Ndi neoplastic njira chiyani?

Ambiri amaopa kupeza khansa, ndi zoona. matenda ndi oopsa komanso ankhanza. Dzitetezeni zotsatira chifukwa khansara ndi m'malo chachiwiri, kumbuyo okha ulamuliro imfa matenda a mtima. Nthawi zina madokotala anandipeza ndi "njira neoplastic." tanthauzo, kumene si odwala ena onse. Ena amaganiza kuti ichi ndi chinachake chabwino kapena si owopsa. Ndipotu, monga matenda ndi chimodzimodzi njira neoplastic wochitika khansa. Iwo zimakhudza anthu a mibadwo yonse, kuphatikizapo ana, akhoza kukhala chiwalo chilichonse ndi minofu iliyonse ya thupi kwa nthawi yaitali analibe zotsatira kuposa n'lovuta kwambiri ndi kuvutika kuti madokotala ananena zawo. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za chimayambitsa khansa, makamaka chitukuko ndi njira mankhwala.

The etiology a zotupa

njira Neoplastic m'njira yosiyana amatchedwa neoplasia, amene anawamasulira amatanthauza "kukula latsopano". Bwino yaitali zodabwitsazi - chotupa, kutanthauza nthenda, amaika, kukula kusalankhula maselo nthenda zimene zingakhudze minofu iliyonse thupi. Neoplastic ndondomeko angayambe ndi kusintha mu selo imodzi, koma kusiyanitsidwa monga mwa dongosolo analandira mayiko kokha pamene 1/3 maselo onse chiwalo chilichonse wotaya makhalidwe ake akale ndi amasuntha mu dziko latsopano. Choncho, chiyambi cha mapangidwe a maselo a khansa ndi chofunika kuti chitukuko cha matenda, koma zimenezi si koma ankaona. Nthawi zambiri, ndondomeko neoplastic kumayambira malo amodzi. Akutukuka umatchedwa chotupa chachikulu. M'tsogolo, kusintha pathological okhudza ntchito ziwalo zonse za anthu, ndi matenda amakhala zokhudza zonse. Taganizirani makhalidwe a maselo a khansa.

Chigawo

Thupi lathu linapangidwa mamiliyoni maselo. Iwo asemphana khalidwe mu dongosolo malinga pa limba kapena minofu ntchito, ndiwo. Koma onse imvera lamulo wamba - kuonetsetsa viability wa dongosolo lonse. Pa moyo wa mukachipinda, pali kusintha selo yotsatana kuti si kugwirizana ndi ndondomeko neoplastic ndipo akutsatira lamulo, amene amapereka thupi lake. Mwachitsanzo, chulutsa (Chigawo) maselo yachibadwa akuyamba kokha pamene amalandira chizindikiro yoyenera kuchokera kunja. Im ndi kukhalapo mu chikhalidwe sing'anga ndi 20% seramu ndi kukula zinthu. mfundozi, ntchito zolandilira yeniyeni zimafalitsidwa kwa "dongosolo" selo kugawanika (kaphatikizidwe mwana mamolekyulu) a DNA, ndiye kugawikana. maselo a khansa musati amafuna malangizo. Akugwirizana mmene iye amasangalala, unpredictably ndi kumangolira.

Chachiwiri zosasintha malamulo maselo yachibadwa n'lakuti amayamba kuuza Koma ngati zophatikiza kuti wina extracellular masanjidwewo, monga fibronectin kwa fibroblasts ndi. Ngati palibe kuphatikana, ngakhale pali malangizo a kunja magawano zimachokeradi. A selo khansa masanjidwewo ndi safuna. Atakhala mu kusinthika, iye amapanga yake "timu" pamwamba pa magawano, amene mokhulupirika udzapereka.

Chiwerengero cha kugawikana

maselo Normal moyo, nkuti, mu dera wochezeka ya mtundu wawo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti magawano, kukula ndi chitukuko cha mmodzi wa iwo alibe kungapondereze kuli wina. Zimavuta ndi mzake ndipo akudikila "Order" cytokines (mudziwe mamolekyulu), iwo Kusiya zikupitiriza, pamene Mwamsanga kufunika kwa chamoyo. Mwachitsanzo, fibroblasts chomwecho kugawa mpaka kulenga monolayer wandiweyani komanso kukhazikitsa ojambula selo. Specific neoplastic ndondomeko yodziwika ndi chakuti maselo nthenda, ngakhale ali kale kwambiri, udzapitirizabe kuchulukitsa, kumakwawa pa wina ndi mzake, kufinya maselo wapafupi, kuwawononga ndi kuphana. maselo a khansa samva kuti "malamulo" zoletsa cytokine kukula kusiya kugawa, ndipo pambali, iwo lekani ndi kubalana akuwuka pa ntchito zawo sinali bwino, monga hypoxia, kusowa nucleotides. Komanso, zinthu azitengapo kwambiri - anayamba kusokoneza kaphatikizidwe maselo yachibadwa thanzi, kukakamiza iwo kutulutsa zinthu Sikuti iwo ndi kofunika okha, motero kusokoneza kagayidwe. Komanso, maselo a khansa amatha kudutsa mu mwazi kukakhala panopa wake m'thupi ndi kukhazikika mu zimakhala ena kutali ndi chotupa chachikulu, ie, metastasize.

chosafa

Mu dziko palibe wosatha. maselo wathanzi komanso ndi moyo imene akamagwira chiwerengero chawo ndinapatsidwa m'magulu, pang'onopang'ono kukalamba ndi kufa. zodabwitsazi wotchedwa aputosisi. Atatero, thupi amathandiza yoyenera chiwerengero iye mtundu uliwonse selo. njira Neoplastic yodziwika ndi chakuti maselo mutated "kuti aiwale" chiwerengero cha magawano, amene Kwalamulidwa mwa chirengedwe, kotero kufika manambala komaliza udzapitirizabe kuchulukitsa zina. Ndiko kuti, luso kukalamba ndi kufa. Pa nthawi yomweyo katundu wapadera wa maselo a khansa kupeza wina - kuphwanya zosiyanasiyana, ndiko kuti, zotupa simungathe kupanga maselo yeniyeni kuti lithe mapuloteni zofunika, ndipo iwo anayamba kuchulukana asanafike kukhwima.

neoangiogenesis

Mbali yapadera khansa ndi luso lawo wokangalika angiogenesis, i.e., mapangidwe ziwiya latsopano magazi. Mu thupi wathanzi, angiogenesis amapezeka mu kuchuluka zazing'ono, mwachitsanzo, mu mapangidwe zipsera mu machiritso kapena kutupa foci. njira Neoplastic mobwerezabwereza kuwonjezera ntchito ya thupi, chifukwa ngati zotupa mu thupi kukodzedwa siziwoneka Mitsempha, osati onse maselo a khansa mukuyamba zakudya zimene iwo n'chofunikanso. Komanso, ziwiya magazi ntchito popititsa patsogolo zina pamodzi thupi (kupanga metastases).

kusakhazikika majini

Pamene khungu yachibadwa ukugawa, ngati nthambi atalandirapo buku lenileni la izo. Mu zinthu zina mu zolephera zake DNA zidzachitika, ndi pali magawano "Mwana" - ndi owukira, okhala ndi makhalidwe zatsopano. Pamene anali zinamuyendera kugawana, pali ngakhale maselo zambiri losandulizika. njira Neoplastic zimachitika pamene pang'onopang'ono wambirimbiri masinthidwe amenewa. Kusafa kwa maselo amenewa ndi achire awo subordination malamulo chamoyo kumayambitsa mitundu zambiri zilonda ndi kupitirira wofunafuna kukula chotupa.

zifukwa

Selo imayamba kuchita zinthu molakwika chifukwa kusintha DNA. Chifukwa zidzachitika, pamene palibe yankho lenileni, pali chiphunzitso, chimene njira neoplastic angayambe ndi digiri zina za munthu.

1. cholowa majini chingawapangitse kukhala zidakwa. Makhazikitsidwe mitundu 200 khansa chifukwa cha chosayenerera majini izi chibadwa:

'Anayankha kuti ayambe malo zowonongeka DNA;

-regulates ankachita pakati pa maselo;

'Anayankha kuti kupondereza chitukuko chotupa.

2. Chemical zinthu (carcinogens). Malinga ndi kafukufuku ku WHO, ali ndi udindo kwa 75% milandu khansa. Anazindikira carcinogens ndi fodya, nitrosamines, epoxides, chimasanduka zonunkhira - zinthu zoposa 800 ndipo mankhwala awo.

3. thupi wothandizira. Zikuphatikizapo poizoni poizoni kukhudzana ndi kutentha mu choipa.

4. amkati carcinogens. mankhwala anapanga mu chamoyo pa zipolowe m'thupi, kulephera mu njira kagayidwe kachakudya.

5. Oncoviruses. Amakhulupirira kuti pali mtundu wapadera wa HIV kuti akhoza kuthamanga njira neoplastic. Zikuphatikizapo nsungu HIV, papillomavirus, retrovirus, ndi ena.

Osauka chilengedwe, osauka khalidwe chakudya, mkulu maganizo nkhawa kumabweretsa chakuti maselo ZOOPSA anthu mowirikiza akuwonekera, koma chitetezo chawo cha m'thupi detects ndi kumatha nthawi. Ngati chitetezo cha m'thupi amakhala wofooka, maselo nthenda ndi moyo ndipo pamapeto pake khansa.

mitundu ya zotupa

Nthawi zambiri anthu amafunsa, ndondomeko neoplastic, ndi khansa kapena ayi? Yankho mosapita m'mbali kuti iye sali. zotupa onse m'magulu awiri:

-dobrokachestvennye;

-zlokachestvennye.

Chosaopsa ankaona anthu amene maselo akhoza kusiyanitsidwa ndi zomwe musataye metastases.

Mu maselo zilonda chotupa ndi zambiri kwathunthu kutaya kufanana awo kuti minofu kumene kusanduka. nyumba izi ndi kukula mofulumira, luso kusalola (malowedwe mu zimakhala moyandikana ndi ziwalo), ndi metastasis ndi mmene pathological pa chamoyo wonse.

Chosaopsa zotupa popanda mankhwalawa kawirikawiri amatswa zilonda. Kusiyanitsa mitundu amenewa:

-epitelialnye (mulibe malo enieni);

-epitelialnye zotupa za zopangitsa za endocrine ndi chimakwirira;

-mezenhimalnye (zimakhala zofewa);

-Muscular zimakhala;

zipolopolo ubongo;

-organov mantha dongosolo;

-krovi (haemoblast);

-teratomy.

siteji kakulidwe

Tsatirani funso, neoplastic ndondomeko, ndi khansa kapena ayi, ziyenera kuti boma monga precancer anamuona pa pathogenesis a zotupa. Pali mitundu iwiri ya izo:

-obligatny (pafupifupi nthawi zonse kwasanduka khansa);

-fakultativny (kutembenukira khansa si nthawi zonse). Sankhula precancer akhoza kutchulidwa osuta matenda kapena gastritis aakulu.

ndondomeko iliyonse neoplastic woterewu yomweyo, koma pang'ono ndi pang'ono, kawirikawiri kuyambira ndi kusintha atypical onse mu khola chomwecho. Siteji imeneyi imatchedwa mwambo. Choncho khungu kuwoneka oncogenes (jini iliyonse kuti angapatutse m'chipinda zilonda). The odziwika bwino oncogene p53, chimenenso chimafotokoza ndi odana oncogene, kuti akulimbana ndi kukula zotupa, ndipo amawaitana, ndipo pamene kusintha.

Mu gawo lina lotsatira, wotchedwa Kukwezeleza maselo amenewa nthenda kuyamba kugawa.

Mbali yachitatu amatchedwa predinvazivnym. Pankhaniyi, chotupacho chikamakula, koma akuluakulu oyandikana nawo sunafikebe.

Mbali wachinayi - olanda.

Mbali chachisanu - metastasis.

Zizindikiro za ndondomeko neoplastic

Mu gawo loyamba anayamba kudwala alibe kuonekera. Amavutika kwambiri, ngakhale ndi maphunziro monga ultrasound, X-ray, nkhani zosiyanasiyana. Kenako, odwala zizindikiro zenizeni, chikhalidwe chimene chimadalira pa kutanthauzira a chotupa chachikulu. Choncho, chitukuko mu khungu kapena chifuwa zotupa ndi chizindikiro psinjika, chitukuko cha mu khutu - kumva kutayika msana - vuto kayendedwe, mu ubongo - zizindikiro ubongo mu mapapo - chifuwa mu chiberekero - magazi kumaliseche kwa mkazi. Pamene maselo a khansa ayamba kugonjetsa zimakhala yapafupi, iwo akuwononga iwo mu zotengera magazi. Ichi ndi chimene chimachititsa maonekedwe a magazi secretions, osati kokha kwa kumaliseche. Choncho, mu mkodzo mukhale magazi kumachitika pamene kukhala neoplastic ndondomeko impso, chikhodzodzo kapena kapepala mkodzo matenda, magazi m'manyi zingasonyeze khansa oyambirira mu matumbo, magazi nipple ndi - chotupa mu bere. Zizindikiro zoterezi chifukwa Alamu ndi akukunyengererani kupeza nthawi yomweyo dokotala.

chizindikiro china oyambirira ndi otchedwa zizindikiro yaing'ono syndrome. Mbali yake yaikulu ili zosiyanasiyana zizindikiro. General angatchedwe madandaulo odwala kufooka, kutopa, akuwuka mwadzidzidzi kudumpha kutentha, zosamvetsetseka mkwiyo, kapena, pa mwake, osalabadira zonse, kusafuna kudya, ndi pa izi emaciation maziko.

Pamisinkhu wotsatira, zizindikiro za kuledzera, komanso discoloration wa khungu jaundiced ndi azioneka wotumbululuka, utachepa khungu turgor, khansa cachexia.

Pamene zotupa mu minofu ubongo chifukwa chakuti thupi okha ndi mafupa a Chigaza, ndi kukulitsa chotupa danga zochepa kwambiri, komanso chifukwa cha kulunjika aliyense ubongo ntchito dera, zizindikiro ndi makhalidwe amene amalola kusiyanitsa kutanthauzira. Choncho, neoplastic ndondomeko kumbuyo kwa maonekedwe kuonekere kwa wodwala masomphenya, mtundu kuzindikira matenda. Pamene ndondomeko m'dera zosatha masomphenya si anati, koma pali Makutu kuyerekezera zinthu m'maganizo. Chotupa mu Lobe mazunzo a wodwalayo amakhala ndi mavuto a m'maganizo, mawu ake, ndi m'dera parietal kuphwanya galimoto ntchito ndi tilinazo. Cerebellar zizindikiro - kawirikawiri kusanza ndi mutu choopsa, ndi zotupa pa tsinde ubongo - movutikira Pomeza, matenda kupuma, kulephera mu ntchito ziwalo zambiri mkati.

Mu masiteji otsiriza odwala onse khansa kubva woopsa, zomwe zitha kudzagwira mankhwala chomwa mankhwalawa.

diagnostics

Kukhazikitsa matenda a "ndondomeko neoplastic," odwala anakumana ndi mndandanda wa mayesero ndi mankhwala kafukufuku mabuku. Posachedwapa amachita mayesero kwa zolembera chotupa. Awa ndi zinthu zina zimene zikusonyeza kukhalapo kwa chamoyo mu ndondomeko neoplastic, ngakhale mu magawo oyambirira. Komanso, ambiri chotupa zolembera yeniyeni, kuchuluka kwawo kumawonjezera yekha ndi ambirimbiri chotupa mu aliyense chiwalo chimodzi. Mwachitsanzo, chotupacho chikhomo PSA limasonyeza kuti nkhaniyi wayamba Prostate neoplastic ndondomeko, ndi CA-15-3V oncomarker neoplastic ndondomeko mu England mammary. The downside kusanthula kwa zolembera chotupa ndi kuti kuwonjezera magazi ndi matenda ena njira sanali neoplastic.

Kwa matenda a wodwalayo ikuchitika nkhani zoterozo:

-Analysis magazi, mkodzo;

-UZI;

-KT;

-MRT;

-angiografiyu;

-biopsiyu (ichi ndi kusanthula kwambiri, imene osati kudziwa kumene kuli khansa, komanso mbali yake chitukuko).

Ngati mukukayikira khansara matumbo imagwiridwa:

- kusanthula ndowe pamaso pa magazi zamatsenga;

-fibrosigmoskopiyu;

-rektomonoskopiyu.

Neoplastic ndondomeko ubongo bwino wapezeka ndi Kujambula. Ngati wodwalayo ndi contraindicated mu mtundu uwu matenda, iye anachita CT. Komanso zotupa ubongo kugwira:

-pnevmoentsefalografiyu;

-elektroentsefalogrammu (akugwirira);

-radioizotopnoe chindodo;

-spinnomozgovuyu puncture.

chithandizo

Ngati matendawo anapha ana, mankhwala Amakhala makamaka mankhwala amphamvu ndi radiotherapy opaleshoni sikawirikawiri mwachita. Zochizira akulu ntchito njira zonse zilipo oyenera pa siteji makamaka za ndondomeko neoplastic ndipo malingana ndi malo malo ake:

-himioterapiyu (mankhwala zokhudza zonse zokhudza thupi lonse);

-luchevuyu ndi radiotherapy (zotsatira mwachindunji chotupa mwina m'madera oyandikana wathanzi);

-gormonoterapiyu (lakonzedwa kutulutsa mahomoni kuti ziletsa kukula kapena kuwononga chotupacho, monga Prostate ndondomeko neoplastic akhoza atazikocheza kucheperachepera milingo testosterone);

-immunoterapiyu (zabwino amakhudza thupi lonse);

wanzeru mankhwala (asayansi akuyesetsa m'malo losokonekera mutated pa p53 yachibadwa);

ntchito -hirurgicheskuyu (angathe kuchitidwa kuchotsa chotupa kapena kuchepetsa mavuto a wodwala ndi kuchepetsa kukodzedwa inoperable chotupa loyandikana minofu).

kaonedwe

Neoplastic ndondomeko - si chiweruzo. Ana, chifukwa chakuti thupi lawo wamng'ono akhoza kuchira mwamsanga, Mapa zabwino 90% milandu, ngati chitukuko cha zotupa wapezeka pamisinkhu oyambirira. Koma ngakhale mu magawo ina ya ana akudzizindikiritsa ingathandize pakapita odwala mwakayakaya.

Akuluakulu, ndi madokotala ananena zawo yabwino kwa gawo loyamba la chotupa ndi zaka 80% ndi pamwamba. Mu ndime yachitatu zotsatira zabwino za mankhwala zimawonedwa 30% -50% milandu (malingana ndi malo ndi makhalidwe aliyense mapangidwe thupi). Mu sitepe chachinayi malingana ndi kuwerengera kwa 2% 15% odwala pambuyo mankhwala moyo zaka 5 kapena kuposa. Chiwerengerochi komanso zimadalira malo chotupa cha. The yabwino madokotala ananena zawo osachepera khansa prostate, ndi ubongo.