Mawerengero Iguputo. History, maonekedwe, ubwino ndi kuipa, zitsanzo za kachitidwe ku Egypt chiwerengero

anthu ochepa chabe amene amaganiza kuti ndi njira mitunduyi kuti tigwiritse ntchito kuwerengera manambala enaake kapena zovuta, anapanga patapita zaka zambiri, ndi madera osiyana a dziko. MwaukadauloZida masamu luso chizindikiro, ngakhale grader choyamba, M'mbuyomo prohibitive kwa anthu ophunzira kwambiri. Amathandiza kwambiri kuti chitukuko cha mafakitale wapanga Aigupto dongosolo chiwerengero, ena zinthu zimene ife kugwiritsa ntchito mu mawonekedwe awo oyambirira.

tanthauzo mwachidule

Azambiriyakale mudziwa ndithu kuti chitukuko akale kusanduka makamaka kulemba ndi mfundo n'zosangalatsa kumva nthawizonse mu malo chachiwiri. Pachifukwa ichi, mu zaka zapitazi Masamu zolakwika zambiri ndi zina Akatswiri amakono kukanda mitu yawo masamu amenewo. Zinali nazonso ndi mawerengero Iguputo, amene poyamba anali komanso nonpositional. Izi zikutanthauza kuti udindo wa nambala imodzi mu nambala mbiri sasintha chiwerengero. Mwachitsanzo, taonani ubwino wa 15, mmene 1 - malo oyamba, ndi 5 - wachiwiri. Ngati ife kusintha manambala awa, kupeza chiwerengero wokulirapo. Koma ku Egypt dongosolo chiwerengero kusintha kumeneku sayenera. Ngakhale mu ziwerengero zazikulu zigawo zake zonse analembedwa kuti mwachisawawa.

Monga kuona kuti anthu amakono a dziko lino otentha kusangalala chomwecho mawerengero Arabic, ngati tili kulemba iwo mogwirizana ndi ndondomeko yolondola ndi kumanzere.

Kodi zizindikiro?

Kulemba manambala Aiguputo ntchito hieroglyphs, ndipo nthawi yomweyo panali zochepa. Kukopera iwo pa ulamuliro zenizeni, izo zikanakhala zotheka kuti chiwerengero cha zamitundu yonse Komabe, kungafune ambiri amtunduwu. Pa siteji koyamba za kukhalako kwa Aigupto dongosolo chiwerengero kakale munali manambala 1, 10, 100, 1000 ndi 10000. Kenako, anali chidwi chiwerengero cha amene ali multiples wa 10. Ngati wina anali kulemba munthu zizindikiro zakumwamba, ntchito otchulidwa:

Kulemba chiwerengero kuti si angapo khumi, anagwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi ingenuous:

chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti manambala

Chifukwa cha chitsanzo pamwamba, ife tikuona kuti mu malo oyamba ife tawakonzera mazana asanu, kenako makumi awiri ndi kumapeto a mayunitsi awiri. Mofananamo, nambala ina wolembedwa, amene angagwiritsidwe ntchito zikwi ndi makumi a zikwi. Komabe, chitsanzo kwalembedwa kumanzere, kotero kuti owerenga masiku ano bwino kumvetsa izo, koma ndizo kwenikweni mawerengero Aigupto si molondola. Mtengo chomwecho akhoza kulembedwa kuchokera kumanja mpaka kumanzere, kumvetsa pati, ndipo ali kumapeto, kunali kofunika zochokera chifanizirocho ndi mtengo wapatali kwambiri. A miyeso yolinganizira ofanana chofunika ndi ngati manambala mu kuchuluka kwa olembedwa mosintha (monga dongosolo nepozitsionnyh).

Tuzigawo twa zili zofunikira

Aiguputo patsogolo zina zambiri masamu mbuye. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, nthawi zina yekha anaŵerengera sikunali kokwanira, ndi tuzigawo twa anali pang'onopang'ono anayambitsa. Popeza Igupto wakale kakale dongosolo chiwerengero amati kulemba numerators ndi denominators ntchito ngati zizindikiro. Pakuti ½ lapadera ndipo zonse chizindikiro, ndipo zosintha zina zonse anapangidwa mofanana lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu ambiri. The numerator nthawizonse inali khalidwe kutsanzira mawonekedwe a maso athu, ndi chimene chachititsa chiwerengero kale anasonyeza.

ntchito masamu

Ngati pali manambala, iwo kuwonjezera ndi kuchotsera, achulukane ndi kugawaniza. mawerengero Aigupto kupirira ntchito bwino, ngakhale kuti ali ndi mfundo zake. Chophweka njira anapangidwa kungomanga ndi wochotsera. Kuti tichite zimenezi, manambala awiri analembedwa angapo chikhalidwe, kusintha pakati pa iwo ayesedwe kukha. N'zovuta kumvetsa mmene akula kuyambira ndondomeko ndi pang'ono ofanana ano. Anali magawo awiri, mmodzi wa iwo akuyamba ndi wina ndi mzake - kuchokera chinthu chachiwiri. Kenako anayamba pawiri aliyense manambala awa ndi kujambula chifukwa watsopano amene m'mbuyomu. Pamene osiyana ndime yoyamba ya manambala anatha kusonkhanitsa chinthu akusowa mwachidule. More ndendende akumvetsa ndondomeko zimenezi zingakhale, kuyang'ana pa tebulo. Pankhaniyi 7 kuchulukitsa ndi 22:

Chifukwa mu ndime yoyamba 8 kale kuposa 7, kotero anawaonjezera kuwirikiza kawiri malekezero pa 4. 1 + 2 + 4 = 7, ndi 22 + 44 + 88 = 154. Yankho ndi zolondola, koma analandira zosazolowereka kwa ife.

Wochotsera ndi kugawikana zimagwiridwa mu dongosolo n'zosiyana wa Kuwonjezera ndi kuchulukitsa.

Chifukwa anatuluka mawerengero Iguputo?

Mbiri ya yatsoka a m'nkhaniyi, nambala iliyonse, monga yosokoneza monga maonekedwe a lonse la kuteteza Egypt. kubadwa kwake masiku kuchokera theka lachiwiri la lachitatu Zakachikwi BC. Izo zinapangitsa kuti zimenezi molondola m'masiku amenewo anali muyeso kutero. Igupto anali kale boma zonse kunachitika, nakhala wamphamvu ndi onse chaka chilichonse. Ikuchitika pomanga makachisi, ndiwo anawerengedwa mu matupi waukulu bungwe, ndi kuti kuphatikiza zonsezi, akuluakulu anaganiza kuti atchule nkhani imeneyi dongosolo. Zinatha nthawi yaitali - mpaka m'zaka khumi AD, kenako m'malo ieratika.

mawerengero Aigupto: mphamvu ndi zofooka

Kupambana yaikulu ya Aigupto wakale wa masamu - ndi kuphweka ndi cholondola. Kuyang'ana chikhalidwe, nthawi zonse kudziwa angati makumi, mazana kapena zikwi olembedwa pa gumbwa. Ubwino wa dongosolo ankaona ngati Kuwonjezera ndi chulutsa manambala. Only pa koyamba zikuoneka zosokoneza, koma ozama Kwenikweni, inu kuyamba mwamsanga ndipo mosavuta masamu oterowo. sangathe wakhala anazindikira mwa kwambiri chisokonezo. Numeri akhoza kulembedwa osati kwina kulikonse, koma mosintha, choncho akufunika nthawi zambiri mawu olembedwa awo. Ndipo opanda otsiriza, mwina, ndi mzere amazipanga yaitali anthu a m'nkhaniyi, chifukwa nthawi zonse anali kutsanzira.