Pun chitsanzo. Pun mu Chirasha. Tanthauzo la mawu akuti "pun"

Chirasha ndi m'zigawozigawo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, ngati miyala theka-mtengo wapatali dzuwa, ena a mawu kuti angathe kukhala kwa "nyimbo" watsopano, mithunzi mwadzidzidzi tanthauzo. Mmodzi wa zipangizo zolembalemba, kulola kuti awulule kuchuluka kwa chinenero, luso lake, ndi pun. Zitsanzo za zodabwitsazi chidwi ndi wapadera adzakhala anasonyeza m'nkhani ino.

etymology

Tanthauzo la mawu akuti "pun" akadali amachititsa kutsutsana kwambiri. Pali zosankha zosiyana zoti lingaliro ili: calembourg, calambour. Izo mwina unachokera ku mawu German Kalauer, mmene amene tingafunse mafunso. Pali zingapo anecdotes zakale zomwe zimagwiritsa mawu "pun" ndi zosiyanasiyana zenizeni mbiri ndi khalidwe:

• Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, mu mzinda German Kalemberge anakhala Weigand Von Teben m'busa, wotchuka chifukwa nthabwala zake zoseketsa.
• Malinga ndi chiphunzitso china, njira zolembalemba unatchedwa Werengerani Kalanbera (Kalemberga), amene analipo mu ulamuliro wa Louis XIV ku Paris.
• Palinso nkhambakamwa kuti chizindikiro "pun" amabwerera mawu Italy «calamo burlare», kutanthauza "cholembera nthabwala."

tanthauzo

Pun - chipangizo zolembalemba, kupereka zotsatira azithunzithunzi. Zimapezeka ndi ntchito komanso m'nkhani yomweyo:

• ndi matanthauzo osiyanasiyana a mawu, monga: Kupemphera ali wopandamalire, koma nthawi zonse sikokwanira kwa munthu pa kabudula wake. (Malkin);
• zofanana kuwomba mawu ndi mawu amene amatanthauza zinthu zina, monga: zaka zana kukula / ife popanda zaka (Mayakovsky).

tanthauzo limeneli kumafuna ena powunikira.

Choyamba, nthawi zina si zochokera mawu, ndipo pa moyandikana zamalankhulidwe mawu pun. Chitsanzo ndi mawu anausankha A. Knyshevym: "Chilichonse panyumbayo zinabedwa, ndipo mpweya ena stale".

Chachiwiri, njira imeneyi sikuti amatanthauza zotsatira azithunzithunzi. Nthawi zina amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kulenga satirical ndiponso oopsa mitundu malemba. Zitsanzo pun mu Chirasha lopangidwa ndi cholinga ofanana:

Kodi inu

Osati kuchokera kwachisoni ozizira

Pamodzi pa bwato la?

Ndipo musalekane cha kutopa?

Ife sitinali kugona bwino kudya kugwa ofunda? (Khlebnikov).

kapena:

Ine ndimaganiza kuti iye anali comrade,

Iye yekha wadzaoneni cholengedwa (N. Glazkov).

caesura chikhalidwe

Pun nthawi zonse ntchito kumachilambalala kufufuza alipo kufotokoza matanthauzo amene kutiletsa. Pali mitundu anayi kugwiritsa ntchito phwando zolembalemba.

1. Pun anafuna ambiguity. Nthawi zina munthu matanthauzo izi zonyansa. wolemba mosapita m'mbali, monga zobisika kuseri osakaniza mwaluso mawu, kuti: "Ndipo pamene ine Ichi ndi chilankhulo chathu kotero munamutcha"
2. mawu limatiuzanso mwa kachitidwe pambuyo m'ma 18. Kuti chinthu mawu didactic masiku ano nthawi zambiri ntchito mawu oseketsa. Ndipo apa thandizo lamtengo wapatali anapereka pun. Chitsanzo cha zoseketsa ndi zothandiza mawu atha kutumikira ngati mawu anausankha N. Glazkov: ambanda kuti tidzapeze wabwino, koma, mwatsoka, kwa alendo. Old lamulo "Usabe" pano amakhala ma CD yapamwamba.
3. Nthawi zina zazing'ono quibble masks, mano pa m'mphepete choonadi. Mwachitsanzo, mu nthabwala akale, anatulukira m'nyengo ya stagnation, ndi kudyetsedwa atsopano mfundo yakuti anthu kunja amaposa mu USSR. Anthu ataimirira mu ima pamzere, ndi mlendo ndi chidwi chimene iwo akugulitsa. Ndipo iwo anamuyankha kuti: "nsapato anaponyedwa". Pambuyo mosamala katundu, yemwe amakhala kudziko linalo anavomereza kuti: "Tilinso ndi kutayidwa."
4. nkhani pamaso pathu chipangizo zolembalemba zina kupanga zachilendo, nthawi zina zosamveka kuganiza: Dawn ngati wophunzira wabwino; iye zikugwira m'mawa uliwonse ( "Satyricon" magazini).

mitundu ya puns

Maziko pun nthawi lagona "kusewera pa mawu" ofanana mu phokoso kapena tanthauzo. M'pake kugawanitsa njira ya chilengedwe cha kalembedwe imeneyi m'magulu atatu lalikulu malinga ndi chikhalidwe cha ubale zamalankhulidwe pakati ntchito mayunitsi chinenero. Conventionally, iwo angatchedwe "Anansi", "chigoba" ndi "banja."

1. "Nawo". Author okha chimangirizo wamba amaona mawu consonant. Izi amalenga kwambiri "wosazindikira" pun. ndime D. Minaev ndi chitsanzo chabwino: Pa akayende pansi pa mthunzi wa spruce / Ife kumwa kuposa kudya.
2. "Chigoba". Mawu ndi mawu puns amenewa nawo mu kumalo ozizira tanthauzo lake: Ndaphunzira bwino kumverera kwa chiyanjano kuti Ine popped mu nthiti (Vladimir Vysotsky). Kufulumira amene loti bwererani tanthauzo loyambirira la chigoba zimathandiza kwambiri azithunzithunzi zotsatira: Iye ankakonda ndi zowawa. Iye ankakonda ndalama ndipo amadwala chosadziwa (Petrov, I. Ilf).
3. "Banja". Mtundu wa chipangizo zolembalemba kuti Chili ndi maonekedwe a magulu pamwamba awiri. Apa tanthauzo la mawu mwadzidzidzi adzawombana, koma wachiwiri, chobisika tanthauzo, si kuletsa woyamba. puns Russian za mtundu uwu ndi yosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo: Mu nyengo yoipa mukhoza wopita ku utumiki (Krotkiy Emil); Timapeza malo ndi makasitomala okha (Ad. "Satyricon" magazini).

limagwirira wa Action

Yesani kudziwa chuma cha mithunzi ya tanthauzo mfundo pun - ntchito yovuta, koma chidwi kwambiri. Tiyeni titenge chitsanzo lophweka. Mawu akuti: "Iye litapotanitsidwa ngati nkhosa, komanso anayamba" uli Emil Wofatsa. Atazindikira kuti, kulimbana kwa munthu woyamba ndi kutsutsana Frank amakhala pansi "mantha azithunzithunzi" kuchokera osakaniza mawu m'chiganizo chimodzi, "litapotanitsidwa" ndi "chitukuko." Kenako amadziwa kuti chizindikiro chachiwiri, mosiyana woyamba, akuimira osati chikhalidwe tsitsi, ndi mlingo wochepa kwambiri wa nzeru mu gulu zinkaimira. Pomaliza, munthu anafotokoza mu malingaliro a munthu ndi lilibe, ndipo akuona zosangalatsa chakuti alibe drawback izi.

Puns ndi homonyms

Childs, homonyms, mwachitsanzo ofanana nawo phokoso koma osiyana tanthauzo, kawirikawiri sapezeka komanso m'nkhani yomweyo. Pun - ndi chitsanzo cha zimene zimachitika wa chodabwitsa zinenero mkati watero limodzi. Umapereka Shcherbina mu izi zolembalemba homonyms chipangizo "kugunditsa mitu yawo" ndipo nthawi zonse ndikudabwa tanthauzo "wopambana". The puns - "masks" kulimbana ndi chidwi kwambiri. Ndipotu, mmodzi wa matanthauzo anapereka kwathunthu wawononga zina. Mwachitsanzo: galimoto ... pamodzi thumba ndipo anabweretsa anthu ena (Zhvanetskiy Michael). Kapena: Cadres kusankha, koma popanda ife (Malkin Gennady).

Mitundu ya homonyms, ntchito pun ndi

The wothwanima "sewero mawu" ntchito zosiyanasiyana mitundu ya homonyms.

Full wa homonyms. Ngati ntchito amakhala zoseketsa kwambiri pun. Chitsanzo: kuvina - ichi ndi mikangano pakati pa amuna ndi akazi awiri wachitatu.

Homophones (mawu lipenga lomwelo koma mwalemba mosiyana). Limodzi la epigrams lyceum anapeza mizere: Zonse kuti: Ndi Walter Scott / Ine, ndakatulo, osati wachinyengo: / Ndikuvomereza, iye ng'ombe monga / Koma iye Valter Skott - sakhulupirira.

Homographs (mawu ndi kalembedwe lomwelo koma osiyana kutsindika). Mwachitsanzo:

Sipangakhale

Odalirika adhesions,

Malinga ngati pali

Soldering ndi brazing (Orlov).

Omoformy (mawu kuti lifanane yekha m'njira). Zikatero ndi zachilendo mu nthabwala: ndi kuipanikiza pa zenera. Stirlitz kuwomberedwa. Kuipanikiza mbisoweka (mawu "nkhonya" ndi "Mosungira").

Homonymy mawu. Mwachitsanzo: Field rhymes - mchitidwe wanga, / Ndipo zovuta kulemba ndakatulo I (wotchedwa Dmitry Minaev).

kulankhula mungoli

The ambiguity mawu ntchito pun akhoza kulenga zinthu zovuta. M'pake kuti nthawi zina amakakamizidwa kupepesa kwa pun musanaganizire. Pamene pali zosayenera, "ntchito mawu," ochepa.

1. Nthawi zina zogwirizana ndi makhalidwe munthu wa interlocutor lapansi. Kuvomereza kuti kupereka yokhota kumapeto kulankhulana pamasom'pamaso, ndi wopunduka miyendo amanena kuti m'madera ena a chidziwitso, iye wolumala, mosaganizira ena kwambiri. Pali pun Kalanga. Nthabwala za izo zikhoza kukukhumudwitsani womverayo.
2. Zimachitika kuti anthu osauka ndi zosayenera pun auka kwa chikhalidwe cha vutoli, sewero lake kapena ngozi. Mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti "The chivomezi ku Armenia kudabwa anthu onse Soviet" lero akuwoneka amwano.

puns chikomokere mu ntchito

Nthawi zina ndale akuti akhoza analetsa chifukwa pakutchulidwa wa ambiguity obisika. zinthu zovuta ungapangitse chikomokere pun. Zitsanzo mabuku kukusonyeza kuti. Kruchenykh, mwachitsanzo, ankanena kuti mawu akuti, "Ndipo m'dziko lanu wolemedwa ndi sitepe" (Bruce) wotaya sewero ake onse choona kuti akamva mawu "bulu".

Mu buku Nabokov a "Mphatso" Konstantin (ndakatulo) akana mzere inadutsa mu mutu wanga: ". Kwa oyera ndi Mbalame mphatso" Malinga ndi iye, kucheza ndi "mapiko" ndi "zida", involuntarily kumvetsera Chiweruziro, wosayenera. Izi ndi scruples wofunitsitsa ena connoisseurs wa chinenero cha Chirasha.

Maonekedwe ochititsa

Kulankhula wokakamiza zofunika chinenero ena. Mmodzi wa iwo - mawonekedwe ndi wokhutira. Anthu amaganiza kuti ayenera kuvala matanthauzo osiyana mu maonekedwe osiyana zinenero. N'chifukwa chake ambiguity mawu ndi ziganizo mu malingaliro a munthu amalenga zotsatira paradoxical ndi kutembenukira kwa Iye mu mawonekedwe a masewera chidwi aluntha. Mwachitsanzo, Kuyankhula zonse zosangalatsa kuti kusintha zazing'ono chizindikiro cha kaŵerengedwe tanthauzo wapachiyambi. Mawu puns anasangalala anapitiriza kutchuka. Nawa ena mwa iwo: chipilala upainiya ndipo pervoopechatniku Chipilala (I. Ilf); Captain ndi schnapps-mkulu (Anton Chekhov). zatsopano izi gay mu bwino mawu mithunzi zatsopano tanthauzo.

olemba kutsogolera

Pun mu Chirasha kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti akonze satirical ndi azithunzithunzi zotsatira. Anazindikira ambuye wa luso limeneli amaonedwa wotchedwa Dmitry Minaev (m'ma 19) ndi Emil Ofatsa (Soviet nyengo). Mbadwo Wotsirizira pali puns katswiri woona. Mwachitsanzo, mu chimodzi cha iye amachita tautology wakale Russian Mwambi: "Kudziwika ndiye kuunika, umbuli - mdima. Mu wina akufotokoza Buku lina kumalire ndi dziko la megalomania, ena kanjedza zolembalemba: ". Wolemba ndakatulo familiarly kundisisita Caucasus mu nsana wake" The Izitu n'zovutitsa lachitatu za boma limene anthu amapezeka mchikakamizo cha kuwala ofunda dzuwa: "Spring osachepera wina mukamva ayezi - ndipo iye anayamba.". An mbuye otchuka wa pun ankaona Kozma Prutkov. aphorisms wake zoseketsa adakali mwatsopano ndi zogwirizana: "N'kwapafupi kuti kugwira mu manja awo impso kuposa impso."

Mbiri ya pun Russian

Play pa mawu sanali m'chipani choterechi Lazaro wakale. Mpukutu Kutolere miyambi Russian, olengedwa mwa zaka za m'ma 18 P. Simone, pali puns angapo. Apa pali mmodzi wa iwo: "Ife kumwa Fili, inde Fil chomwecho kugunda."

Yapamwamba kalembedwe imeneyi anapangidwa mu theka lachiwiri la zana la 19. Mwachitsanzo, puns ndi nthabwala za mphuno mu Russia nthawi imeneyi anali ambiri zedi kuti kafukufuku vv Vinogradov mu "chilengedwe grotesque," anati "nosologicheskoy" mabuku. Ndipotu, mawu akuti "kusiya ndi mphuno", "kutsogoleredwa ndi mphuno", "dulani mphuno" ntchito mwakhama masiku athu.

Zitsanzo pun mu Russian amasonyeza kuti ali osiyana thematic koposa ndi kuchuluka. An malo ofunika iye anali mu ntchito Chekhov a, Burenina, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Leskov, Pushkin.

oseketsa luso anaonekera pa "Silver Age mabuku Russian." Magazini "Satyricon" - Taffy, Orsher, utsi, Averchenko - Nthawi zambiri ntchito wordplay kulenga zotsatira azithunzithunzi ntchito zawo.

Zitasintha, kalembedwe imeneyi opezeka Zakhoder zilandiridwenso Vysotsky Knysheva, Mayakovsky, Ofatsa, Glazkov, Krivine, Ilf, Petrov ndi olemba ena. Komanso, ambiri anatulukira anecdotes ali "punning chotupitsa."

Zoseketsa ndi luso pun akhoza kuuka kwa zikuluzikulu generalizations ndi akatswiri kupanga anthu kusinkhasinkha za tanthauzo la kukhalapo. Kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo ichi zolembalemba - luso lenileni kuphunzira kukhala zothandiza kwambiri ndi chofotokozera aliyense.