Njira Main wa ntchito foni

Selo - unit yaikulu ya zamoyo zonse. Kumkhalidwe umadalira pa mlingo wa ntchito, luso atengere mmene chilengedwe. maselo subordinated kwambiri m'thupi regularities ena. Mlingo wa ntchito iliyonse otaya zimadalira magawo moyo mkombero. A okwana awiri olekanitsidwa: interphase ndi kugawikana (M gawo). Woyamba amatenga nthawi pakati pa mapangidwe maselo ndi imfa yawo kapena kugawikana. Pa interphase mwachangu chitani pafupifupi onse ndondomeko zikuluzikulu za maselo: chakudya , kupuma, kukula, irritability, zoyenda. maselo ikuchitika yekha mu gawo M.

nthawi interphase

Pamene kukula foni pakati pa magulu lagawidwa magawo angapo:

• presynthetic kapena G-Gulu 1 - siteji koyamba: kaphatikizidwe wa Mtumiki RNA, mapulotini ena zinthu ma;
• kupanga kapena gawo S: anawaonjezera kuwirikiza kawiri wa DNA;
• postsynthetic, kapena G-2 gawo: pokonzekera mitosis.

Komanso, maselo Kusiya kugawanitsa pambuyo zosiyanasiyana. Mu palibe interphase pakati G-1. Iwo otchedwa gawo mpumulo (G-0).

kagayidwe

Monga tanenera kale, zamoyo maselo chifukwa ambiri a kudzachitika analipo pa interphase. Zikuluzikulu za iwo ndi kagayidwe. Zikomo kuti izo zimachitika osati zosiyanasiyana mkati anachita komanso njira intercellular yolumikiza dongosolo mu thupi osiyana.

kagayidwe ali chiwembu ena. zamoyo selo kwakukulukulu kudalira pa kugwilizana ake, kupanda cha mtundu uliwonse kuyan'anila anali mmenemo. Nkhani pamaso pa zimakhudza malo okhudza maselo ambiri, ayenera kulowa kudzera Kakhungu lapansi. Kenako pansi pa processing zina m'kati kudya kapena kupuma. Mu siteji yotsatira processing mankhwala chifukwa ntchito kaphatikizidwe wa zinthu zatsopano kapena kusintha kwa nyumba wogwila. Otsalira pambuyo masinthidwe onse katundu kagayidwe kachakudya kuti zoipa maselo kapena kungoti safuna izo, kuchotsa malo akunja.

Kuloŵerera ndi dissimilation

Lamulo kusintha mokhazikika wa masinthidwe a ena zinthu mu zina michere. Iwo amathandiza kuti zambiri mofulumira otaya njira yeniyeni, i.e. kuchita monga catalysts. Aliyense ngati "accelerator" amakhudza okha yeniyeni kusintha ndondomeko mutsogolo mu njira imodzi. Zinthu utangoyamba zambiri poyera kuti michere zina zimene zimachititsa kusinthika kwawo zambiri.

Pankhaniyi, maselo onse kwambiri m'thupi mwa njira ina zikugwirizana ndi mumaganiza ziwiri zosiyana: kuloŵerera ndi dissimilation. Pakuti nzeru mogwirizana zinthu zawo, muyezo, kapena kukumana ndi maziko. zinthu zosiyanasiyana analandira kuchokera kunja mtima ndi michere mu mwambo ndiponso koyenera kuti selo. masinthidwe izi kupanga amatchedwa kuloŵerera. Komanso, maganizo amafuna mphamvu. gwero lake ndi ndondomeko dissimilation, kapena chiwonongeko. Nthumwi azingokhala limodzi ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mphamvu chofunika maselo ungachitike njira zikuluzikulu m'moyo. Dissimilation komanso amalimbikitsa mapangidwe zinthu wosavuta amene ndiye ntchito kaphatikizidwe latsopano. Gawo la mankhwala kuwonongeka motero anasonyeza.

Ndondomeko ya ntchito foni kugwirizana zambiri ndi bwino kaphatikizidwe ndi kuwonongeka. Choncho, kukula ndi zotheka ndi predominance cha kuloŵerera pa dissimilation. N'zochititsa chidwi selo umasinthasintha kukula simungathe: izo zinaika malire, kupitirira zomwe kukula mabasi.

malowedwe

Transport kwa chilengedwe yozungulira zinthu mu selo anachita ankangokhala ndi mwachangu. Pankhani zakale kulanda imatheka chifukwa mayamwidwe ndi osmosis. zoyendera yogwira limodzi ndi ndalama mphamvu ndipo kawirikawiri amapezeka ngakhale njira mwachindunji. Choncho, mwachitsanzo, potaziyamu ayoni mkatikati. Iwo jekeseni khungu, ngakhale maganizo awo mu cytoplasm wa kuposa mlingo mu chilengedwe.

Tsatanetsatane wa zinthu zimakhudza mmene permeability wa khungu nembanemba. Choncho, zipangizo organic kugwera cytoplasm ndi opepuka kuposa zochita kupanga. Iwo anapereka kwa permeability ndi kukula kwa mamolekyulu. Komanso, katundu nembanemba amadalira boma thupi selo ndi zinthu zachilengedwe monga kutentha ndi kuwala.

chakudya

Kulowa zinthu kwa chilengedwe PALI njira amamudziwa anaphunzira za moyo: selo kupuma ndi mphamvu yake. inawo ikuchitika kudzera pinocytosis ndi phagocytosis. Limagwirira njira onse ndi ofanana, koma pa pinocytosis entrained particles ang'onoang'ono ndi zochepa wandiweyani. Mamolekyulu chosakanikirana ndi chinthu adsorbed Kakhungu azunguliridwa ndi outgrowths wapadera ndi agwera nawo ku maselo. Chifukwa ndi njira, ndipo kenako kutuluka nembanemba vesicles munali particles edible. Pang'onopang'ono, iwo sayeneranso mthunzi. Kenako, particles ongoyendayenda kwambiri ndondomeko chimbudzi. Pambuyo angapo kusinthika mankhwala unagawanika chosavuta ndi ntchito kaphatikizidwe wa zinthu zofunika selo. Mu gawo ili la zinthu ofanana anachokera mu chilengedwe, monga kosamugonjera processing zambiri kapena ntchito.

mpweya

Mphamvu - si njira chabe imene imalimbikitsa maonekedwe a khungu zinthu zofunika. analandira mpweya nawo ndi ofanana kwambiri. Amakhala ndi mndandanda wa masinthidwe zotsatizana chakudya, lipids ndi amino zidulo, zimachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zatsopano: mpweya woipa komanso madzi. Mbali yofunika kwambiri kwa ndondomekoyi ndi kutulutsa mphamvu, amene kusungidwa ndi selo mu mawonekedwe a ATP ndi mankhwala ena.

Ndi nawo mpweya

anthu zamoyo khungu, komanso zinthu zina zambiri, ndi zodabwitsa popanda kupuma aerobic. Thunthu waukulu koyenera kuti iye ndi oxygen. Kumasula mphamvu zofunika kwambiri, komanso mapangidwe zinthu mwatsopano kumachitika chifukwa cha makutidwe ndi okosijeni.

ndondomeko kupuma lagawidwa magawo awiri:

• glycolysis;

• siteji oxygen.

Glycolysis - ndi akuwaza shuga mu cytoplasm selo ndi zochita za michere popanda oxygen. Ndi mndandanda wa zochita khumi motsatizana. Chifukwa cha kam'bulu kamodzi ka shuga anapanga mamolekyulu awiri ATP. The mankhwala kuwola nthawi yomweyo kugwera mitochondria kumene siteji mpweya akuyamba. Chifukwa cha zochita angapo kutulutsa carbon dioxide, mamolekyulu zina ATP ndipo maatomu wa hydrogen. Ambiri, maselo zichokera kwa molekyulu umodzi wa shuga 38 ATP mamolekyulu. Ndi chifukwa cha ndalama kusungidwa mphamvu aerobic kupuma ndi imatengedwa zosavuta.

anaerobic kupuma

Pakuti mabakiteriya chimakhala ndi mtundu wina wa kupuma. Amagwiritsa ntchito mpweya m'malo sulfates, ku feteleza, ndi zina zotero. Mtundu wa kupuma sakhala ogwira, komabe kungathandize kwambiri mu vuto la nkhani m'chilengedwe. Chifukwa anaerobic zamoyo ikuchitika biogeochemical sulfure adzizungulira, asafe ndi sodium wochuluka. Ambiri, njira ofanana ndi mpweya kupuma. Pambuyo kutsekedwa kwa glycolysis anapanga zinthu kulowa nayonso mphamvu anachita, chifukwa omwe mwina ethyl mowa kapena asidi lactic.

irritability

Selo nthawi zonse zimavuta chilengedwe. Anayankha mmene zinthu zosiyanasiyana kunja otchedwa irritability. Tisonyeza zimenezo mwa maselo boma kusintha ndi zikamera wa zochita okonda. Mtundu wa poyankha chikoka kunja imasiyana malingana makhalidwe zinchito. Minofu maselo kuyankha chidule, maselo England - kumasula chinsinsi, ndi manyuroni - mitsempha m'badwo mtima. irritability zimene tikuphunzira njira zambiri zokhudza thupi. Ndiyamika Mwachitsanzo, yotengekatengeka mantha ulamuliro manyuroni angathe kupatsira osati malemeredwe ya maselo chomwecho, komanso mfundo za zimakhala ena.

Chigawo

Choncho, pali dera ozungulira. maselo kwambiri m'thupi m'menemo abwerezedwa pa nthawi yonse interphase ndi kutsirizitsa kapena selo imfa kapena kugawikana ake. Self-kubalana ndi chinsinsi kuteteza moyo wonse pambuyo kutha kwa ina chamoyo. Pa kukula kwa maselo kuposa kuloŵerera dissimilation, kuchuluka ikukula mofulumira kuposa pamwamba. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, njira moyo selo mochedwa, kuyamba kusintha kwambiri, pa mapeto a omwe maselo kulibe n'zosathekadi, icho chimapita magawano. maselo atsopano ndi kuchuluka mphamvu ndipo thupi anapanga kumapeto kwa ndondomekoyi.

Sikutheka kuti ndikuuzeni zomwe maselo ndi njira ya moyo zili zofunika kwambiri. Iwo zonse ndi zogwirizana ndi tanthauzo ali mobisika ndi mzake. Ang'ono ndi streamlined ntchito njira zomwe alipo muchipindachi, kamodzinso anati nzeru ndi ulemerero wa chilengedwe.