The mitundu ikuluikulu kumangidwa mankhwala: chifukwa chake iwo anapanga

Malamulo kuti kukhala ndi thunthu kwa nthawi yaitali ndi sanathetsedwe chinsinsi cha munthu. Chiphunzitso chakale cha kumangidwa atomiki zinkaperekedwa mochedwa kwambiri - mu 1916. Kuyambira pamenepo, maganizo asayansi 'zayambika. Mfundo siyachilendo kuchokera pa nthaŵi imeneyo si anatsegula, mitundu kumangidwa mankhwala tsopano mukudziwa wophunzira aliyense amene osachepera amayesetsa kuphunzira. Kudziwa ena asayansi akale agulitsa miyoyo yawo.

Choncho, pali mitundu ikuluikulu kumangidwa mankhwala ndi zina amatchedwa ankachita ofooka. Nthawi zina Komabe, kukhala zofunika, mwachitsanzo, mu mapangidwe dongosolo mapuloteni. The mitundu ikuluikulu ya kumangidwa mankhwala monga covalent ndi amaayoni ndipo ngakhale zitsulo.

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi covalent. Ndi chifukwa iwo Gilbert Lewis ndipo anapereka chakale chiphunzitso chake choyamba cha mankhwala muzikondana. lingaliro ndi chimene wasayansi akadali apakhungu? The covalent chomangira aumbike chifukwa mu mawonekedwe omangidwa mu dongosolo la atomu analandira zochepa mphamvu kuposa singly maatomu. Ndipo izi ndi zofunika mu zimapangidwira. Aliyense dongosolo Cholinga lichotse pazipita kuchuluka kwa mphamvu. Pa mapangidwe a covalent akapolo, aliyense wa maatomu kaphatikizidwe kumathandiza kuti chilengedwe cha kugwirizana. Motero, kunja mlingo pakompyuta ladzala, particles ndi mlandu zoipa pochitika "mu ntchito ambiri."

Mitundu kumangidwa mankhwala anawagawa subtypes. Mwachitsanzo, covalent chomangira zambiri sanali kumalo ozizira - mwachitsanzo, pakati pa maatomu a yemweyo mankhwala amafotokozera. Choncho anapanga mamolekyulu gasi monga asafe, fluorine, haidrojeni. awiri elekitironi "umwini wamba" ndi geometrically mozungulira pakati. Ngakhale n'kovuta kunena, chifukwa Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti elekitironi njira kuli kovuta kulosera.

Chinthu china - ubwenzi maatomu a zinthu zosiyanasiyana mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, mu kugwirizana pakati pa fluorine ndi wa hydrogen maatomu nthunzi wamba spatially kwambiri wina wa ma atomu, ndicho - kuti fluorine. ubwenzi ndi dzina kumalo ozizira.

Koma maatomu si nthawi zonse "moona mtima zimathandiza chimodzimodzi" mapangidwe gawo lapansi. Komanso zimachitika kuti mmodzi wa ma atomu mwachindunji amapereka ma elekitironi awiri, ndipo chachiwiri - kanjira kwa banja wakupambana mu ntchito ambiri. Kodi dzina chikhalidwe cha nkhani imeneyi? Wodwala-acceptor mitundu kulankhulana. The ion ammonium angakhale chitsanzo chabwino. Atatu maatomu wa hydrogen zimakhudzidwa ochiritsira kumalo ozizira nsinga covalent, ndi otsala ufulu awiri ma elekitironi wa asafe imafalikiranso ntchito nawo ndi atomu wina wa hydrogen. Komatu kugwirizana ndi ankaona covalent, chifukwa m'madera a kuchuluka elekitironi kachulukidwe pakati pa ma atomu ali.

Kodi ena mitundu kumangidwa mankhwala kulibe? Amaayoni ubale uli pakati pa particles ndi mlandu osiyana. Mphamvu ya kukopa zinthu m'banja zimatengera yekha pa mtunda umene umawalekanitsa iwo, ndi pa lathu la - palokha. Kodi pali limasonyeza zimenezi? Choyamba, mu zipangizo crystalline - alkalis, carbides, salt, nitrides, oxides zofunika. Ngati cation ndi anion ofanana kukula, kugwirizana makamaka khola. Ena akatswiri amaganiza za mtundu uwu kugwirizana kwambiri nkhani ya kumalo ozizira covalent muzikondana. Koma ndi mfundo moot, chifukwa elekitironi kachulukidwe akadali si pafupi kwambiri kwa cation zoipa mlandu.

The zachitsulo ubale ndi zambiri zosiyana kwambiri mitundu ina kumangidwa mankhwala. Popeza osiyana mankhwala koma thupi achilendo chodabwitsa. Mfundo yakuti mu mapangidwe ma elekitironi nawo maatomu kulankhulana. Ndipo m'gulu lawo mbali anafotokoza kuti n'zotheka kwambiri conductive panopa magetsi mu zitsulo. Lililonse atomu mu latisi malo kumathandiza kuti amakondana.

Monga chikuonekera pa mawu pamwambapa, mitundu ya kumangidwa mankhwala amadziŵika ndendende ndi mfundo za mapangidwe awo.