Paris Club ndipo anthu ake. mogwirizana Russian ndi Paris ndi London Makalabu. Features a ntchito za Paris ndi London zibonga wa angongole

Paris ndi London zibonga wa angongole ali mwamwayi mwamwayi mayanjano lonse. Zikuphatikizapo angapo osiyana gulu ndi osiyana ndi digiri khalidwe. Paris ndi London zibonga inakhazikitsidwa kuti kusintha pa mangawa a m'mayiko osauka. Tiyeni tione mfundo zina monga ubale wa Russia anayamba ndi zinthu zimenezi.

Features a ntchito za Paris ndi London Club angongole

Mu mabungwe awa pali njira yapadera kwa review ndi kukonzanso wa mangawa. Kusiyanaku pano mu dongosolo mkati mwa mabungwe. Kalabu London zoona, imapereka Forum kwa rescheduling cha ngongole operekedwa ndi mabungwe malonda banki sanalonjeze ndi boma la ngongole ya. Kugwirizana alibe tcheyamani okhazikika ndi secretariat. Opaleshoni, komanso ndi gulu la Forum ndi osiyana ufulu khalidwe. Paris Club unakhazikitsidwa mu 1956. Uli ndi anthu 19. Mosiyana London, Paris Club revises ngongole angongole boma. Mu chochitika amuleka atangochimwa sanali kupereka ngongole boma la apilu wamangawa boma la France. Anajambulitsa pempho ofunda nkhani ndi obwereketsa lapansi.

zokambirana

The Paris Club ndi kukonza kulankhulana mwachindunji wa dziko wamangawa ndi boma adzapereka ngongole. Choyamba ndi nduna ya zachuma kapena Bank wapampando Central. M'malo mwa ngongole mu zokambirana akuluakulu pano kuchokera ku Unduna wa Zachuma, ya unduna okhonda kapena Utumiki wa Economy. Enanso ngati zimenezi. Iwo ali anthu a World Bank, IMF, UNCTAD ndi mabungwe banki dera. Pa zokambirana anayamba ya malangizo. Mawu anavomera olembedwa. chikalata ichi ndi mwalamulo ali chenjezo yekha mu chikhalidwe. Izo zimapangitsa bwana kuti oimira mayiko, Pakati panali yandalama, pa kukambirana ndi kusaina mapangano amgwirizano pa Baibulo la zinthu udindo alipire. Ngakhale kuti zili ali khalidwe la kuwapempha, chakudya cha protocol ndi kumanga pa maphwando, amene anavomera. Malinga ndi pangano anamaliza, amene nawonso, ndi kusainira. Posankha zochita, kukhazikitsidwa kwa zinthu ikuchitika pa mfundo za vutoli. Kuti chifukwa cha zokambirana ayenera zigwirizane mbali zonse.

The kukonzanso wa ngongole ya Soviet Union

Tikumbukenso kuti ubale ndi London club pambuyo kutha wa USSR, kenako mndandanda wa mavuto. Soviet Union imatengedwa kuti ndi ngongole yaikulu ya mayiko onse. Mu 1991 anaonekera vuto loyamba. Ndiye Moscow wakana kulipira chidwi pa ngongole ya USSR. Mosapatuka wa London Club akambirane akulu wapadera. Pamafunikanso 13 mabanki malonda, umene ku Russia wakhala kwambiri. Ntchito chachikulu chinali kuthetsa wa udindo USSR kale. Ambiri, funso ndi wosavuta. Komabe, zinali zokwanira kuthetsa zovuta. Mpaka chaka cha 1997, nthawi zonse pa misonkhano ya Board. Pa miyezi itatu iliyonse kusankha pa malipiro mtsogolo ndi chidwi miyezi 3. Malo BPC (Council) anali amphamvu zokwanira kuyamba ndi kuyamba. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti ngakhale Moscow ndi kulipira amodzi onse. udindo uwu unali bwino anakonza mu 1993. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti mpaka mfundo imeneyi Moscow analibe chithunzi chooneka bwino cha kuchuluka chenichenicho cha kudzipereka wa USSR. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti ngongole okwana chimachititsa $ biliyoni 80-120. Popeza chakuti voliyumu ya golide ndi ndalama posinthana wachilendo za $ 5 biliyoni. Zikuonekeratu kuti malipiro wakhala zosatheka.

Chiyambi cha kuthetsa

Masitepe oyamba anatitenga A. Shokhin mu 1994. Panthawiyo iye anali wachiwiri nduna yaikulu mu boma. Shokhin anatha kukambirana ndi Fonttsem (mutu BPC) deferment wa zaka 5 chidwi ndi malipiro a ngongole mu zaka 10. Koma muyeso izi zinaoneka ngati anthu osakhalitsa m'dzikoli. Iye amayenera kwakukulu kulenganso mbali yaikulu ya udindo ndi anasonkhanitsa chidwi kwa Russian Federation nsinga boma. Chotsatira anali mu 1995, watsopano wachiwiri Nduna Vladimir Panskov. Iye anavomera kusintha zaka 25. Pambuyo pake, pamaso Moscow anali kusankha. Iye sitikhulupirira zoti kusayembekeza Mbali yaikulu ya ngongole kapena pa kukonzanso zina. Kwambiri adalipo, kumene, yang'anani chimake choyamba. Koma lingaliro lake anali kovuta chifukwa malo okhwima a mabanki German. Iwo nkhani za 53% ngongoleyo. Patapita mukukayikira pang'ono, anaganiza kupita kukonzanso zina.

mokoma kusayembekeza

Mu malo oyamba, mwayi wotero amaperekedwa kamodzi kokha. Mu nkhani iyi, wamangawa lidzabweza yotsala ya ndandanda mokwanira okhwima. Komanso, udindo wa masheya latsopano kulenganso ngongole limafanana Eurobonds. Pochedwetsa aliyense mu mtanda kusakhulupirika ananena pa iwo. Iwo moyenera, zinkatanthauza sakuyendetsa lakuthwa mu masanjidwe boma ndi kudzipatula ake ku misika chuma padziko lonse.

zochitika zina

Mu August 2009, Boma wavomereza kanthu kwa Utumiki wa Finance kwa kuthetsa kunja mangawa wa USSR. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti ilipiridwa za $ 34 miliyoni .. Pa yemweyo obwereketsa nthawi 9.000.000. Osati anati akufuna kuthetsa ngongoleyo. Mu nkhani zina zomwe zichitike ndi iwo. Chifukwa cha masitepe Utumiki wa Finance anali akutha kumaliza kupereka ngongole malonda ndi kusinthana USD 405,8 miliyoni Eurobonds ndi maturities -. 2010 ndi 2030 TH. Chiwerengero zodzinenera, malinga ndi atolankhani kumasulidwa ku Utumiki, wakhala kuposa 1900.

Paris Club angongole ndi Russia

Pambuyo kugwa kwa USSR, izo amaganiza kuti boma utangoyamba adzakumana nawo amachita udindo ngongole kunja akhalipo. Panthawiyo iye anali ndi zaka 90 bln. Madola. Pamodzi ndi ngongole iliyonse State adalira ndi gawo lolingana mu chuma. Komabe, kuchita kunapezeka kuti kokha Russia kukumana udindo wake. Pa nkhani imeneyi, ndi mgwirizano mgwirizano, anaganiza kuti Federation Russian zimatengera pa mayiko ngongole lonse chosinthana renunciation awo a magawo kwambiri mu chuma cha. Zinali ndithu zovuta, koma n'zotheka kusunga kuti dziko la m'misika dziko ndi kunathandiza kulimbitsa chikhulupiriro cha ndalama angathe yachilendo.

magawo a zokambirana

Paris Club ndi Russia unachitikira nkhani magawo angapo. Anayamba nthawi yomweyo pambuyo kulengeza nduna ya kuvunda kwa USSR. Gawo loyamba amatenga achiyesa kuchokera 1992. Mu chimango cha Paris Club wa angongole amapereka yochepa miyezi itatu chisomo nthawi pa alipire ngongole kunja. Mwa nthawi imeneyi imagwiranso kwa ngongole ku IMF ndi 1 bln. Madola. Gawo lachiwiri zinachitika kuyambira 1993 mpaka 1995. The Paris Club anavomera kusaina mapangano woyamba ndi Russia pa kukonzanso. Malinga ndi mapangano awa dziko adzatenge udindo wonse wa USSR, kukhwima umene kugwa pa nthawi kuchokera December 1991 January 1995. Gawo lachitatu inayamba mu April 1996. Russia ndi Paris Club angongole anavomera anamaliza mgwirizano wawo mabuku. Malinga ndi iye, ngongole okwana anali za $ biliyoni 38 Pa nthawi yomweyo 15% ya iwo akuyembekezeka kuthetsedwa patadutsa zaka 25, mpaka 2020-TH, ndi 55%, womwenso yochepa ngongole -. Kwa zaka 21. The ngongole restructured unkalipiridwa kwa okwana chokhala ndi 2002.

memorandum

Iye yolembedwa ndi 17 September 1997. Paris Club ndi Russia zinasaina Memorandum Luntha. Anaikira inalowa dziko la ukwati monga wophunzira wonse. Popeza kusaina zonena chikalata ngongole ku Russia udindo mofanana mayiko ena.

protocol

June 30, 2006, analengeza pa alipire oyambirira ngongole. Pa nthawi kusaina wa protocol okwana ngongole anakwana $ biliyoni 21,6 .. kukonzanso Izi ngongole zinachitika mu 1996 mpaka mu 1999. Pamaso 2006, utumiki Russian ndi kubweza ngongole zimenezi. protocol The amapereka malipiro a ngongole pa ndime, ndipo gawo - pa mtengo msika. Malinga ndi ngongole atsopano woomboledwa kuti ndi mtengo amodzi. Ngongole ya mtundu uwu wapereka mamembala a Paris Club, ngati Netherlands, Great Britain, France ndi Germany. Umafunika kuti alipire oyambirira m'mayiko amenewa analipo pafupifupi $ 1 biliyoni. The malipiro a US ngongole anagwira sanatanthauziridwe, koma America komanso anapereka ngongole pa mtengo lokhazikika.

malipiro Recent

Pambuyo mapangano A. Kudrin ananena kuti Vnesheconombank lingafikire ngongole mpaka 21 August. Izo zinali pa tsiku lino, Paris Club walandira kuchokera ku Russia analipira chidwi. lonjezo anakwaniritsa wake mtumiki zachuma. Pakati pa tsiku August 21 pa webusaiti nduna banki zinali zinthu zimene zinapangidwa ndi anasamutsidwa wotsiriza kwa obwereketsa mlandu. Choncho, dongosolo malipiro anakwana madola biliyoni 1,27, kudzera malipiro oyambirira anatumizidwa biliyoni 22,47. Mmodzi wa maiko woyamba, umene nkhani kudzadza, anali Australia. Mark chophimba (wachiwiri Premier wa State) adati nthawi kuti alipire oyambirira zikusonyeza kulimbitsa chuma Russian ndipo amakhala mfundo ubale amgwirizano. Isanafike kusainira wa June Russian pangano akuganiza ngongole yaikulu. Paris Club kuyambira kugwa kwa USSR wakhala lolunjika ntchito yake pa kufika pangano ndi Moscow. Pambuyo alipire ngongole lonse, akatswiri ambiri anayamba kulankhula za anaiyamba mopitiriza machitidwe a gulu. Kuwonjezera pa Russian Federation, ndi alipire oyambirira udindo, m'mayiko monga Peru, Algeria. Ngakhale nthawi zina zapitazo, Paris Club sanadziwe kuti limati izi imeneyi si kulipira ngongole ndiponso kuchita patsogolo ino. Vnesheconombank malipiro anapangidwa ndalama zisanu ndi zinayi. Pakuti kulanda ndalama Utumiki wa Finance kale anasinthanitsa rubles 600 biliyoni mumauro ndi madola. malipiro kwambiri anali mu ndalama izi. Pambuyo alipire zonse za ngongole Russia membala zonse za Paris Club.

zotsatira

Mosasamala kanthu za mavuto amene anatsagana mogwirizana Russia ndi Paris ndi London Makalabu, ndi Russian anakwanitsa akadali kuchotsa mangawa akale. zinthu zimenezi kuchokera pachiyambi linakhalapo, zinthu monga kugwirizana ndi zofunika pakati pa maiko kupereka ndi kulandira udindo ndalama. Iwo amafunafuna tisaletse katundu wa mayiko msonkhano mwachindunji mangawa awo. Pa nthawi yomweyo cholinga chawo ndi kusunga solvency wa wobwereka mu m'tsogolo. Russian Federation amafuna njira mabuku kuti kuthetsa mavuto padziko lonse wa ngongole, kumvera zofuna za magulu onse. Mavuto ngongole anatuluka mu 90s, chinali chifukwa cha confluence a akumane zinthu cholinga ndi zotengera malingaliridwe. Komabe, Russian anatha kusonyeza kufunika ndi luso kuvomereza osati kokha, komanso kukwaniritsa udindo padziko lonse. malipiro oyambirira osati kunapangitsa kuti kupewa kupereka ngongole ndiponso kumangika, komanso kuonetsetsa nawo odzaza Russia mu Paris Club.

Pomaliza

Panopa ngongole mlingo nkofunika kwambiri kwa dziko. Popeza mavuto azachuma mu dziko, muyenera bwinobwino zosowa zawo ndi mphamvu. Izo ziyenera kuti mapangidwe ngongole anthu anachititsa kuchepekedwa bajeti. Ndipo nayenso, ndi Uwerenge mabowo lamaliseche mu bajeti pa nthawi yonse ya kukhalapo kwa dziko. ngongole kunja - wosamalira anthu thupi ndi mabungwe m'mayiko ena. Iye inafunika kuli mayanjano mwamwayi monga London ndi Paris Makalabu.