Nyukiliya Mabomba mbiri

Chiyambi cha makumi anai a XX atumwi anali wolemera mu zinthu zofunika kwa sayansi. Analowera ndi kupezedwa kwambiri m'munda wa sayansi ya nyukiliya ndi anatanthauza kwa anthu mwayi waukulu yothandiza kuika latsopano amphamvu gwero la mphamvu. Koma dziko ndale zinthu pa nthawi anatsimikiza kalekale. Kuyesa kwa asayansi m'mayiko ambiri kulongosola ntchito mphamvu nyukiliya m'njira mtendere sizinathandize, chifukwa patsogolo pa aikiwa mu mtima wa kupanga mtundu watsopano wa chida.

Woyamba mu chitukuko cha zida za nyukiliya anagunda United States. Wakhala anayamba ntchito ndi dzina kachidindo "Manhattan Project." Mabomba atatu zinalengedwa pa ntchitoyi, amene anapereka mayina a "Utatu", "Mafuta Man" ndi "Kamnyamata". Bomba "Utatu" anali kuphulitsa mayeso nyukiliya, "Mafuta Man" yagwera pa Nagasaki ndi Hiroshima atomiki kuphulika walandira kuchokera "ana".

Nkhani amapita kuti mu August 1945, ndendende masabata atatu pambuyo chiyesedwe cha woyamba bomba la atomiki, Pulezidenti Harry Truman linalamula mabomba a Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki. Chotero, panali kuphulika atomiki pa Hiroshima, ndipo patapita masiku atatu, bomba chachiwiri yagwera pa Nagasaki pa August 6 chaka chino. Boma American ankakhulupirira kuti kuchita zimenezi kuthetsa nkhondo ya pakati pa United States ndi ku Japan.

Nyukiliya kuphulika anayambitsa mavuto kolosalnye. Pambuyo bomba ndi Mabomba Hiroshima anafa anawerenga anthu za zana limodzi ndi zikwi makumi anayi. Nagasaki anataya anthu za eyite zikwi. Japan sakanachitira mwina koma mudzipereke. Choncho, August 15 chida kugonja yosainidwa ndi boma Japanese. Mu mbiri ya dziko bomba la nyukiliya adalowa mizinda iwiri Japanese, anali mmodzi kuphulika yekha, makamaka umalimbana ndi chiwonongeko cha anthu.

Kuyambira poyambirira kutsegula m'munda wa sayansi ya nyukiliya lolunjika pa ntchito yothandiza zifuno za mtendere, kafukufuku umenewu anapitiriza. Kale mu 1949, boma la Soviet Union, asayansi anayamba kukhala ntchito mphamvu za nyukiliya. Mu masiku a May 1950 anayamba kumanga woyamba mphamvu za nyukiliya chomera dziko pafupi ndi mudzi wa Obninsk, Kaluga dera, monga kale anapezerapo mu zaka zinayi. Patapita zaka zingapo, gawo loyamba la wachiwiri Soviet mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu m'dera Tomsk mu Seversk polima. Mu chaka chomwecho anayamba kumanga siteshoni Beloyarsk mu mzinda Urals wa Zarechny, Sverdlovsk Region. Patapita zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, gawo loyamba la siteshoni anaikidwa mu opareshoni, ndipo patangopita miyezi yochepa kuyambira Beloyarki anapatsidwa mu chipika loyamba la nyukiliya amagetsi pafupi ndi mzinda wa Novovoronezh. Mphamvu zonse, siteshoni zinatsala pambuyo kutumidwa ya Gawo lachiwiri mu 1969. Chaka 1973 zinali zodzaza ndi Launch wa Leningrad mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu.

Pomanga wathuwu nyukiliya magetsi kumpoto Ukraine, pafupi ndi mzinda wa Chernobyl, zinachitikadi mu 1978 ndipo zinatha kukhazikitsidwa kwa unit chachinayi mu 1983. Opaleshoni a malo anali ntchito analephera Union ndiye Soviet. Ngozi Chernobyl sanali yekha. Mu September 1982, pa kukonzanso kwa chipika woyamba wa riyakitala ngozi pa siteshoni, limodzi ndi kutulutsidwa mu chikhalidwe cha mpweya, nthunzi osakaniza nyukiliya. Chifukwa, kumasulidwa kwambiri za gawolo anakhudzidwa, ngakhale akuluakulu anali mwalamulo ananena kuti chilengedwe si bwanji.

A mbali yofunika kwambiri tsogolo la Chernobyl mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu ngozi wachita, umene unachitika mu 1986. Nyukiliya Mabomba Chernobyl bingu mu maola 00 ndi mphindi 23 April 26 pa mayeso a turbogenerator lotsatira. Kuphulika anawononga riyakitala, padenga la holo chopangira mphamvu anakomoka, panali mipando oposa makumi atatu a moto. Ndi 5 koloko m'mawa moto onse yathetsedwa. ngozi Pambuyo ndi mpweya wamphamvu nyukiliya. Pa kuphulika anapha anthu awiri siteshoni, oposa zana anthu anatumizidwa ku Moscow. Chifukwa ngozi, ogwira ntchito oposa zana ndi makumi atatu kwa Chernobyl mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera ndi mwadzidzidzi antchito analandira matenda poizoniyu.

Ambiri, deta zowombetsa mkota wa bomba la nyukiliya ku Chernobyl ali anapha anthu 28, ndi mazana asanu anthu alandira kwambiri cheza mlingo, umene anthu ambiri a zochitika yowawitsa mukuwaona lero lino.