Polyethylene: mfundo kusungunuka, ogula katundu ndi ntchito

Masiku ano, anthu simungakhoze kuchita popanda zipangizo yokumba. Ali chiwerengero cha makhalidwe kupezeka ndi kuchepetsa mtengo wa ulimi. nkhani ina yotero amachita monga polyethylene. Limatsogolera mfundo, komanso specifications zina zambiri tifunika kuwaganizira. Ndi mmodzi wa ambiri anafuna-pambuyo zipangizo lero. Komanso, makampani mankhwala dziko opangidwa theka la ethylene ndi, walangizidwa yokonza polyethylene. Kuti timvetse chifukwa chake anthu ambiri lero, muyenera kuganizira makhalidwe ake.

ndi chinthu chimene

Kapangidwe ka tinthu pa polyethylene ndi wosavuta. Ikukhala ngati tcheni chomwe maatomu mpweya. Aliyense wa iwo agwirizane mamolekyulu awiri a haidrojini. M'dziko pali awiri Mabaibulo a mankhwala. Iwo amasiyana dongosolo. Zimenezi zimaonekera katundu wogwidwa ndi polyethylene (a limatsogolera ndi kuwira mfundo, ogula). Kodi zimagwirizana pamodzi ndi kokha chiyambi. zosintha onse kukonzekera kwa ethylene.

Yoyamba imakhala monomers liniya polyethylene. digiri awo polymerization ndi 5000 kapena zambiri. The kusinthidwa chachiwiri ali monomers nthambi. Iwo wapangidwa ndi mpweya maatomu (4 mpaka 6).

Kuti akonze polyethylene liniya, ntchito catalysts yeniyeni. The ndondomeko polymerization limapezekanso pa kutentha kwa 150 ° C.

makhalidwe a

The polima thermoplastic amene amakhala ndi Kuwonekera a wosanjikiza pa wandiweyani, zikuwonekanso kuti ife polyethylene. Limatsogolera mfundo, makhalidwe luso zakuthupi kuti akhale kusankha otchuka. Iwo crystallizes mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera -60 kuti -269 ° C.

zazikulu zabwino ubwino wake ndi kupanda wetting wa polyethylene. Kunyumba, iye si poyera kuti zosiyanasiyana mankhwala ndiponso. Komanso, zilibe anatani firiji madzi mchere, acidic ndi njira zamchere.

Pamene kutentha limatuluka 60 ° C, nkhani amakhala pa chiopsezo ku sulfuric ndi nitric zidulo. Kugwiritsa oxidants zochepetsera padziko polyethylene, tingayembekezere chiwonongeko cha wosanjikiza pamwamba. Mabukuwa wayamba kukhala wasambitsa ndi madzi. khalidwe limeneli zofunika kulumikiza polyethylene.

njira polymerization

Malinga njira polymerization wa ethylene, polyethylene ndi mitundu 3: wotsika, kuthamanga ndi liniya mtundu zakuthupi. Izo zimatengera Kodi ndi makhalidwe ati ndi polyethylene. Mfundo kusungunuka, katundu luso lililonse mitundu amasiyana. Choncho, ntchito pafupifupi dera la zochita za anthu.

Polyethylene wopangidwa pansi othamanga, more zofewa. kwakukulu wake polymerized njira. Kuthamanga pa izi amakwaniritsa 1-3 zikwi. ATM. Kutentha ndi 180 ° C. Mpweya kumatanthauza Pankhaniyi monga Mlengi wa.

Low kachulukidwe polyethylene amapangidwa ntchito Ziegler-Natta catalysts. Mu ndondomekoyi komanso watenga mbali organic zosungunulira. Opaleshoni kuthamanga ndi osachepera 5 ATM., Ndipo kutentha kuposa 80 ° C.

Liniya (pafupifupi) polyethylene ndi chuma wapakatikati pakati pa mitundu ankaona. Zimenezi zikukhudza makhalidwe ake ndi katundu. Linapangidwa pa mavuto 30-40 ATM. Pamene ntchito metallocene catalysts n'zotheka kupeza mankhwala a mphamvu umalimba.

Chifukwa katundu kusiyana Polyethylene

Nthambi dongosolo macromolecular ndiyo katundu wogwidwa ndi polyethylene. Mfundo kusungunuka, kachulukidwe, zimadalira mtundu wa dera. Nthambi zambiri ali, zinthu zambiri zotanuka ndi katundu wochepa crystalline analandira pa linanena bungwe.

Mbali imeneyi kumalepheretsa mapangidwe kukonza lolemererapo ma CD macromolecules chopinga amakhala 100% ya mlingo wa crystallinity. chuma komanso ali ndi gawo mumlengalenga. Lili analamula mbali mokwanira mamolekyulu. The njira kupanga Mzimuyo chiŵerengero cha magawo crystalline ndi mumlengalenga. Mbali imeneyi zimakhudza katundu wa polyethylene lapansi.

Choncho, filimu, imene chakudya otsika-kuthamanga, permeable kuposa mitundu ina. Kwakukulu crystallinity (maselo kulemera), ndi apamwamba mawotchi ntchito. Choncho, monga chuma filimu chimaonekera ndipo zotanuka. Komabe, polyethylene mapepala ndi okhwima ndi opaque.

zotsatira za kutentha

Mchikakamizo cha kusintha chilengedwe quality, amene wapatsidwa polyethylene. Limatsogolera mfundo za mankhwala ndi amadalira njira yopanga. Nthawi zambiri, polyethylene pamene usavutike amaloŵamo magawo angapo. Choyamba, iye amakhala zofewa, zotanuka. Iye mosavuta olumala ndi zinthu makina.

Brittleness kutentha pa zimene sing'anga watha mphamvu makhalidwe polyethylene ndi 70 ° C. Ndi zina kuonjezera mfundo zake kumafeŵetsa kwambiri. Kwathunthu wotaya mawonekedwe ake chibadidwe pamene usavutike pamwamba 120 ° C. Mu mankhwala likukhalira madzi pa kutentha 130 ° C.

Kuwonjezera pa Kutentha kutentha, m'pofunika kuganizira momwe polojekitiyi cheza ultraviolet. Ngati nkhaniyo ntchito mankhwala panja, muyenera kusankha zosiyanasiyana amphamvu. Apo ayi, zofewa, zotanuka polyethylene patapita zaka ntchito pa dzuwa zovuta ndi Chimaona. Ngakhale mtundu wa kusintha zinthu pa nthawi.

Mkulu osalimba polyethylene

Mtundu uliwonse wa zinthu, pali mikhalidwe yapadera. Izi chimafikira osiyanasiyana ofunsira, amene ali polyethylene. Limatsogolera mfundo (mkulu osalimba) ndi 120-135 ° C. Mu ena sukulu kukaniza kutentha ndi 110 ° C. Mkulu maselo kachulukidwe bwino matenthedwe ndi mantha kukana.

Kuwonjezera makhalidwe amenewa, otsika kachulukidwe polyethylene sichidziwika atengeke kuukira mankhwala. Komabe, kachulukidwe kwambiri a mamolekyulu pa otsika kutentha, kupanga zinthu Chimaona, kumakhaladi permeable kwa nthunzi, mipweya.

Mtundu uwu wa chuma ali ndi makhalidwe abwino dielectric. Iye ndi biologically anafooka koma mosavuta kukonzedwa mu mafakitale.

Low kachulukidwe polyethylene

gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo wokonzeka kusintha, opepuka polyethylene. Kusungunuka kutentha, crystallization katundu musalole izo kwa mkulu-mphamvu, mankhwala kutentha zosagwira. Malinga mtundu mwina ndi osalimba osiyana. limatsogolera awo kutentha ndi pakati pa 60 ndi 90 ° C.

Monga mtundu wakale chuma, mkulu-osalimba polyethylene chokhalitsa ngati kulemera maselo zolemera. Ndi zochepa sachedwa zinthu mankhwala, ultraviolet. Koma amachepetsa mphamvu yake kupirira zodabwitsa. Pa polyethylene izi mu ming'alu aakulu chisanu, akuswa. Zimakhala permeable kuti nthunzi ndiponso gasi.

Amenewa ali nawo pamsonkhanowo wabwino dielectric makhalidwe. Iye sangosonyeza kukana kwa mafuta, mafuta. Koma nkhaniyi amatha muli cheza milimo. Biologically, nkhaniyi ndi inert, koma zosavuta processing.

Ntchito otsika kachulukidwe polyethylene

Kudziŵa chibadidwe khalidwe chuma kuchuluka kwa amene ali polyethylene. Limatsogolera mfundo (ntchito chizindikiro ichi chofunika posankha wachina chilichonse) chimathandiza kupanga zimenezo mankhwala ma CD ndi makontena. Nthawi zambiri, beseni amapangidwa akamaumba nkhonya. Izi zikhoza kukhala muli zodzoladzola kapena zonunkhira, ma CD chakudya.

Zitini ndi chidebe kwa wozama kachulukidwe polyethylene ntchito makampani magalimoto ndi mankhwala, mu kupanga akasinja mafuta ndi ng'oma.

Kupeza mofulumira kupanga ma CD mafilimu a zinthu zomwezo. Ambiri ntchito kupanga mapaipi, zovekera chitoliro. Ndi zinthu wotchipa ndi cholimba. Iye amatha aithamangitse Pakuti malonda zina mpikisano ku msika.

Kugwiritsa mkulu-kachulukidwe polyethylene

Polyethylene, amene ali pansipa kutentha limatsogolera kuposa mitundu m'mbuyomu, ntchito yopanga mafilimu ulimi, adzasowa chakudya ndi zina mafakitale. ankafuna wake ikukula mosalekeza.

mafilimu osiyanasiyana zolinga ulimi mwina ndi zolimba zina, mtundu uli osiyana komanso. Iwo ntchito greenhouses, minda kusintha khalidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa mbewu.

Chakudya mafilimu, phukusi padziko lonse lapansi amadya ndi zonse mwaunyinji chaka chilichonse. Mtundu wa zinthu anachotsedwa waukulu msika zigawo malonda zipangizo zina.

Kapangidwe ka mowa

Polyethylene, limatsogolera mfundo zomwe imalongosola ukulu padziko lonse kufunika kwambiri. Kapangidwe ka mowa zakuthupi chidwi kwambiri. 60-70% polyethylene ntchito popanga mapepala ndi mafilimu.

Komanso, mbali yaikulu ya linanena bungwe okwana zatenga nkhani akamagwira akamaumba jekeseni kapena kudzera mwa extrusion. Zoposa pang'ono yopanga kutchinjiriza kwa mawaya amagetsi, mapaipi ndi zovekera. polyethylene amagwiritsidwanso ntchito yopangira nkhani ndi akamaumba nkhonya, ndi ena.

Kupanga mapepala ndi mafilimu pafupifupi nthawi zonse ntchito kuthamanga polyethylene (otsika kachulukidwe). Iwo amapangidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. The makulidwe filimu ndi mu osiyanasiyana 0.03-0.3 mm, ndi mapepala - 6.1 mm.

Kuwonjezera ma CD, chuma akhoza kupanga matumba, zikwama, liners kwa otungira, mabokosi ndipo muli zina. The katundu chofunika wa mankhwala, onani njira yopanga polyethylene. Kumapeto kwa kupanga mtundu uliwonse wa zinthu akapatsidwa mpesa. Amathandiza kusankha mtundu woyenera mfundo za mafakitale iliyonse.