Phonology - izo ... phonology: tanthauzo phunziro, zolinga ndi maziko

Mwa khalidwe la ambiri zinenero makamaka ndi kupereka gawo monga phonology. Ndi sayansi kuti amaphunzira zokuzira a chinenero, kukwaniritsidwa kwa phonemes mu izo. Lophunzira chilango pa maphunziro oyamba ukatswiri kugwirizana ndi kusinthika, kuphunzitsa chinenero, makamaka Russian.

Ife kuyang'ana phonology chimene, kodi ake ndi zolinga za dongosolo lathu pa mlingo wa chinenero. Bwino ndi terminology yaikulu ya chigawo chino.

tanthauzo

Timayamba tikukambirana ndi tanthawuzo.

Phonology - gawo la zilankhulo ano, zomwe amaona kapangidwe phokoso la chinenero, kugwira ntchito mawu osiyanasiyana m'dziko lake ndi makhalidwe awo.

Zimatanthauza zilankhulo ndi ongolankhula. Mfundo zikuluzikulu zinenero wagawo, amene amafufuza sayansi - phoneme.

Iye anabadwa mu 70-80s wa atumwi 19 ku Russia. Woyambitsa wa izo - Ivan Aleksandrovich Boduen de A Courtenay, ndi Russian wasayansi ndi mizu Polish. Mu 30s kwa zaka za m'ma 20 izo inkayenda ngati sayansi palokha. Lero ndi mmodzi wa waukulu philological amalanga ndi tithe choyamba mu nkhani ya ongolankhula kalembedwe ka chinenero.

Chinthu ndi cholinga

Ngati wina aliyense sayansi, zilankhulo, gawo limeneli lili ndi ntchito yake ndi mutu.

Mutu phonology - ndi phoneme, ndilo osachepera unit wa chinenero. Iwo anaphunzira phonology-asayansi. Sasamala ophunzira akhoza kuganiza kuti nkhani zabwino, koma si choncho. Ndipotu, kuphunzira chilango china - phonetics.

Funso lachiwiri kuonedwa - vuto. Njirazi ndi monga:

• Kuzindikira mu chilankhulo;
• akamanena za kuwunika;
• kukhazikitsa ubale pakati pa phoneme Phokoso;
• System kufotokoza phonemes ndi zosintha awo;
• Kufotokozera phonological dongosolo;
• kugwirizana pakati phoneme ndi zina mayunitsi zogwirizana a chinenero - morphemes ndi mitundu mawu.

Ndipo si ntchito zonse phonological. Tikumbukenso kuti patsogolo pamwamba sukulu onse alipo phonological.

Wotchuka akatswiri a zinenero phonology

Monga tanenera kale, anayambitsa sayansi anakhala Ivan Aleksandrovich Boduen de A Courtenay. Iye anayamba maziko ake, linapereka kwa chitukuko zina.

No zochepa amadziwika ndi wophunzira ake Nikolay Sergeevich Trubetskoy, amene analemba wotchuka "chikhazikitso cha phonology." Iye anawonjezera kwambiri sayansi zida chilango, anafotokoza mfundo zikuluzikulu ndi gulu.

Tinagwira ntchito ku gawo ili zilankhulo ndi Roma Osipovich Yakobson, Lev Vladimirovich Scherba, Avram Noam Chomsky ndi ena ambiri.

A zambiri za ntchito ya sayansi zoyenera mavuto a chigawo ichi cha zilankhulo. Tikumbukenso nkhani zotsatirazi ndi monographs, amene amapereka chithunzi mwatsatanetsatane za chitukuko cha sayansi, mfundo zake zikuluzikulu:

• RI Avanesov, VN Sidorov lofalitsidwa mu nthawi yake monograph "Dongosolo la phonemes chinenero Russian."
• Amamudziwa amadziwika ntchito ya S. I. Bernshteyna "mfundo Basic wa phonology."
• J. Vahek "phonemes ndi mayunitsi phonological".

Anthu amene ali ndi chidwi mbiri m'bukuli ndi zothandiza L. R. Zinder "Basic phonological sukulu."

Onaninso ntchito:

• Sv Kasevich, "mavuto Phonological a zilankhulo ambiri a kum'mawa."
• chunks TP, "Phonology a chinenero Modern Russian potengera chiphunzitso akonzedwa."
• VI Postovalov, "Phonology".

AA Kuwasintha - woyambitsa mapepala atatu, amene amafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane ndizosowa sayansi:

• "Mbiri ya phonology Russian".
• "Essays pa phonology, kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe ndi morphonology".
• "Phonological maphunziro."

sukulu phonological

nkhani Phonology nawo masukulu a zinenero zosiyanasiyana. Ntchito bwino asayansi, anali mbali ya Sukulu ya Prague, monga Trubetskoy ndi Jakobson.

masomphenya ake anali asayansi ku sukulu Moscow Phonological, monga A. Reformed. The oimira kukuchititsa zimenezi akuphunzira adzadziwire zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana phokoso phonemes.

Leningrad oimira sukulu, kuphatikizapo zilankhulo wotchuka L. Szczerba ankakhulupirira kuti sayansi M'malo mwake, ayenera kuphunzira kusiyana pakati pa iwo.

Koma kaya asayansi kutsatira terminology wamba ndi matanthauzo.

terminology

Monga tanenera kale, phonology - sayansi kuti amaphunzira phonemes. Ngati munda wina aliyense wa nzeru ali terminological yake zida.

Mwa mfundo amafotokoza ndi: phoneme, allophone, phoneme malo giperfonema, archiphoneme ndi ena. Taganizirani akuluakulu.

• Phoneme - ndi kochepa indivisible unit wa chinenero. Ntchito yomanga mitundu mawu ndi kuchita ntchito chosiyana. Zagwiridwa ndi thandizo la phokoso - zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Dziwani kuti mokwanira abstracted kwa phokoso yeniyeni kulankhula.
• Allophone - kukhazikitsa phonemes ena malingana ndi chilengedwe phonetic.
• Giperfonema - phoneme, chomwe chili mbali ya awiriawiri awiri phokoso.
• Archiphoneme - phoneme ndi osakaniza mbali kwatha phonemes.
• Udindo wa phoneme wa - kukwaniritsidwa kwa mawu ake. Kuonetsetsa malo constitutive ndi combinatorial.
• Constitutive malo - mapologalamu ya phonemes malingana ndi malo funso. Mwachitsanzo, unstressed kapena anatsindika syllable ndi mawu.

• Combinatorial malo - kukhazikitsa malingana ndi chilengedwe phonetic. Mwachitsanzo, mavawelo ali pambuyo zilembo yovuta kapena zofewa ndi makhalidwe osiyana.
• Udindo amphamvu phoneme wa - malo amene izo zikusonyeza bwino katundu.
• Ofooka (wachiwiri dzina - neutralization udindo) - udindo pa zimene phoneme sizili mbali chosiyana.
• Neutralization - mwamwayi wa phonemes osiyana mu allophone limodzi.
• mbali zapadera phonemes - zizindikiro ndi zimene Akusiyana Chrixitu.

Izi si ndandanda ya mawu amene umagwira phonology. Zilankhulo monga lonse komanso ntchito ena a iwo mu zigawo zina - phonetics, galamala.

Dongosolo phonological wa Chirasha

Aliyense chinenero amakhala ndi dongosolo lawo phonological. Chirasha lero zimatulutsa 43 phonemes. Awa, 6 - ndi 37 mavawelo - zilembo.

Komanso, aliyense wa iwo yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa akonzedwa mwachindunji mbali.

Za mawu phonemes ndi pafupi zotsatirazi zinchito: digiri ya nyamuka, kumene amakhala ndi chapamwamba, pakati ndi kutsikira kuchira, pakalibe kapena kukhalapo labialization.

Zilembo zambiri zochititsa chidwi chiwerengero cha makhalidwe. Apa kuona zizindikiro zotsatirazi, ambiri mwa anawagawa awiriawiri. Choncho, phonemes ndi:

• sonorant kapena phokoso;
• wosamva kapena sonorous.

Ndi chikhalidwe cha maphunziro:

• occlusive;
• affricate;
• kusiyana;
• kunthunthumira;
• labial;
• mano;
• Palatine;
• zovuta kapena zofewa.

makhalidwe amenewa ndi lodziwika bwino kwa anthu amene aphunzira Chirasha. Phonetics, phonology - sayansi kuti ntchito maonekedwe deta ndi ophunzira philology zifunika osati kuloweza ya makhalidwe, koma angathe kuwatsatira kuchita ananena phonemes zina, malingana ndi udindo wawo mawu.

phonemic galamafoniyo

tanthauzo lina, limene ukugwira ntchito chigawo cha zilankhulo - phonemic galamafoniyo. Ndi mmodzi wa luso zofunika, amene ayenera kuti adziwe wophunzira chinenero. Phonemic galamafoniyo - ichi kulowa mawu omveka kufala kudzera mwa zizindikiro zapadera zimene zikuimira phonemes mu mawu.

Mu pepala ili ndi kuliika zoyambirira zokha phoneme allophones si mwasankha. Pakuti mbiri ntchito kukhala zizindikiro za zilembo za Chisililiki, ndi Latin, komanso angapo zizindikiro diacritical.

anapezazo

Phonology - ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu za zilankhulo. sayansi amaphunzira kugwira ntchito phonemes, osachepera mayunitsi chinenero. Iwo ali oposa zaka, mwini terminological dongosolo lawo, ntchito ndi phunziro la.

Ophunzira philologists kuphunzira mu chaka choyamba cha yunivesite, pamaso oyamba phonetics, kapena limodzi ndi izo. Kudziwa ndizosowa chilango m'tsogolo zimathandiza kuphunzira galamala, komanso malamulo a kalembedwe ndi orthoepy.