NPP: mfundo ya ntchito ndi chipangizo. Mbiri ya nyukiliya magetsi

M'zaka za m'ma-makumi awiri, maganizo abwino a anthu akhala akugwira ntchito mwakhama pa ntchito ziwiri nthawi imodzi: pa chilengedwe cha bomba la atomiki, ndi za mmene mungagwiritsire ntchito mphamvu atomiki zolinga mtendere. Choncho anaonekera choyamba zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya ku dziko. ndi mfundo za nyukiliya magetsi chiyani? Ndipo pamene m'dzikoli ndi waukulu wa zomera?

History ndi maonekedwe a mphamvu za nyukiliya

"Mphamvu - mutu wa chili chonse" - kotero inu mukhoza olembedwa mofotokozera wotchuka mawu, anapatsidwa cholinga zenizeni za m'ma XXI. Ndi aliyense wozungulira latsopano patsogolo luso la zopangapanga anthu ayenera kukhala yambiri nambala yake. Lero, mphamvu ya "atomu mtendere" chimagwiritsidwa ntchito chuma ndi kupanga, ndipo osati gawo la mphamvu.

The magetsi opangidwa ndi NPP otchedwa (mfundo zomwe lophweka kwenikweni ake), ankagwiritsa ntchito mu makampani, kufufuza malo, mankhwala ndi ulimi.

mphamvu za nyukiliya lotchedwa makampani olemera, omwe akupanga kutentha ndi magetsi ku mphamvu kayendedwe wa maatomu.

Zinaoneka woyamba nyukiliya magetsi? Mfundo ntchito mphamvu, asayansi Soviet afufuza kumbuyo mu 40s lapansi. Mwa njira, ikufanana komanso anatulukira koyamba atomiki bomba. Choncho atomu anali imodzi ndi "mtendere", ndipo amapha.

Mu 1948 I. V. Kurchatov adati boma Union anayamba kugwira ntchito mofulumira m'zigawo mphamvu nyukiliya. Patapita zaka ziwiri, mu Soviet Union (mu Obninsk) akuyamba kumanga woyamba mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera pa dziko.

Mfundo ntchito zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya ofanana, koma dziwitsani n'kosavuta. Tikambirana zina.

NPP: opareshoni (chithunzi ndi kufotokozera)

The ntchito iliyonse nyukiliya magetsi ndi titangokhalako umene umachitika pa fission nyukiliya atomu. Mu ndondomekoyi, zambiri zokhudza maatomu a ureniamu-235 kapena nyukiliyazo basi. Zokhala maatomu ukugawa nyutironi kulowa mmenemo kuchokera kunja. Izi zinagwira neutrons latsopano ndi makombo fission, amene waukulu kayendedwe mphamvu. Monga mphamvu imeneyi ndipo ndi yaikulu ndi kiyi mankhwala zochita za aliyense nyukiliya magetsi

Choncho n'zotheka kufotokoza mfundo za machitidwe a mphamvu za nyukiliya riyakitala. Mu chithunzi lotsatira inu mukhoza kuwona momwe icho chikuwonekera kuchokera mkati.

Pali mitundu zitatu za nyukiliya:

• muzithera mkulu mphamvu riyakitala (chidule - RBMK);
• madzi-madzi riyakitala (PWR);
• kudya breeder riyakitala (BN).

Payokha m'pofunika pofotokoza mfundo ya ntchito NPP wonse. Kuti mudziŵe mmene ntchito ayankhidwa m'nkhani yotsatira.

Mfundo zikugwira ntchito ya NPP (chiwembu)

Nyukiliya magetsi ukugwira akamaziwononga ndi zinthu ndi mosamalitsa kumatanthauza. Kuwonjezera pa riyakitala nyukiliya (chimodzi kapena zingapo), mu dongosolo nyukiliya ndi zikuphatikizapo machitidwe ena, maofesi wapadera ndi ndodo kwambiri oyenerera. ndi mfundo za nyukiliya magetsi chiyani? Mwachidule akhoza anafotokoza motere.

The mbali yaikulu ya nyukiliya aliyense - ndi riyakitala nyukiliya imene pali njira zonse zoyambirira. Za zomwe zikuchitika riyakitala, ife analemba mu gawo m'mbuyomu. Nyukiliya mafuta (zambiri, nthawi zambiri ureniamu) mu mawonekedwe a pellets yaing'ono wakuda akudyetsedwa mu mphika waukulu.

The mphamvu anamasulidwa pa zochita zikuchitika mu riyakitala nyukiliya, ndi n'kukhala kutentha ndi kunditumiza ku coolant ndi (zambiri, ndi madzi). Tikumbukenso kuti kutentha kutengerapo sing'anga mu ndondomeko imeneyi ndipo amalandira mlingo wina wa poizoni.

Komanso, kutentha kwa coolant ndi kunditumiza ku madzi wamba (kudzera mwa zipangizo wapadera - coils), omwe chifukwa cha kuwira. Madzi nthunzi amene Motero anapanga, imazungulira chopangira mphamvu ya. Jenereta yamasika zikugwirizana ndi zomwe amapanga mphamvu ya magetsi.

Choncho, mfundo ya ntchito NPP - izo ziri chimodzimodzi matenthedwe magetsi. Kusiyana komwe kulipo ndi mmene njira amapanga nthunzi.

Geography mphamvu nyukiliya

Mayiko asanu yopanga mphamvu za nyukiliya motere:

1. US.
2. France.
3. Japan.
4. Russia.
5. Korea South.

Mu nkhani iyi, United States, wobala chaka biliyoni 864 kWh popanga 20% ya magetsi lathuli.

Dziko lonse 31 membala limati zikugwira ntchito mphamvu za nyukiliya okwerera. awiri okha (Antarctica ndi Australia) ali mfulu kwathunthu mphamvu nyukiliya ku mayiko onse a dziko.

Pakali pano, 388 nyukiliya ikugwira ntchito padziko lapansi. Komabe, 45 mwa iwo ali kale theka chaka si kupanga magetsi. Ambiri a nyukiliya yomwe imakhala mu Japan ndi ku United States. Malizitsani madera awo kwake mapu zotsatirazi. Green akuimira m'mayiko nyukiliya alipo, anapatsidwa chiwerengero chawo mu State makamaka.

Kukula kwa mphamvu za nyukiliya m'mayiko osiyanasiyana

Cacikulu, monga a 2014 chitukuko cha mphamvu nyukiliya pali kuchepa ambiri. Atsogoleri pomanga mathanki zatsopano za nyukiliya maiko atatu ali Russia, India ndi China. Komanso, ambiri limanena kuti mulibe nyukiliya zomera mphamvu, zomanga iwo posachedwapa. Kwa iwo monga Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia ndi mayiko North Africa.

Komano, angapo States zikumanga kuchepetsa pang'onopang'ono kwa chiwerengero cha zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya. Zikuphatikizapo Germany, Belgium ndi Switzerland. Komanso m'mayiko ena (Italy, Austria, Denmark, Uruguay) Mphamvu nyukiliya yoletsedwa pa mlingo malamulo.

The mavuto chachikulu cha mphamvu za nyukiliya

Ndi chitukuko cha mphamvu nyukiliya kugwirizana chidwi vuto zachilengedwe. Izi otchedwa matenthedwe kuipitsa. Choncho, maganizo a akatswiri ambiri, mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera kupanga kutentha kuposa mphamvu yomweyo ya zomera matenthedwe mphamvu. Oopsa kwambiri, makamaka kwa kutenthetsa madzi kuipitsa kuti akuphwanya zinthu zachilengedwe za moyo wa zamoyo kwachilengedwenso ndi kumabweretsa imfa mitundu yambiri ya nsomba.

Vuto lina pachimake kugwirizana ndi mphamvu ya nyukiliya nyukiliya nkhawa chitetezo ambiri. Pakuti loyamba anthu nthawi ayenera kuganizira mofatsa za vuto pambuyo Chernobyl tsoka mu 1986. Mfundo ya Chernobyl ntchito mphamvu za nyukiliya chomera si wosiyana kwambiri ndi wa mbewu zina mphamvu za nyukiliya. Komabe, sanali kumupulumutsa ku lalikulu ndi ngozi yoopsa kwambiri, chimene chinapangitsa ndi mavuto aakulu kwambiri lonse la kum'mawa kwa Ulaya.

Kuwonjezera pamenepo, ngozi za mphamvu za nyukiliya Sichikupezeka ngozi munthu. Choncho, pali mavuto aakulu ndi kutaya zinyalala nyukiliya.

Ubwino wa mphamvu za nyukiliya

Komabe, kumbali ya mphamvu za nyukiliya amatchedwa ndi ubwino wake wa zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya. Makamaka, World Association nyukiliya posachedwapa anamasulidwa lipoti ake deta ndi chidwi kwambiri. Malinga ndi iye, chiwerengero cha anthu ophedwa kuti ayende yopanga gigawatt wina kwa mphamvu za nyukiliya m'badwo, nthawi 43 ang'onoang'ono kuposa ochiritsira zomera matenthedwe mphamvu.

Pali ena, n'kofunika, phindu. akuti:

• cheapness kupanga magetsi;
• zachilengedwe ukhondo mphamvu nyukiliya (kupatulapo kuipitsa matenthedwe);
• kusowa georeferencing okhwima zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya ku Magwero akulu mafuta.

m'malo mapeto

choyamba amagetsi nyukiliya dziko inamangidwa mu 1950. Mfundo ntchito zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya gulu la atomu mothandizidwa ndi nyutironi. ndi zedi mphamvu anamasulidwa mu ndondomeko imeneyi.

Zingatanthauze kuti mphamvu za nyukiliya - basi phindu kwa anthu. Komabe, mbiri watsimikizira ayi. Makamaka, akuluakulu awiri tsoka - ngozi pa Soviet Chernobyl mphamvu za nyukiliya chomera mu 1986 ndi ngozi pa Japanese magetsi Fukushima-1 mu 2011 - anasonyeza kuopsa anafunsa ndi "mtendere" atomu. Ndipo m'mayiko ambiri masiku ano, anayamba kuganiza za kusiyidwa tsankho kapena wathunthu kwa mphamvu za nyukiliya.