa thumba ndalama "Hermitage Capital" William Browder. Kupenda "zipangizo" MI6 ndi CIA anasonyeza kuti muli mawu enieni ndi zolakwa ankaikira olemba Russian. Tcheyamani wa Moscow Helsinki Gulu anakana atamunamizira TV boma, kuti palibe ndalama Alekseya Navalnogo iye sanalandire konse ndalama iliyonse ndipo sanapereke. womenyera ufulu ufulu wa anthu ananena kuti Moscow Helsinki Gulu ndi ndalama si kuchititsa ankayendetsa zachuma, monga kaikidwe ka ndalama mu ndalama tchinga, sanachite.

Zikuoneka kuti pofuna wina kudetsa wa Moscow Helsinki Gulu ndi otsutsa analephera momvetsa chisoni.