Njira Luso mu mabuku: zoyimira ndi zitsanzo

Monga mukudziwa, mawu unit yaikulu ya chinenero, komanso zofunika kwambiri chigawo chimodzi cha njira luso. Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino chinenero kwakukulukulu ndiyo expressiveness wa kulankhula.

M'nkhani ya mawu - chapadera dziko, galasi la wolemba maganizo ndi ubale ku chenicheni. The lemba zolembalemba ali zophiphiritsira chabe ake molondola, wapadera choonadi otchedwa luso mavumbulutso awo mwa nkhani mbali chinenero yozungulira.

Munthu kuzindikira za m'dzikoli umaonekera lembali mothandizidwa ndi mawu zophiphiritsira chabe. Ndipotu, luso - makamaka ndi kudzikonda mawu a munthu. Zolembalemba nsalu walukidwa kuchokera mafanizo kulenga mafunde, ndiponso ntchito maganizo chifanizo cha ntchito yaluso. Mu mawu pali mfundo zina, chapadera stylistic mitundu, kupanga mtundu wa dziko kuti tipeza ndi kuwerenga lemba.

Osati mabuku komanso m'kamwa, kulankhula colloquial ife ntchito popanda kuganiza, njira zosiyanasiyana akuti luso, kuti mukapatse kutengeka, kukopa, zithunzi. Tiyeni tiwone chimene luso zipangizo ndi chinenero cha Chirasha.

Makamaka izo zimathandiza kuti ntchito limaonetseratu za mafanizo, kotero tiyeni tiyambe nawo.

fanizo

njira Luso mabuku sangathe kulingalira popanda kutchulanso zofunika ambiri a iwo - mophiphiritsira. Izi ndi njira kulenga chithunzi chinenero cha dziko pamaziko a kale m'chilankhulo cha makhalidwe.

Mitundu ya mafanizo ndi izi:

1. Mantha, wolema, youma kapena mbiri (uta mu ngalawa singano).
2. Okuluwika - kugonjetsedwa mphako kuphatikiza mawu amene adzalandira kutengeka, mafanizo reproducibility mu chokumbukira okamba nkhani ambiri, expressivity (akufa chithunzithunzi chatsekedwa bwalo, etc ...).
3. A fanizo umodzi (mwachitsanzo, pokhala mtima).
4. Zinachitika (mtima - "belu zadothi China mu yellow" - Nikolai Gumilyov).
5. Traditional ndakatulo (m'mawa wa moyo, moto wa chikondi).
6. Aliyense payekha wolemba (hump owaka miyala).

Komanso, fanizo kungakhale imodzi zophiphiritsa chimake, ndi hyperbola, olembedwa mofotokozera, meiosis, litotes ndi njira zina.

Mawu akuti "fanizo" latembenuzidwa kuchokera ku mawu a Chigiriki "kutengerapo". Pankhaniyi tikulimbana ndi kulanda maina nkhani wina ndi mzake. Kuti kunali kotheka, iwo ayenera kukhala zina zofanana, iwo ayenera kukhala penapake ofanana. Mawu akuti ndi mawuwo ntchito mophiphiritsira chifukwa cha kufanana kwa zochitika ziwiri kapena zinthu zina malo.

Chifukwa cha kusintha ngati chifanizo analenga. Choncho fanizo - mmodzi wa njira wotchuka kwambiri mawu a zojambulajambula, mawu a ndakatulo. Komabe, pakalibe njira izi sizitanthauza pakalibe mawu a ntchito.

Fanizo akhoza kukhala wophweka kapena kukodzedwa. Mu zaka mazana makumi awiri nakhalanso ntchito zinatumizidwa ndakatulo, ndi chikhalidwe cha kusintha wophweka kwambiri.

metonymy

Metonymy - ndi imodzi mwa mitundu ya mafanizo. Tamasulira kuchokera ku mawu achigiriki otanthauza "Sinthani dzina", ndiye pali kulanda dzina la chinthu wina ndi mzake. Metonymy ndi m'malo ena mawu ena pa maziko a adjacency analipo a ziwiri zachikunja, zinthu, ndi zina zotero. D. Izi alipo pa mtengo mwachindunji laputopu lapansi. Mwachitsanzo: "ndinadya mbale ziwiri." Kusakaniza mfundo zakayendesedwe awo ndi zotheka chifukwa zinthuzo moyandikana, ndi adjacency akhale nthawi, mu malo, ndi zina zotero. D.

synecdoche

Synecdoche - mtundu wa metonymy. Tamasulira kuchokera ku mawu achigiriki otanthauza "malumikizanidwe." Khalidwe limeneli kutengerapo akugwirizira pamene, mmalo mwa akuluakulu otchedwa kochepa, kapena mosinthanitsa; m'malo gawo - lonse, ndi mosemphanitsa. Mwachitsanzo: "Malinga Moscow."

epithet

njira Luso mu mabuku, mndandanda umene tili tsopano ayima, sikutheka kulingalira popanda epithet lapansi. chithunzi ichi, kudutsa, zosangalatsa tanthauzo la mawu kapena mawu a munthu, chodabwitsa ndi, chinthu kapena kanthu kwa zotengera malingaliridwe udindo wa mlembi.

Mu Greek, ndi mawu otanthauza "ntchito, kugwiritsa ntchito", ndiye, mu mlandu wathu, mawu amodzi woyang'anira ena.

The epithet wa tanthauzo la kumodzi kusiyana ndi mawu ake luso.

achipongwe zonse ntchito folklore monga njira kalembedwe, komanso mmodzi mwa njira yofunika kwambiri ya akuti luso. M'lingaliro mosamala mawu amenewa mayendedwe mwini yekha mwa iwo, amene ntchito mawu mophiphiritsa, monga kuyenera otchedwa achipongwe enieni amene anasonyeza mwa mawu m'lingaliro lenileni (wofiira mabulosi, maluwa okongola). Kodi zooneka ndi mawu mophiphiritsa. achipongwe amatchedwa mophiphiritsa. dzina Metonymic angakhalenso maziko njira imeneyi.

Oxymoron - mtundu wa epithet, otchedwa zosiyana achipongwe, n'kupanga osakaniza ndi nauni moyang'anizana nawo pa tanthauzo la mawu (kudana chikondi, achimwemwe chisoni).

poyerekeza

Kuyerekezera - njira imene chinthu chimodzi amakhala kudzera poyerekeza ndi ena. Kuti ndi kufanana kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana za kufanana umene uli zoonekeratu ndi zosayembekezereka, kutali. Kawirikawiri chimaoneka ndi mawu ena. "Chabe," "monga," "maonekedwe" "ngati" kufananitsa amathanso kutenga maonekedwe a nkhani malangizo.

kutengera

Pofotokoza njira luso mu mabuku, m'pofunika kutchula ndi zina zofanana. Ndi mtundu wa fanizo, kuimira gawo la katundu wa anthu chifukwa zinthu zachilengedwe zopanda moyo. Nthawi zambiri analengedwa kuti potchula zochitika zofanana zachilengedwe anthu ozindikira. Umunthu ndi Inasamutsanso kwa katundu wa nyama anthu.

Okokomeza ndi litotes

Dziwani maluso amenewa akuti luso mabuku monga hyperbola ndi litotes.

Okokomeza (yomasulira - "kukokomeza") - mmodzi wa njira yosonyezera mawu, ndi chithunzi ndi mtengo wa kukokomeza zimene uli pangozi.

Litotes (yomasulira - "zosavuta") - okokomeza zosiyana - kwambiri understatement zomwe zikuchitika (Tom chala, m'mphawi ndi fingernail a).

Monyoza, Izitu n'zovutitsa ndi nthabwala

Akupitiriza kulongosola njira luso mu mabuku. Ife yothandizana mndandanda wa monyoza, Izitu n'zovutitsa ndi nthabwala.

• Monyoza latembenuzidwa kuchokera ku mawu a Chigiriki "dzenje nyama." N'zodabwitsa, wachipongwe amanyoza snide ndemanga. Ngati inu ntchito mawu onyoza amalenga zotsatira azithunzithunzi, koma pa nthawi yomweyo pali mwachionekere ndi maganizo ndi maganizo kuwunika.
• Izitu n'zovutitsa The likumasuliridwa kuti "lotereli ndi", "kunyozedwa". Kumachitika pamene mawu anati chinthu chimodzi ndipo chimatanthawuza chinachake chosiyana kwambiri, zosiyana.
• Nthabwala - mmodzi wa njira lexical mawu akuti, amatanthauza "maganizo", "makhalidwe". Mu azithunzithunzi ndi ophiphiritsa chingakhale olembedwa ntchito zina yonse imene pali lilime mu chikhalidwe poyerekezera ndi chinachake. Mwachitsanzo, nkhani "bilimankhwe" A. P. Chehova, ndi nthano zambiri I. A. Krylova.

Mafomu njira luso mu mabuku sikuthera pamenepo. Kupereka chidwi chanu zotsatirazi.

grotesque

Njira zofunika kwambiri luso mabuku komanso ndi grotesque. Mawu "grotesque" amatanthauza "zosamvetsetseka", "chodabwitsa." Njira imeneyi luso chimapanga kuphwanya anapangira chododometsa, zinthu, zochitika, amasonyezera pa ntchito. Ambiri ntchito zaluso Mwachitsanzo, Saltykov-Shchedrin ( "Golovlevs", "Mbiri ya Town", nthano). Izi njira luso zochokera kusinjirira. Komabe, mmene ake kuposa mafanizo okokomeza.

Monyoza, Izitu n'zovutitsa, nthabwala ndi grotesque - otchuka njira luso mu mabuku. Zitsanzo za zitatu zoyambirira - nkhani A. P. Chehova ndi N. N. Gogolya. J. grotesque zilandiridwenso. Swift (mwachitsanzo, "Maulendo Gulliver a").

ndi njira luso ntchito ndi wolemba (Saltykov-Shchedrin) kulenga buku "Golovlevs" chifaniziro cha Yudasi chiyani? Inde, grotesque. Izitu n'zovutitsa ndi amvekere alipo mu ndakatulo ya Mayakovsky. Nthabwala wodzazidwa mankhwala Zoschenko, Shukshina, Prutkov. Izi njira luso mabuku, zitsanzo zimene ife mowerenga, monga momwe mukuonera, izo anagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi olemba Russian.

pun

Pun - fanizo, lomwe ndi dala kapena musanaganizire ambiguities akuwuka pamene ntchito pa nkhani ya matanthauzo awiri kapena kuposa kapena kufanana kwa liwu lawo. mitundu yake - paronomasia, etymologization onyenga, zeugma ndi mfundo.

puns The pun zochokera homonyms ndi ambiguities. Awa, pali nthabwala. njira izi luso mabuku angapezeke mu ntchito za Vladimir Mayakovsky, Omar Khayyam, Kozmy Prutkova, A. P. Chehova.

A okuluwika - ndichiyani?

Mawu "chithunzi" ku Latin zikutanthauza "maonekedwe, mawonekedwe, fano. Liwu limeneli lili ndi matanthauzo ambiri. Kodi amanena mawu akuti onena za luso la kulankhula? njira Syntactic mawu akuti, kunena manambalawo: exclamations losafuna, mafunso chithandizo.

ndi "njira" amatanthauza chiyani?

"Kodi inu mumawatcha njira luso kuti anagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti mophiphiritsa?" - Inu kufunsa. Mawu akuti "njinga" amaphatikizidwa njira zosiyanasiyana kuti: epithet, mafanizo, metonymy, fanizoli, synecdoche, litotes, okokomeza, yemwe ndi ena. Ntchito yomasulira mawu akuti "njira" amatanthauza "wanji." Kuchokera wamba kulankhula luso losiyana chakuti amagwiritsa patsogolo wapadera zokongoletsera, zimene zapangitsa kuti limaonetseratu kwambiri. njira zosiyanasiyana akuti ntchito zosiyanasiyana masitaelo. Zofunika kwambiri maganizo "limaonetseratu" kulankhula luso - luso mameseji, mogometsa kupereka zokongoletsa ndi maganizo yaikulu owerenga, kulenga zithunzi ndakatulo ndi zithunzi.

Ife tonse tikukhala m'dziko la phokoso. Ena mwa iwo zimativutitsa maganizo abwino, pamene ena nkhawa, oopsa, oopsa, kapena zimabweretsa bata tulo. phokoso osiyana kuonetsa zithunzi zosiyanasiyana. Kudzera kuwaphatikiza akhoza maganizo zimakhudza anthufe. Kuwerenga zosemasema mabuku Russian ndi nthano timazindikira iwo kuwomba makamaka pachimake.

njira zofunika kupanga akuti phokoso

• Alliteration - kubwereza kwa zilembo zofanana kapena zofanana.
• Assonance - dala kubwereza kwa za mawu mogwirizana.

Nthawi zambiri, alliteration ndi assonance ntchito mu ntchito pa nthawi yomweyo. njira izi anafuna zimabweretsa mayanjano osiyana mu owerenga.

Chikuonetseratu zvukopisi mu zopeka

Zvukopis - ndi njira luso ndi ntchito mawu ena mu dongosolo yeniyeni kulenga chithunzi ena, ndiye kusankha mawu motengera zikumveka zenizeni dziko. Kuvomereza izi mu mabuku ntchito mu ndakatulo ndi prose.

Zvukopisi mitundu:

1. Assonance - anawamasulira ku French amatanthauza "mogwirizana". Assonance ndi mawu a za mawu ofanana kapena ofanana zikumveka m'lembali kulenga ena lamayimbidwe fano. Imalimbikitsa mawu a mawu, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi olemba ndakatulo mu mungoli, nyimbo ndakatulo.
2. Alliteration - kuchokera mawu achigiriki "kalata". Njira imeneyi ndi kubwereza kwa zilembo pa luso lemba kulenga chithunzi phokoso, kuti kupangitsa limaonetseratu ndakatulo.
3. Onomatopoeia - kulanda mawu enieni, zikumveka amatikumbutsa zochitika za dziko, Makutu yamunthu.

Izi njira luso m'mavesi sizachilendo kwambiri, popanda mawu ndakatulo zingakhale mosangalatsa.