Sufism - Ndi chiyani icho? Lachinsinsi-wokonda moyo wodzimana masiku Islam. Malangizo a nzeru chakale Chisilamu

Sufism - Ndi chiyani icho? Mu sayansi komabe kulenga Kumvetsa ndi wamba malangizo lamavutoli ndipo m'zigawozigawo a Muslim achipembedzo.

Kwa zaka zambiri linakhalapo, izo walandira osati dziko Muslim, koma analephera kulowa mu Europe. Kumatikumbutsabe wa Sufism angapezeke mu Spain, mayiko a Balkan Peninsula ndi ku Sicily.

Sufism Kodi

Sufism - wapadera lachinsinsi-wokonda moyo wodzimana masiku Islam. otsatira ake adakhulupilira zotheka kulankhulana mwachindunji ndi mulungu munthu wauzimu, Zimapezeka ndi makhalidwe yaitali wapadera. Kudziwa akamanena za umulungu - cholinga kokha kumene Sufis asankha moyo. Ili lachinsinsi "njira" anasonyeza kuyeretsedwa makhalidwe ndi kulima munthu.

"Njira" inkakhala Sufi ndi kudzipereka mosaleka Mulungu, otchedwa maqamat. Ndi zokwanira changu maqamat akhoza limodzi ndi nzeru mwadzidzidzi, zomwe zinali zofanana ndi chisangalalo yochepa. Koma Dziwani kuti limati kogwidwa sanali mapeto palokha kwa Sufis, kuyesetsa, ndi kutumikira kokha ngati njira kwa kudziwa bwino za mfundo zazikulu za umulungu.

zosiyanasiyana Sufism

Sufism poyamba anali mmodzi mwa madera a moyo wosasangalala Chisilamu, ndipo okha VIII-X zaka chiphunzitso athanzi monga zinthu mwayekha. Ndiye Sufis anaonekera masukulu awo achipembedzo. Koma ngakhale pansi chikhalidwe ichi Sufism sanakhale bwino ndi coherent chikhulupiriro dongosolo.

mfundo ndi yakuti nthawi zonse linakhalapo Sufism msangamsanga zimatenga zambiri maganizo a nthano zakale, Chizorowasita, mpatuko, theosophy Mkhristu ndi zongoganiza, ndiye mosavuta kugwirizana ndi zikhulupiriro ndi miyambo ya mpatuko m'deralo.

Sufism - Ndi chiyani icho? Mfundo imeneyi zotsatirazi tanthauzo: ndi dzina wamba, Chili mitsinje angapo, masukulu, ndi nthambi ndi malingaliro osiyana za "njira yopambana" amene yekha cholinga chomaliza - kulankhulana mwachindunji ndi Mulungu.

Njira cholinga anali yosiyanasiyana - thupi, wapadera psycho-Makutu maphunziro. Onse a iwo anamangidwa ku miyambo Sufi ena, kufalitsidwa ndi fraternities. Kumvetsa makhalidwe amenewa spawned mitundu yambiri ya yoweyula watsopano zongoganiza.

Chiyambi cha Sufism

Poyamba Sufis otchedwa moyo wodzimana Muslim amene, monga mwa nthawi zonse, kuvala ubweya Cape "suf". Choncho mawu akuti "tasawwuf" zinachitika. mawu linaonekera zaka pokhapokha 200 kuchokera pa nthawi ya Mtumiki Muhammad ndipo limatanthauza 'zongoganiza. " Izi zikusonyeza kuti Sufism inatulutsidwa mochedwa kwambiri kuposa magulu ambiri mu Islam, ndipo pambuyo pake ngati m'malo ena a iwo.

Okha Sufis ankakhulupirira kuti Mohammed njira wake wokonda moyo wodzimana a moyo ndi otsatira okha njira woona kukula mwauzimu. Pamaso pake, aneneri ambiri Islam kukhala okhutira ndi pang'ono, kuti tiyenera kuwalemekeza kwambiri kwa anthu.

A mbali yofunika kwambiri mu kukula kwa moyo wosasangalala Muslim ankaimba "Ahl al-Suffa" - ". Anthu a benchi" otchedwa Izi ndi kagulu ka anthu osauka amene anasonkhana Medina mzikiti ndi zalowapo pemphero ndi kusala kudya. Mneneri Muhammad anam'chitira mwaulemu kwambiri ndipo ngakhale anatumiza kulalikira Islam pakati pa mafuko yaing'ono Arab kusokera m'chipululu. Kwambiri kusintha bwino kukhala mu maulendo awa amene anali moyo wodzimana mosavuta amakonda latsopano, zambiri zodyetsedwa bwino njira ya moyo, zimene zinawathandiza msanga zikhulupiriro zawo wokonda moyo wodzimana.

Koma mwambo wa moyo wosasangalala mu Islam si akufa, wapeza otsatira mwa alaliki oyendayenda, okhometsa wa Hadith (mawu a Mtumiki Muhammad), ndipo mwa Akhristu amene anatembenukira kwa Islam.

M'madera loyamba Sufis anaonekera ku Suriya ndi Iraq m'zaka VIII ndi kufalitsa mwamsanga mu Arab East. Poyamba Sufis kumenyana okha chakuti kumvetsera kwambiri zinthu zauzimu ziphunzitso za Mneneri Muhammad. M'kupita kwa nthawi, iwo anatenga chiphunzitso cha zikhulupiriro zina zambiri, ndipo wamba zitsulo masewera monga nyimbo, kuvina, ndipo nthawizina ntchito hashish.

The kupikisana ndi Islam

Mugone Sufi ndi mitundu chikale wa Islam nthawizonse zakhala zovuta. Ndipo si kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ziphunzitso, ngakhale kuti zinali zofunika. Sufis tikunena nazo kwambiri ndi umboni wa wokhulupirira aliyense, motsutsana ndi Orthodox, amene chinthu chachikulu chinali kalata ya Chilamulo, ndipo munthuyo anali mosamalitsa yekha kumumvera.

M'nthawi ya atumwi, kukhala chiphunzitso chapadera zochita Sufi mu Islam kumenyana naye kwa mphamvu pa mitima ya okhulupirira. Komabe, ndi kukula kwa kutchuka kwake Sunni chikale anatithamangitsa kupirira vuto limeneli. Nthawi zambiri zinachitika kuti akutali mafuko achikunja a Islam akhoza kulowa kudzera mu Sufi alaliki, kuyambira zophunzitsa zawo pafupi ndi bwino kwa anthu wamba.

Ziribe kanthu momwe zomveka Islam, Sufism ankavutika postulates uzimu. Iye akhaapatisa anthu kukumbukira za moyo analalikira anu ubwino, chilungamo ndi fraternity. Komanso, Sufism anali pulasitiki kwambiri, choncho odzipereka ngati chinkhupule zamatsenga onse m'deralo, kubwerera kwa anthu kwambiri Polemeretsedwa ku mfundo wauzimu wa view.

Pofika m'zaka za m'ma XI Sufi malingaliro kufalitsa padziko lonse Muslim. Inali pa mfundo imeneyi mafunde aluntha a Sufism n'kukhala moona dziko. The Sufi chiphunzitso cha "munthu wangwiro", pomwe ulemerero zimatheka ndi zilango ndi kudziletsa, anali pafupi ndi bwino kwa anthu akuvutika. Kunapatsa anthu chiyembekezo cha moyo wakumwamba m'tsogolo ndipo wanena kuti chifundo cha Mulungu sadzapita iwo ndi.

Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, popeza wabadwa mu kuya kwa Islam, Sufism si kwambiri anaphunzira chipembedzo, koma analandira ambiri theosophical kumanga mpatuko ndi zongoganiza Mkhristu. A udindo waukulu mu chitukuko cha chiphunzitso ankaimba ndi nzeru Eastern, mwachidule amatiuza za kulekana maganizo onse a ndilo sizingatheke. Komabe okha Sufis kuti ankaona kuphunzitsa mkati, zobisika chiphunzitso chawo, chinsinsi zakuya Korani komanso mauthenga ena amene anachoka aneneri ambiri Islam isanafike kubwera kwa Muhammad.

The nzeru za Sufism

Ndi za kuchuluka kwa otsatira mu Sufism pang'onopang'ono anayamba mbali aluntha ziphunzitso. Wopemphera lachinsinsi ndi nzeru zaumunthu yamanga akhoza kuzimvetsa ndi anthu wamba Komabe, zofuna za Asilamu ophunzira, amene panali anthu ambiri amene ali ndi chidwi Sufism. Philosophy wakhala ankaona ambiri okondedwa, koma popanda kuphunzira ziphunzitso zawo kulibe wina chipembedzo.

Masiku ambiri mu Sufism amagwirizana ndi dzina "Grand Sheikh" -mistika Ibn Arabi. Iye analemba mabuku awiri otchuka, "The mavumbulutso Meccan," amene amaonedwa kukhala Encyclopaedia wa Sufi ndinaganiza, ndi "malangizo."

Mulungu mu dongosolo Arab ali mabungwe awiri: mmodzi - imperceptible ndi sakuzidziwa (batin) ndi zina - mawonekedwe zolaula (Zahir), lofotokozeredwa m'njira osiyanasiyana zamoyo padziko lapansi, amene analengedwa mu chifanizo cha Mulungu ndi chikhalidwe. M'mawu ena, onse m'dziko - galasi kusonyeza chithunzi cha Mtheradi, chikhalidwe choona cha zomwe Zatsala chobisika ndi sakuzidziwa.

chiphunzitso china wamba Sufism aluntha anali Wahdat al-shuhud - chiphunzitso cha umodzi wa umboni. Iwo anayamba kupanga mu XIV m'ma Persian lachinsinsi Ala al-Dawla al-Simnani. chiphunzitso limanena kuti cholinga cha zongoganiza si pofuna kulumikiza la Mulungu, chifukwa ndi zosatheka, koma kupeza njira woona, ndendende mmene kumulambira. Ichi ndi chidziwitso chimadza kokha pamene anthu adzakhala kutsatira zinthu zonse za m'Chilamulo Opatulika, limene anthu tinatsiriza vumbulutso Mneneri Muhammad.

Choncho, Sufism, nzeru ndi kulekanitsidwa ndi zongoganiza kutchulidwa, koma kupeza njira chiyanjanitso ndi chikale Islam. N'zotheka kuti chiphunzitso cha al-Simnani ndi otsatira ake ambiri Sufism kupitiriza moyo wawo mtendere kwathunthu mu dziko la Muslim.

Sufi mabuku

N'zovuta kuti aone zosiyanasiyana maganizo, zimene zinabweretsa dziko Muslim, Sufism. Books Sufi akatswiri moyenerera adalowa cuma ca mabuku dziko.

M'nthawi ya chitukuko ndi mapangidwe Sufism ngati ndi chiphunzitso anawonekera Sufi mabuku. Izo zinali zosiyana kwambiri kwa amene analipo kale mafunde ena a chisilamu. The lingaliro lalikulu la ntchito zambiri ankafuna kutsimikizira Sufism zimakhalira pachibale ndi chikale Islam. Cholinga chawo chinali kusonyeza kuti malingaliro Sufi zogwirizana ndi malamulo a Koran ndi mchitidwe Mulimonsemo simatsutsana njira ya moyo ya Msilamu weniweni.

Akatswiri Sufi ayesa njira zawo kumasulira Koran, ndi kuganizira ayat - malo amene kale kale zovuta kuzimvetsa kwa anthu wamba chifukwa. Unachititsa amphamvu mkwiyo mwa chikale omasulira, amene anali mwamphamvu mfundo iliyonse zongopeka ndi nthano mu ndemanga pa Koran.

mofunitsitsa kwambiri, malinga ndi akatswiri a maphunziro achisilamu, Sufis zikugwirizana ndi Hadith (miyambo za ntchito ndi mawu a Mtumiki Muhammad). Iwo sali nkhawa kwambiri za kudalirika kwa satifiketi, iwo lolunjika pa yekha chigawo zawo zauzimu.

Sufism sanayambe anakana lamulo la chisilamu (fiqh), ndipo munaona ngati mbali zosasintha wa chipembedzo. Komabe, Chilamulo cha Sufi umakhala wauzimu ndi chapamwamba. Iye wolungama ku mfundo za makhalidwe abwino za maganizo, koma chifukwa Islam Kodi sanasiyiretu mu dongosolo osasinthika kuti amafuna kuti otsatira ake kuti chilango yeniyeni malamulo onse achipembedzo.

othandiza Sufism

Koma kuwonjezera highbrow Sufism lagona mu zovuta zomangamanga ndi akatswiri a zaumulungu, kukhala ndi kuphunzitsa ina - otchedwa wanzeru Sufism. Kodi izo, inu mukhoza ndikuganiza, ngati inu mukukumbukira momwe otchuka masiku awa Zochita zosiyanasiyana kum'mawa ndi kusinkhasinkha kusintha imodzi kapena mbali ina ya moyo wa munthu.

sukulu ziwiri zazikulu akhoza kugawidwa mu wanzeru Sufism. Iwo anadzipereka amange awo kumapeto, kukhazikitsa amene ayenera kupereka munthu kulongosola kulankhulana mwachilengedwe ndi mulungu.

The sukulu woyamba linakhazikitsidwa ndi Perisiya lachinsinsi Abu al-Iazidom Bistami amene anakhalako zaka za m'ma IX. The tenet waukulu wa chiphunzitso chake chinali kulalikira kogwidwa mkwatulo (Galaba) ndi "analedzela ndi chikondi cha Mulungu" (RBM). Anaonetsa kuti ndi chinyezimiro yaitali pa umodzi wa Umulungu pang'ono ndi pang'ono kufika boma kumene wake "Ine" munthu kusiyiratu kwathunthu amasungunula mu umulungu. Pa nthawi imeneyi pali kusintha kwa maudindo, munthu akakhala ndi Mulungu, ndipo Mulungu - munthu.

Woyambitsa wa sukulu wachiwiri anakhala lachinsinsi la Persia, dzina lake Abu al-Qasim Junaid al-Baghdadi. Iye anazindikira kuti n'zotheka kogwidwa merging ndi mulungu, koma analimbikitsa ophunzira ake kuti tichoke kuchokera "kuledzera" kuti "chidziletso." Pankhaniyi, mulungu kusandulika kwambiri chikhalidwe cha munthu, ndipo iye anadza ku dziko osati makutu, koma vesting wa Messiah (thanki). Wolengedwa watsopano akhoza kwathunthu kulamulira limati kogwidwa awo, masomphenya, maganizo, choncho ngakhale bwino kutumikira anthu, ukumuwalitsira iwo.

Khalani mu Sufism

makhalidwe Sufi anali osiyanasiyana nkhani iwo dongosolo lililonse sizingatheke. Komabe, pakati pawo pali ena ambiri, amene ambiri ntchito lero.

Mchitidwe odziwika bwino kwambiri, amaonedwa otchedwa Sufi kukuzungulira. Iwo anapereka mwayi kuona likulu la dziko ndi kumva padziko mkombero wamphamvu wa mphamvu. Kuchokera kunja izo zikuwoneka ngati sapota mofulumira ndi maso ndi manja anamuukitsa. Mtundu uwu wa kusinkhasinkha, umene umatha munthu wotopa ikagwa, motero kwathunthu merging ndi izo.

Kuwonjezera kuzungulira Sufis achita njira zosiyanasiyana zokhudza mulungu. Kungakhale kusinkhasinkha yaitali, ena Zochita kupuma, chete kwa masiku angapo, dhikr (chinachake ngati meditative kuwerenga mawu ena opatulika), ndipo kwambiri.

Sufi nyimbo wakhala mbali ya makhalidwe amenewa ndipo chimodzi cha zida zamphamvu kwambiri chifukwa chopita munthu kwa mulungu. nyimbo iyi ndi otchuka mu nthawi yathu salakwa chimodzi cha zolengedwa zabwino kwambiri za chikhalidwe Arab East.

Sufi brotherhoods

M'kupita kwa nthawi, mu chifuwa cha Sufi abale anayamba kutuluka, omwe cholinga chawo chinali kupereka munthu wina ndalama ndi luso kulankhula mwachindunji ndi Mulungu. Ndi chilakolako chofuna kukwaniritsa ufulu zina za mzimu zotsutsana ndi malamulo wamba a chikale Islam. Ndipo lero, mu Sufism pali zambiri Dervish brotherhoods, anasiyana njira kukwaniritsa pophatikizana ndi mulungu yekha.

Abale otchedwa tariqats. Poyamba, mawu amenewa ntchito ndi kulemekeza aliyense bwino othandiza njira "njira" Sufi, koma okhawo makhalidwe amene anasonkhana mozungulira iwo chiwerengero chachikulu cha otsatira monga chitsulo ukutchulidwa nthawi.

Popeza Kubwera kwa fraternities mwa iwo amayamba asapita wapadera bungwe. Aliyense amene akufuna kutsatira njira ya Sufi kusankha mphunzitsi wa zauzimu - kapena Sheikh Murshid. Akukhulupirira kuti n'zosatheka pochitika tariqat nokha monga munthu popanda kalozera akhoza kusiya umoyo, maganizo ndiponso mwina moyo weniweniwo. Pa njira wophunzira ayenera kumvera mbuye wake chilichonse.

Mu heyday wa 12 waukulu tarikats chiphunzitso analiko dziko Muslim, ndipo kenako kupatsa moyo kwa nthambi ochuluka kwambiri mbali.

Ndi chitukuko cha kutchuka kwa kucheza ndi anthu otero a bureaucratization akulitsa. Dongosolo ubale "wophunzira-mphunzitsi" linasintha kukhala watsopano - "novice-woyera" ndipo mureed kale anagonjera si kwambiri chifuniro cha mbuye wake, ngati malamulo okhazikika mu chimango cha ubale.

Zofunika kwambiri malamulo anali wonse kugonjera anatsogolera tariqat - ". Chisomo" chonyamulira Inalinso zofunika kutsatira mosamalitsa ndi lamulo la abale ndi mosamalitsa kutsatira zonse zotchulidwa mchitidwe hayala izi m'maganizo ndi m'thupi. Monga ena ambiri malamulo chinsinsi, chachinsinsi miyambo yachinamwali anali yapangidwa Tariqa.

Pali magulu amene anatha kupulumuka masiku ano. Yaikulu ya iwo ali Shaziri, Qadiri, ndi Nahshabandi Tijani.

Sufism lero

Lero, Sufis anati anthu onse amene amakhulupirira kuti n'zotheka kulankhulana mwachindunji ndi Mulungu ndipo ndi wokonzeka kuchita khama aliyense angakhale ndi maganizo amene adzakhala weniweni.

Panopa otsatira a Sufism, osati anthu osauka komanso anthu opeza. Kukhala chiphunzitso ichi salephera kukwaniritsa ntchito anzawo. Ambiri Sufis chi kutsogolera miyoyo wamba a anthu m'tauni - azipita ku ntchito ndi kubereka banja. umembala A ku tarekat makamaka masiku ano zambiri tinatengera.

Choncho Sufism - Ndi chiyani icho? chiphunzitso ichi, amene ngakhale lero akalipo ku dziko la chisilamu. Ndipo chinthu chodabwitsa kwambiri n'chakuti osati kumeneko. Sufi nyimbo adakondweretsa ngakhale ku Ulaya, ndi miyambo yambiri anayamba mu chimango cha ziphunzitso, ndi lero chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi sukulu zosiyanasiyana esoteric.