Otchedwa biosphere? Udindo wa biosphere lapansi. Chiphunzitso cha biosphere ndi

Madera ozungulira ndi munthu amakonda otchedwa chikhalidwe kapena malo. Ambiri a ife atadziŵa yonena za lingaliro ili mu maphunziro kusukulu: sayansi (kalasi 3), malo ndi zamoyo (4), thunthu ndi zimapangidwira (6). Koma ochepa kumvetsetsa mmene sayansi izi amaphatikizidwa, koma kuti onse ndi a sayansi kumunda. Kuti adzimvera chidziwitso anthu za dziko analengedwa ndi dzina lina capacious - ndi biosphere. Ngakhale zaka zambiri komanso kufufuza mosamala, dziko lapansi akadali amapereka asayansi chifukwa kuganizira njira kunachitika izo.

tanthauzo

Otchedwa biosphere? Kutanthauzira mawu amenewa angapezeke mu mabuku kwambiri, ndipo iwo onse amasiyana zili koma pafupifupi zofanana tanthauzo. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa biosphere topezeka lonse la dziko, imene munthu amalowa monga mmodzi wa mbalame zochepa. Ngati inu kumasulira dzina la "biosphere" mawu a Chigiriki, maziko ake ali awiri. "Mbali" amatanthauza "dera, dera, mpira," ndi muzu wa "BIOS" amatanthauza "moyo." Likukhalira ndithu succinct ndi zolondola mutu Ndipo zimenezi, ndipo amapereka tanthauzo la sayansi zovuta m'zigawozigawo. V. I. Vernadsky amapereka yankho yaitali funso otchedwa biosphere. Iwo imalongosola lingaliro ili monga ya sayansi ya Dziko Lapansi, womwenso madera, geochemistry, zamoyo, nthaka. Biosphere - magulu zipolopolo dziko, omwe ndi ogwirizana ndi kuli zamoyo ndi malo awo. m'madera onse osiyana mu zikuchokera, ntchito ndi katundu, koma aliyense wa iwo akuchita mbali yofunika kwambiri kuli ndi zamoyo wa m'dzikoli.

Chiphunzitso cha biosphere ndi

Ine analenga dongosolo Integrated a chidziwitso nzeru zapamwamba, wasayansi, miyala ndi nthaka ndi yanga V. I. Vernadsky. Isanafike chiyambi cha XX atumwi panali zambiri kafukufuku pa Dziko Lapansi ndi ndondomeko kuphunzira kuti chichitike pa izo, koma kuzamitsa ndi zambiri nkhaniyi akanatha lalikulu Russian wasayansi. Pa chiyambi cha XIX atumwi French zachilengedwe Lamarck kudziwa mfundo yoyamba ya tsogolo la sayansi, koma sanapereke dzina lake. Austria paleontologist ndi miyala ndi nthaka Eduard Zyuss mu 1875 anayambitsa mawu akuti "biosphere" imene ntchito mpaka lero. Iwo adzaona sayansi monga odziwa zonse zamoyo padziko lapansili. Patapita zaka 50 Vernadsky kutsimikizira ubale wa zamoyo ndi zinthu zochita kupanga, makope awo. Otchedwa biosphere pa siteji pano? Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa mthunzi lathuli, zimene kucheza ndi zinthu zachilengedwe za chiyambi zosiyanasiyana, ndi kuphatikiza awo amalenga wapadera, dongosolo moyenera.

m'mlengalenga

Panja mpweya chigoba cha Earth. Ambiri misa anaikira padziko, ndi kutalika kwa izo chimafikira makilomita zikwi zitatu. m'mlengalenga ndi lightest a zipolopolo onse, iye sasiya pamwamba yekha mwa mphamvu za anyamata a dzikoli, koma ndi kuwonjezeka mu msinkhu zigawo zake pang'onopang'ono kutaya akuwayang'anira. Ozoni chimateteza ku zotsatira dzuwa cheza ndi kuchepetsa mlingo wa poizoni ultraviolet, amene akugwa amawataya pansi. The zikuchokera m'mlengalenga ndi mpweya: mpweya, asafe, mpweya, argon, amene kuonetsetsa kuti kuli zamoyo.

hydrosphere

Biosphere dziko lapansi zikuphatikizapo gawo la chipolopolo amadzimadzi dzikoli. kapangidwe kake zimasiyanasiyana kuti boma la loitanirana pa nkhaniyi. Hydrosphere amalimbitsa madzi onse padziko lapansili, zimene zimakhala mu madzi, gaseous ndi olimba mawonekedwe. Pamwamba zigawo a m'nyanja kutumikira redistribute kutentha kwa dzuwa kupyolera mu mlengalenga. Wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri mu madzi ndondomeko lili ndi mkombero wa nkhani mu chikhalidwe, lomwe ndi nusu kwambiri yam'manja. Zamoyo wa biosphere kwathunthu katswiri amafotokozera madzi, angapezeke mu m'maenje kuya kwa pansi pa nyanja ndi mitsinje mu Arctic. Mipweya ya hydrosphere chikuphatikizapo otsatirawa pali mfundo: magnesium, sodium, chlorine, sulfure, mpweya, calcium, etc ...

lithosphere

Ozungulira dzuŵa lathu, osati mapulaneti onse ndi chipolopolo zolimba, Earth Pankhaniyi yotero. Lithosphere - mulu waukulu wa miyala (zovuta) thanthwe, amene amapanga mbali ya dziko, ndi kutumikira monga seafloor dziko. The makulidwe a chigoba cha Dziko Lapansi kuchokera makilomita 70 mpaka 250, kapangidwe kake ambiri osiyanasiyana ndi chiwerengero cha zinthu mankhwala (pakachitsulo, zotayidwa, chitsulo, mpweya, magnesium, potaziyamu, sodium ndi zina zotero. D.), Amene ali koyenera kuti kuli zamoyo zonse. Geosphere- ili yodziwika zing'onozing'ono m'lifupi bedi kafalitsidwe moyo. Wosanjikiza ambiri olemera disbursed lithosphere, ndiwo wa mamita angapo. Ndi kuzama kwa kuwonjezeka kutentha ndi osalimba a chipolopolo yovuta, yomwe pamodzi ndi chosowa kuwala musalole kuti kuli zamoyo.

biosphere

Geosphere- Izi Chili lonse lapansi m'chimake (hydrosphere, ndi mpweya wa lithosphere) ndi kukhalapo kwa nkhani wamoyo. Kwa anthu onse n'zovuta Musaone udindo wa biosphere, ndi chilengedwe ndi gwero la. Iyi ndi dongosolo zovuta mgwilizano omwe kudziwa kuti kuli a chamoyo chilichonse likuvutika chinthu ndi mphamvu kuwombola. Zoposa 40 zinthu mankhwala amene amasamalira mkombero kuti nthawi zonse amapezeka pakati mankhwala organic ndi zochita kupanga. Ndiwo mphamvu ndi dzuwa. dziko ili ku moyandikirana kwambiri nyenyezi ndi Chotsekereza woteteza mawonekedwe a mlengalenga. Choncho, pamodzi ndi nkhani amoyo a dzuwa mphamvu ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri amuzolengedwa kuli biosphere lapansi. Chifukwa zinthu zingapo kusonkhezera njira atsirizidwa mawonekedwe ozungulira, iwo amapereka makope mankhwala pakati pa mlengalenga, lithosphere, hydrosphere komanso zamoyo.

Malire a biosphere ndi

Pamene kupenda mmene chigoba biosphere kuwona kufalitsa m'goli. Malirewo m'munsi ili mu zigawo za lithosphere, izo si kugwa pansi pa mtengo wa makilomita 4. The topsheet kutumphuka - nthaka - kwambiri ladzala ndi kolimba ndi moyo kanthu zili wosanjikiza biosphere. Hydrosphere, kuphatikizapo kukula kwa nyanja, mitsinje, nyanja, zithaphwi, kuwundana ndi mbali mokwanira za "chipolopolo wamoyo." Ndende apamwamba zamoyo anati mu zigawo pamwamba ndi madzi m'mphepete mwa nyanja, koma pali moyo mu mabeseni kwambiri nyanja, pa akuya pazipita zoposa 11 Km, ndi m'dambo pansi. Malire chapamwamba biosphere ndi ili makilomita 20 kuchokera pamwamba. Mpweya kukuchepetsa "moyo CHIKWANGWANI" Mpweya umene chishango, pamwamba amene majeremusi anawonongedwa ndi yochepa yoweyula ultraviolet poizoniyu. Motero, anthu ambiri pazipita kanthu moyo ndi malire a lithosphere ndi mlengalenga.

kapangidwe

Chiphunzitso cha biosphere kulengedwa V. I. Vernadsky, iye anazindikira mbali yofunika kwambiri ya zinthu mu mapangidwe ndi kugwira ntchito kwa "chipolopolo moyo" Dziko Lapansi. Poyamba timafika kuganiza zofanana, asayansi, koma Russian wasayansi akanakhoza kutsimikizira kufunika kukhalapo mu kapangidwe ka mankhwala zochita kupanga, amenenso ali nawo makope ambiri. Polingalira ake, biosphere wapangidwa motere:

1. Zamoyo (kwachilengedwenso misa, mndandanda wa mitundu yonse).
2. Zakudya (analengedwa pa moyo wa zamoyo, ndi chipatso cha processing awo).
3. Inert mankhwala (mankhwala zochita kupanga amene analengedwa opanda nawo zamoyo).
4. Bioinert mankhwala (anapanga zinthu pamodzi moyo ndi chuma inert).
5. A thunthu ndi malo chiyambi.
6. Omwazikana maatomu.

Mbiri ya yatsoka

Mabilioni a zaka zapitazo Lapansi anapanga chipolopolo zovuta - ndi lithosphere. A patsogolo mwa kupanga otchedwa biosphere chifukwa njira miyala kuti asamukira mbale tectonic chifukwa kuphulitsa mapiri, zivomezi, ndi zina zotero. D. Pambuyo mapangidwe mitundu khola Geological chakuti zosayembekezereka wa zamoyo moyo. Iwo ali ndi mwayi kukhala kudzera mpweya yogwira zinthu zosiyanasiyana amuzolengedwa zimene zinachitika pa mapangidwe lithosphere lapansi. Kukhala nkhani mamilioni angapo zaka kulenga zinthu yabwino kwa moyo. Chifukwa kusanduka ake mwapang'onopang'ono anapanga mlengalenga mafuta zikuchokera. mogwirizana zonse mankhwala organic ndi zochita kupanga mchikakamizo cha dzuwa mphamvu kwathandiza moyo kanthu kufalitsa m'dziko lonse la dziko ndipo kwambiri kusintha maonekedwe ake.

kusanduka

The tizilombo choyamba moyo Padziko Lapansi mu hydrosphere ndi, kuchoka kwawo pang'onopang'ono kumtunda inatenga nthawi yaitali kokwanira. Kukula kwa chipolopolo wina wa biosphere - lithosphere, chifukwa mapangidwe wosanjikiza ozoni. Kudzera njira ya dzuwa waukulu kwachilengedwenso zimatenga mumlengalenga wa carbon dioxide ndi mpweya ndi ukapolo. Pankhaniyi, amoyo nkhani amagwiritsa pafupifupi sizidzatha gwero la mphamvu - dzuwa. zamoyo thupi amene alibe zokwanira organic kanthu mu makulidwe a hydrosphere, tinawatengera pamwamba dziko ndi inapita patsogolo kwambiri pa ndondomeko ya kusanduka likuvutika dera mphamvu. Panopa "moyo chipolopolo" Dziko Lapansi ndi mu mkhalidwe wolimba mgwirizano, koma anthu ali pa izo zotsatira koposa negative. A dera atsopano a dziko lapansi - kwa noosphere, kumaphatikizapo kulimbikitsa wolimba kwambiri pakati pa mwamuna ndi chirengedwe, koma ndi osiyana ndi chidwi kwambiri kufufuza nkhaniyo. Biosphere akupitiriza liziyenda ngakhale kuchepetsa kwambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ngati nkhuni, "moyo chipolopolo" amafuna kukwaniritsa awononga chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Monga mmene mbiri, ndondomeko akhoza kutenga yambiri ya nthawi.

mbali amuzolengedwa

Mbali yaikulu mu dongosolo la biosphere - nkhuni. Iwo amachita ntchito zonse amuzolengedwa "zipolopolo moyo", amaziyang'anira matabwa ake mu mkhalidwe mgwirizano, ndondomeko amapereka mkombero wa zinthu ndiponso mphamvu. Gasi ntchito kuthandiza zikuchokera mulingo woyenera kwambiri m'mlengalenga. Iwo ikuchitika mwa dzuwa la zomera yotulutsa mpweya ndi mtima wa carbon dioxide. Zamoyo pamene mpweya ndi pa kuwonongeka anachira NKHA _2. Mpweya kuwombola kumachitika nthawi zonse, mankhwala zochita kupanga kutenga mbali mu izo pa ndime ya mmene zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimachitikira. Ntchito mphamvu ndi kuloŵerera ndi kutembenuka kwa zotsalira zazomera (mbewu) kunja kwa thupi gwero - dzuwa. Ndende ntchito amalola kudzikundikira zinthu biogenic. zamoyo zonse ndondomeko yofunika wambirimbiri mlingo chofunika cha zinthu amuzolengedwa amene pambuyo pa imfa yawo mu biosphere monga mankhwala organic ndi zochita kupanga. Ntchito Redox ndi zochita amuzolengedwa. Izo zikuchitika pa moyo wa zamoyo ndi mbali yofunika ya kayendedwe ka zinthu.

zotsalira zazomera

zamoyo zonse amafalitsidwa omangidwa pa dera lapansi. Ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ngati nkhuni ndende anati mu mafupa a Geosphere dziko. Izi zimachitika chifukwa mapangidwe zinthu mulingo woyenera moyo (kutentha, chinyezi, kuthamanga, pamaso pa mankhwala amuzolengedwa). The zikuchokera amagwiritsa ntchito ngati nkhuni komanso mtundu womwewo. Pa dziko zomera ndi mwayi, mu maziko hydrosphere moyo kanthu amapanga nyama. zotsalira zazomera kachulukidwe zimadalira malo dera, kuya deta mu lithosphere ndi kutalika - mu mlengalenga. chiwerengero cha zomera ndi nyama zamoyo ndi lalikulu kwambiri, koma pa malo a zamoyo zonse ndi Biosphere. Biology monga sayansi osiyana, makamaka anafotokoza njira zonse zikuchitika mu izo. Ichi ndicho chiyambi, kuswana, kusamuka kwa mitundu yonse ya nkhuni.

biosphere Features

Tanthauzo ndi kwakuti "chipolopolo moyo" Dziko Lapansi adzapereka phunziro ake nthawi zonse mibadwo atsopano asayansi. dongosolo ndi wapadera okhulupirika ake, chitukuko wamphamvu, wokhazikika. Monga mbali zake zikuluzikulu ndi Chodabwitsa kwambiri akhoza kuwasiyanitsa bata ndi sichisinthasinthanso. chiwerengero cha ngozi pa kuli biosphere ngati filimu moyo wa dziko ndi zoopsa. Adamka kwa kutha kwa ambiri a zotsalira zazomera, kwambiri anasintha maonekedwe a dzikoli, kusintha njira zikuchitika padziko ndi phata la. Koma nthawi iliyonse sitiroko Biosphere kubwezeretsedwa mu mawonekedwe kusinthidwa, kusinthasintha kwa mavuto kapena kupondereza izo. N'chifukwa chake biosphere a dziko lapansi ndi chamoyo chamoyo akhoza kudziletsa zonse njira zonse zikuchitika mu chirengedwe.

ziyembekezo chitukuko

Mwana aliyense masiku ano pulayimale kuphunzira chinthu monga sayansi (kalasi 3). Pa mfundo munthu pang'ono kufotokoza zimene dziko ndi zimene amalamulira iwo alipo. Mwina tiyenera pang'ono kusintha pulogalamu ndi kuphunzitsa ana kulemekeza ndi chikondi chilengedwe, ndiye anthu adzatha kulenga geosphere latsopano. ndi anasonkhanitsa zinthu zonse kwa zaka za biosphere ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa chitukuko zina, zomwe zidzaphatikizapo mgwirizano wa mwamuna ndi chikhalidwe. Tisachedwe kukonza kuwononga chilengedwe anachititsa, anthu ayenera kuganizira mfundo yakuti "moyo chipolopolo" Dziko Lapansi athe achire, koma angathe kuchotsa chinthu, zomwe zimabweretsa kuwonongeratu okhulupirika ake ndiponso mogwirizana.