Phylogeny - ndondomeko zovuta

Pali chinthu monga phylogeny. Tidzayensa kumvetsa ndi kupereka malongosoledwe yolondola zodabwitsazi.

lingaliro sankadziwa

Kodi mukumva za phylogeny chiyani? Ine ndikutsimikiza ambiri adzakhala kuganiza kuti phylogeny - ndi zamoyo, kapena kukhala enieni kwambiri - tanthauzo ntchito zamoyo. Koma, nthawi zambiri, osati munthu aliyense ophunzira amadziwa zimene timaphunzira. A kafukufuku mwamsanga dazeni anthu anasonyeza kuti:

- phylogeny - ndi "zofanana dzuwa" (malinga ndi anayi khumi);

- phylogeny - ndi kusintha kwa maselo amoyo (awiri mwa khumi);

- phylogeny - tanthauzo ntchito chibadwa ndi kusonyeza njira ya "chilengedwe cha anthu atsopano" (mmodzi wa khumi);

- Anthu ena atatu pamene funso, kodi phylogeny, ndi kugwedeza sakumvetsa.

Komabe, ngakhale kusowa mwina kuzindikira pa nkhani imeneyi, palibe anayankha sanakhale osayanjanitsika. Aliyense wa iwo ankafuna kudziwa: kodi phylogeny?

Phylogeny (zamoyo)

Phylogeny - ndi zamoyo zinachita chitukuko cha dongosolo lililonse kwachilengedwenso. Mawu akuti anali anadzetsa sayansi makope German zachilengedwe wasayansi ndi nzeru zapamwamba Ernstom Genrihom Haeckel mu 1866. tanthauzo Izi zikusonyeza kusintha zikuchitika pa zamoyo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zamoyo. Maziko zikamera m'munda wa zamoyo polimbana ndi kuphunzira phylogeny, anali "zasokoneza" wa zachilengedwe British ndi wapaulendo Charles Robert Darwin.

Kamodzi chiphunzitso cha phylogeny, sayansi anatuluka ndi ena kuti ndi osiyana ndi tanthauzo pachiyambi. Choncho, Shmalgauzen Ivan Ivanovich, Soviet zamoyo, anamvetsa mwa phylogeny mbiri mndandanda wa qualifiers ontogeneses cholukanalukana monga "kholo ndi mwana".

Phylogeny - njira yaitali kwambiri, kumatenga ambirimbiri zaka. N'chifukwa chake sangakhale chinthu chidwi mwachindunji ndi kuphunzira ndi recreating ndi simulating kale zochitika ndi zochitika. Pamene kusanduka ili kuwamva monga njira imene mzere majini (makolo) amapanga nthambi (ana) ndi kusintha zachilengedwe zomwe zachitika mu njira ya dongosolo iri, kapena onse zinachititsa kuti kutha kwa mitundu.

The chiŵerengero cha phylogeny ndi ontogeny

Ontogenesis - lingaliro amene walowa mu ntchito sayansi pamaso pa Kubwera kwa chiphunzitso cha phylogeny ndi zimene zikusonyeza mapangidwe chopereka patokha thupi ndipo anapirira ndi iwo mu moyo wa masinthidwe motsatizana. Pambuyo kutsegula pakati pa XIX m'ma Fridrihom Myullerom ndi Ernst Haeckel biogenetic malamulo phylogeny amaphunzira mu ubale kwa ontogeny.

Mu lamulo limeneli ontogenesis aliyense, Ndipotu, mwachidule ndi mofulumira kubwerezabwereza wa phylogeny a mitundu. Pa nthawi yomweyo ontogeny ndi phylogeny angathe kuonedwa ngati "pawekha ndi ambiri." Kugwirizana pakati pa mfundo ziwiri wakhalanso zikutsimikiziridwa ndi Charles Darwin mu chiphunzitso chake cha recapitulation, akulalikira kubwereza kwa mazira m'kati ontogenesis zizindikiro za makolo awo pa phylogeny lapansi. Charles Darwin anasankha ziwiri zazikulu mitundu recapitulations: atavism ndi rudiment.

Kugwiritsa phylogeny sayansi zosiyanasiyana

Phylogeny - chiphunzitso chimene chiri chofunika kwambiri kwa chiwerengero cha sayansi, kuphatikizapo embryology, paleontology, poyerekeza ndi mmene thupi, ndipo ngakhale kuwerenga maganizo. Pa nthawi yomweyo, phylogenetics, amene amafufuza mbiri ya chitukuko zosiyanasiyana zamoyo kuphunzira zamoyo wa bwino kwambiri panthawi imeneyi amatanthauza zomwe a sayansi monga sayansi, Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa, chibadwa ethology zamoyo, ndi ena.

Phylogeny Psychology

Mu maganizo, phylogeny limasonyeza chitukuko mbiri ya chinachake m'kati kusanduka. Phylogeny Psychology - kuonetseredwa kwa chitukuko mwa maganizo a anthu. Animal khalidwe la kuli achibadwa mu dziko, zochokera bongo. nyama apamwamba, m'madera ena, ndi chibadidwe ndi kuwonetseredwa malingaliro. Zikatero, anthu Kuwonjezera makhalidwe pamwamba, ali ndi chikumbumtima ndipo maganizo. Kudzera phylogeny zamaganizo amatha kuchita kafukufuku ameneyu, kupeza maziko ndi zinthu zimene inasintha psyche anthu mu maonekedwe umene ulipo pa nthawiyo.

kutanthauza phylogeny

Phylogeny - ichi ndi chimodzi mwa limasonyeza ofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha zamoyo zonse. Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwake m'munda sayansi, anatenga kwambiri pa kumvetsa kwa zamoyo ndi chitukuko cha osati mtundu wa anthu, komanso a zamoyo zonse. Studies ya zodabwitsazi ndi koyenera kuti chitukuko cha chiphunzitso ambiri zimene zamoyo yomanga kachitidwe chilengedwe cha zamoyo. maziko a mfundo za udindo wa phylogeny anamanga uli chiphunzitso cha kusankha zamoyo. Pa nthawi, tiyenera kulankhula za kuti phylogeny a magulu osiyanasiyana a zamoyo anaphunzira omangidwa, amene anatsimikiza ndi zotsalira osiyanasiyana a mafupa ndipo pa maziko a izi molondola kumanga phylogenetic (mibadwo) mtengo. Panopa kwambiri kuphunzira ndi phylogeny wa magulu apamwamba peresenti. Ngati ife kulankhula za invertebrates, ena a iwo kwambiri kuphunzira monga mollusks, arthropods, brachiopods, ndi ena.

Inde, kuwala kuli chidwi kwambiri chiyambi cha dziko, zigawo zake ndi, makamaka, anthu ndi chodabwitsa sayansi monga phylogeny, n'kofunika kwambiri kuti chidziwitso cha umunthu palokha ndipo dziko loyandikira.