Nkhani ya "Spasskaya Polist" Radishcheva: Mwachidule, mfundo yaikulu ndi kusanthula mankhwala

"Ulendo ku St. Petersburg ku Moscow" ali mitu zitatu: wunika wa autocracy ndi serfdom, funso la kusapeŵeka kusintha. Radishchev ntchito imeneyi kosaoneka nako akuyandikira zimathandizadi anajambulapo mfundo zenizeni. Buku ndi wapadera kuti asonkhane zosiyanasiyana Mitundu, kuchokera Kunena kuti zokambirana nthanthi ndi makalata kuti zophiphiritsa lapansi. Onsewa "zidutswa" ndi kulowa lonse ntchito chithunzithunzi cha chachikale chinkawavuta autocratic boma ndi serfdom. Komanso mtanda kudula khalidwe ndi wapaulendo, ngakhale kuti mu mutu uliwonse pali chiwembu, ndi ungwiro wake compositional.

Spasskaya Polist

Mmodzi wa pachimake chaputala umoyo-yovuta kaye "Spasskaya Polist". Iye akufotokoza mawunikidwe Radishcheva za kuopsa autocracy. Kuti pali nkhani ya akazembe, ndi ntchito ndalama zolinga zina kuposa yothandiza anthu, ndi mwa maikidwe munthu (anapeza oysters). Ndipo wachiwiri wake, chifukwa cha 'kumvera' kwa utumiki, analimbikitsa. Kuti pali kuba ndi kukondera. Ndimalota Traveler - ndi zophiphiritsa satirical chonsecho cha ulamuliro wa Catherine II. Malinga ndi wolemba, ndi mu ufumu wake ndi kuvunda kwa autocracy yoipa pachimake. Makamaka bwino inachokera mu mutu wakuti "Spasskaya Polist".

Radishchev - Russian demokalase ndi anthu chithunzi cha m'ma XVIII, amene anapanga amathandiza kwambiri chikhalidwe Russian, mabuku ndi ganizo chikhalidwe. Mu mutu wakuti "Spasskaya Polist", monga lonse "ulendo", wolemba amalankhula m'malo mwa alimi akuponderezedwa ndiponso kutopa kunena maganizo awo poyankha opondereza anzawo. Panali mndandanda wina amenewa ndi maganizo chosintha a wolemba, woyambitsa wa ntchito zikuluzikulu, zimene zinaphatikizapo mutu wa "Spasskaya Polist" (kusanthula adzatsimikizira izi).

kufufuza

Kusindikiza mankhwala akhoza sakwanitsa, ngakhale Constantine Ryleev anachiphonya icho, musati ngakhale kuwerenga. Ndiye wolemba okonzeka yosindikiza komanso anayamba kugulitsa makope 25. 600 otsala anasiya kunyumba. Ngakhale zidutswa twente-faifi zokwanira mzinda "munkachitikira." Rumor anafika Catherine. Mfumukazi anali wokwiya kwambiri. Ngakhale kudzibisa wa olemba "Ulendo" Radishchev Mwachangu anapeza. Kwa nthawi yaitali panali zotsatira. Pamaso pa wolemba anali ndi zolinga zitatu: osati kupereka anzake kuteteza ana ndi kupulumutsa miyoyo yawo. Iwo inatha chakuti kuphedwa wakhala m'malo mwa kutchula Siberia. Choncho "wopanduka ndi woipa kuposa Pugachev" moyo. Radishchev anadzipha pamene, atabwerako kuukapolo anazindikira kuti kuzunzidwa sinathe.

Ndipotu

Buku Radishchev (ndi ena mitu, monga "Mpulumutsi Polist"), ndi lingaliro lalikulu - padzuwa la serfdom. Catherine anaona kuti analankhula za French kuukira boma, koma ndi ambiri zochitika zonse anauziridwa ndi zenizeni Russian. Msonkhano uliwonse wapaulendo kumawonjezera okha kudalira mwankhanza ndi sikelo ziphuphu ofala mu dziko. Wolemba sanazengereze poyera kutsutsa serfdom. Iye akuitana chiwawa chimenechi ndi munthu ndi m'thupi ndi m'makhalidwe. "Spasskaya Polist" inamangidwa pa Mosiyana za ukulu kunja wa ufumu ndi kuvunda ake mkati mwa despotism. A kusiyana kwakukulu pakati wolemba chimagwirizanitsa pabwalo, namiza amadyerera ndi beggary Russia. Kupezeka kukusonyeza kuti akuluakulu pali anthu angathe kuuma. M'zigawozigawo anasonyeza zithunzi katundu wakampani ndi olanda, ogwira ndi ankhanza. Onse womangidwa ndi udindo mwagwirizana ndi kuganiza yekha mmene kuonjezera udindo wanu ndi zambiri kulanda wamba. Nkhani ya "Spasskaya Polist" izo akupereka mu kuwala.

Kupeza njira

Kutsutsa Radishchev ndi ŵakusanga absolutism, ndi izo, atsogoleri achipembedzo komanso mpingo. Iwo, monga Radishchev, ndi ogwira waukulu wa mphamvu yonse mu kupondereza serfs lapansi. Ndi njira yokhayo yotulukira imeneyi ndi kusintha. Wolemba limanena kuti anthu anabwera monyanyira lapansi. Izi zinali mphindi pamene chiwawa kulanda chiwawa.

Mu maganizo a Radishchev mu Russia mulole Republican boma, limene maziko - chuma payekha. Iwo ali ndi ufulu kwa munthu aliyense. Ndiko kuti, kupasula Mafumu kupeza alimi dziko. Ndithudi, iye ankadziwa kuti zonsezi sadzabwera mawa. Choyamba, ulimi ziyenera kuchitika mu maganizo a anthu wamba, ndiyeno yekha kwenikweni.

chidule

Mu mutu wakuti "Spasskaya Polist" limafotokoza nkhani ya mmene msewu wopita Polist mnzake wapaulendo akumuuza nkhani yake. Chilichonse chokhudza iye anali wabwino, mkazi wanga, koma posakhalitsa. The Hitcher ananyengedwa ndi mnzake, kubweretsa lamanzere nyemba, koma ngongole. The mkazi pakati pa kusokonezeka kwa mitsempha anabereka asanakalambe. Ngakhale mwana kapena mayi anapulumuka. Ndipo ambiri ananyengedwa anakabisala. Traveler modzipereka akumvetsa ndi mnzake, ndipo ngakhale ukapezeka m'malo mwa wamkulu wolamulira, chilungamo ndi ubwino, amene limamasula dziko, anthu osangalala. Koma mwadzidzidzi chophimba imagwera pa maso wolamulirayo, ndipo amaona kuti kwenikweni dziko imawonongeka, ndi mphamvu kuti akhale ponseponse. Izi ndi mutu wa "Spasskaya Polist", mwachidule amene anapereka pamwamba.

wapaulendo

Polemba chinenero "ulendo" amalola ngwazi anu kusintha kwa chomaliza mankhwala, komanso kupeza choonadi. apaulendo Radishcheva ndi ndani? Sitingathe kunena kuti iye ndi mlembi yekha. Mfundo kwa mankhwala, tikudziwa pafupifupi chilichonse chokhudza mfundo za mbiri yake. Iwo zotayana mu chaputala osiyana mu ndithu pang'ono. Iye ndi woimira boma la osauka ndi otchuka. Wa mankhwala zikuonekeratu kuti alibe mkazi, koma ndi ana. Kumayambiriro kwa "The Maulendo" ngwazi za amakumbukira zochita manyazi, pamene popanda chifukwa iye anamenya coachman wake. Ichi ndi kukumbukira lake limasonyeza kuti asanakwanitse wamba njonda ang'onoang'ono. Mwakumvetsa ndizosowa wa autocracy wapaulendo zoipa anabwera mochedwa. Analapa ngakhale ankafuna kudzipha, monga chinachake anamvetsa mphamvu zosintha. Ngakhale kuti zinthu mthunzi ndi zithunzi za nkhani yomaliza akadali kukhala kwabasi kundiposa. Radishchev adakhulupirira; choncho kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

njira zitatu

Traveler, ndi pamodzi ndi iye ndi Radishchev, afika pozindikira kuti pali njira zitatu zotheka kuchotsa serfdom Russian. kukonzanso uku ( "adalipo"), maphunziro olemekezeka ( "Sacra"), kupanduka ( "Zaitsevo). Ambiri a m'nthawi yake ankakhulupirira kuti wolemba yekha ndi kutsatira za Satana. Koma izi sizili choncho. Radishchev amaona njira zonse zitatu, ndipo aliyense wa iwo kulipira msonkho.

Ndi mpingo

Man Radishchev ankakhulupirira kuti kugwa kwa makhalidwe, chivundi paliponse ndipo wachiwiri cholukanalukana ndi mzake. Pa mutu ya nthandala mpingo ndi autocracy. Wolemba zakhudza onse: ndipo kufufuza, ndi bwalo Regal, ndi chiwerewere anthu mu mphamvu. gwero la chimwemwe kwa mwini ndi kuyamba wathanzi, amene sanabadwe anataya anthu. Pamenepa ndi pamene wolemba woutsata ndi ikugwirizananso ndi chiyembekezo cha owala bwino. Ndipotu, ngakhale chirichonse, anthu ntchito, kukhala ndi kusangalala. Ilo liri mu wamba wolemba yosavuta akuona tsogolo la dziko. Osati motsutsa autocracy anapanga Radishchev, komanso ndi malangizo reactionary, monga Freemasonry. Iwo zimalepheretsa anthu ku amchigulu nakhala maganizo ake zamkhutu. Abwino Radishchev - munthu wolimba amene amakhala moyo wa Russia, radeyuschie choonadi. Kumene, Radishchev anamupeza moyo wake zaka zana limodzi. Today ife tikuyamikira nyota wake pamaso Lathu.