NATO kukulitsa: magawo ndi zikhalidwe

North Atlantic Pangano Organization (NATO) panjira ya chitukuko kakusintha magawo angapo kuwonjezeka ndi mobwerezabwereza kusintha maganizo ntchito. vuto ndi pachimake NATO kuwonjezeka kwa Russia apitirira bungwe ku East, kumalire Russia.

Chiyambi m'mbiri ya NATO

kufunika A kwa mtundu wina wa mgwirizano anaonekera pa bwinja la dziko lakale pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Post-nkhondo kukhazikitsanso, thandizo kumayiko akhudzidwa, kuwongolera moyo wa mamembala limati mgwirizano, mgwirizano, mtendere ndi chitetezo - zonsezi wakhala chikuchititsa mavuto kutsegula njira kusakanikirana mu Europe.

maphunziro UN anali limasonyeza mu 1945, Western Union European anali kalambulabwalo kwa EU ano, Council of Europe - m'badwo mofanana NATO - anakhazikitsidwa mu 1949. Ganizo kulumikizanitsa Europe anali mu mlengalenga kuyambira 20 ntchentche za m'ma XX, koma mpaka mapeto a nkhondo zikuluzikulu, sikunali kotheka kuti alenge mgwirizano . Ndipo zoyesayesa woyamba pa kaphatikizidwe komanso si omwe bwino: bungwe, olengedwa mwa oyambirira zaka nkhondoyo, anali kwakukulukulu unagawanika ndipo sakhalitsa.

Poyambira wa North Atlantic Pangano Organization

NATO (North Atlantic Pangano Organization kapena Atlantic Alliance) anakhazikitsidwa mu 1949. Ntchito yaikulu ya chiyanjano asilikali ndale anayesedwa kuteteza mtendere, kuthandiza mayiko akhudzidwa ndi chitukuko cha mgwirizano. zolinga zobisika za NATO - pa kukumana kwa chikoka Soviet mu Europe.

Woyamba wa mamembala NATO ndi 12 limati. Pakali pano, NATO chimagwirizanitsa mayiko 28. mabungwe asilikali amacheza 70% ya bajeti lonse.

Global pulogalamu NATO: tezisno za cholinga cha mgwirizano asilikali

Cholinga anaika mu chikalata otchulidwa pa North Atlantic Pangano Organization, ndi kusunga ndi posungitsa bata ndi mtendere ku Ulaya ndi maiko ena - mamembala a Union (United States ndi Canada). Poyamba wagawo unapangidwa kutsitsa chikoka la Soviet Union, mu 2015, NATO wafika lingaliro kusinthidwa - kuopseza chachikulu tsopano ankaona zotheka Russian kuukira.

Mbali wapakatikati (chiyambi cha m'ma XXI) amapereka oyamba kasamalidwe mavuto, ndi EU kukulitsa. Global pulogalamu NATO "Amalalikira chinkhoswe, Modern Odziteteza" linakhala chida chachikulu cha gulu m'bwalo lonse. Panopa, chitetezo anakhalabe makamaka chifukwa mayikidwe a maofesi a asilikali pa dera la States Member ndi kukhalapo kwa NATO asilikali chimadalira.

Magawo waukulu patsogolo mgwirizano asilikali

Kukula kwa NATO mwachidule kugwira mu magawo angapo. Woyamba mafunde atatu zachitika ngakhale pamaso Soviet Union linagwa mu 1952, 1955 ndi 1982. patsogolo pa NATO anali yodziwika ndi zochita mwachilungamo mwamakani ndi Russian ndi kupititsa ku Eastern Europe. Kukula waukulu chinachitika mu 2004, pa nthawi ofuna kuti agwirizane NATO ali limati eyiti. onsewa mayiko a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya, Balkans, ndipo ngakhale Caucasus.

Chifukwa cha kukula kwa NATO ali bwino. North Atlantic Pangano Organization chimafikira umalimbikitsa ndiponso kumalimbitsa kukhalapo ku Eastern Europe ndi cholinga kupondereza ndi kungoganiza Russian mokwiya.

Yoweyula loyamba kukulitsa: Greece ndi Turkey

Woyamba kuwonjezeka NATO waphatikizapo mu North Atlantic Pangano Organization Greece ndi Turkey. chiwerengero cha aphungu a unit asilikali kwa nthawi yoyamba adakulabe mu February 1952. Kenako, pamene Greece (zaka 1974-1980) Kodi nawo NATO chifukwa ubale sefani ndi Turkey.

West Germany, Spain ndi membala analephera wa Union

Wachiwiri ndi wachitatu patsogolo NATO zinali zodzaza ndi inalowa la Germany (kuyambira chiyambi cha October 1990 - ogwirizana Germany), ndendende zaka khumi pambuyo lodziwika bwino Chigonjetso perete ndi Spain (mu 1982). Kenako Spain mwa NATO matupi asilikali, koma adzakhalabe membala wa bungwe.

Mu 1954, Alliance anapereka kulowa North Atlantic Pangano ndi Soviet Union, koma USSR anakana kuyembekezera.

The inalowa mwa mayiko Visegrad

Woyamba kwenikweni chowawa nkhonya anali patsogolo NATO ku East mu 1999. Kenako ndinalowa mgwirizano wa atatu a maiko anayi Visegrad, ogwirizana mu 1991, mayiko angapo kum'mawa kwa Ulaya. Pakuti North Atlantic Pangano anagwirizana Poland, Hungary ndi Czech Republic.

Ambiri zikuluzikulu kuwonjezeka: njira yopita ku East

Chachisanu, NATO kukulitsa m'gulu la mgwirizano wa maiko asanu kum'mawa ndi kumpoto kwa Ulaya: Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Bulgaria ndi Slovenia. Patapita kanthawi, ndi US silikhali Mlembi ananena kuti Russia ndi "ilidi NATO." Izi kamodzinso chikwiyire kulimbitsa pamaso pa mgwirizano ku Eastern Europe ndi kuyankha kusintha mu gulu la North America mgwirizano lingaliro mu chitetezo zotheka Russian mokwiya.

Mbali chimodzi cha kuwonjezedwa: kuopseza bwino

gawo lotsiriza panthawi NATO kukulitsa chinachitika mu 2009. Ndiye NATO Albania ndi Croatia, yomwe ili pa Balkan Peninsula.

I m'bungwe mndandanda NATO cha kudzipereka

NATO umembala sangakhale boma aliyense afuna kukhala membala wa NATO. gulu amaika patsogolo zingapo zofunika ophunzira angathe. Mwa muyezo ngati zofuna umembala lofunika anatengera mu 1949:

• malo mamembala angathe NATO ku Ulaya;

• chilolezo cha mamembala onse a mgwirizano kulowa boma.

последним пунктом уже имелись прецеденты. Pa mfundo yomaliza kale precedents. Greece Mwachitsanzo, zina ndi inalowa Macedonia kwa North Atlantic Pangano Organization pa chifukwa chakuti pali komabe anatsimikiza nkhondo zokhudza dzina la Macedonia.

Mu 1999, mndandanda wa maudindo a mamembala NATO yawonjezedwa ochepa zinthu zambiri. Tsopano angathe chiwalo cha mgwirizano Ayenela:

• kuthetsa mikangano ya mayiko mwa bata;

• kusankha mitundu, Interstate, mikangano Kupititsa ndi ndale malinga ndi mfundo OSCE;

• kulemekeza ufulu wa anthu ndi ulamulilo wotsatila malamulo adziko;

• bungwe ulamuliro pa asilikali a boma;

• ngati n'koyenera kupereka kwaulere mfundo za boma chuma dziko;

• nawo mu utumwi NATO.

Kodi chidwi: ena mndandanda pachithunzichi udindo, mogwirizana kuphatikizapo sanali kugwilizana ndi zina zinthu. Kunyalanyaza membala angathe wa Alliance zinthu payekha bwanji chisankho chomaliza pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa NATO, koma si kofunika.

Partnership Program North Atlantic Pangano Organization

The mgwirizano asilikali zachitika mapulogalamu angapo mgwirizano kuti atsogolere yolowera NATO ndi maiko ena kupereka lonse madera chikoka. Ndondomeko kwambiri anthu motere:

1. "Partnership Mtendere". Chibwenzi, pulogalamu nawo 22 States, pali khumi omwe ankagwira: 12 mwa iwo ali kale mamembala zonse za mgwirizano, Russia, otsala membala wakale pulogalamu mgwirizano, anatuluka PfP mu 2008. Membala chabe wa EU, omwe sakhala nawo PfP ndi Cyprus. Inalowa limati mu NATO chindiletsa Turkey, kunena za nkhondo osathetsedwa pakati pa mbali Turkey ndi Greek cha Cyprus.

2. dongosolo mgwirizano payekha. Ophunzira pa mphindi ali limati eyiti.

3. "Fast kukambirana". Umabweretsa pamodzi Montenegro, Bosnia ndi Herzegovina, Ukraine, Georgia.

4. Umembala ndondomeko. Bukuli lakonzedwa inati atatu, awiri amene anali kale "Fast kukambirana" pulogalamu ophunzira: Montenegro, Bosnia ndi Herzegovina. Pulogalamu mu 1999 monga gawo la Macedonia.

Yoweyula chiwiri cha kuwonjezedwa: amene ali pafupi agwirizane NATO?

Partnership pulogalamu zikusonyeza mayiko adzakhala wina wa mgwirizano. Komabe, munthu ndithudi kukuuzani za nthawi yolowera chiwerengero cha mamembala a North Atlantic Pangano Organization. Mwachitsanzo, Macedonia ndi mofulumira kukambirana ndi NATO kuyambira 1999. Koma kuyambira kusaina pulogalamu PfP kulongosola yolowera m'gulu la anthu States wa Alliance for Romania, Slovakia ndi Slovenia zaka khumi, Hungary, Poland ndi ku Czech Republic - okwana asanu, Albania - 15.

Partnership Mtendere: NATO ndi Russia

NATO kukulitsa zathandizira kuti kuwonjezeka mavuto pa zina kanthu mgwirizano. Russian Federation nawo maphunzirowa "Partnership Mtendere", koma mikangano zina zokhudza NATO kuwonjezeka kwa East, ngakhale Russia ndi motsutsa izo, sakanachitira mwina. Ku Russia anakakamizika kutsirizitsa nawo ake mu pulogalamuyi ndi chitani ndi chitukuko cha yankho.

Kuyambira mu 1996, Russia amakonda dziko akhala osapita m'mbali ndi achindunji, komanso vuto la NATO kuwonjezeka kwa East wakhala kovuta. Komabe, ku Moscow anayamba patsogolo amakhulupirira kuti guarantor chachikulu cha chitetezo ku Ulaya usakhale ndi bloc nkhondo, ndi OSCE - Organization kwa Security ndi Cooperation mu Europe. A siteji latsopano ubale pakati Moscow ndi NATO mwalamulo wotetezedwa mu 2002, pamene Roma yosainidwa Declaration "NATO-Russia Relations: A Quality Chatsopano".

Ngakhale yochepa easing kusagwirizana, kutsutsidwa Moscow kwa mgwirizano asilikali yekha kukula. Kusakhazikika kwa ubale pakati Russia ndi NATO apitirize pamene ntchito asilikali Libya (2011) ndi Syria.

nkhani nkhondo

NATO ndi kuwonjezeka kum'mawa (chidule: ndondomeko akupitiriza ndi 1999, pamene mgwirizano limodzi ndi Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, ndi kufikira tsopano) - uyu ndi chifukwa kwambiri kwa kutopa zimene mukunena kwa North Atlantic Pangano Organization. chakuti nkhani yolimbikitsa kukhalapo kwake pafupi malire Chirasha kuwonjezera pa funso kuli mapangano pa sanali patsogolo NATO ku East.

Pa zokambirana pakati pa USSR ndi USA kuti anali akuti anavomera kuti mukulitse NATO ku East. Maganizo za nkhani imeneyi mogwirizana. Pulezidenti Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev analankhula za kulowa ukutitsimikizira omwe sanali patsogolo NATO malire a Russia ano pakamwa, oimira chigwirizano amanena kuti palibe lonjezo sanapatsidwe.

Mu njira zambiri, zikamera kusiyana lonjezo funso osati kukuza ankalimbikitsa molakwa kulankhula FRG nduna ya nkhani zakunja mu 1990. Adaitana chigwirizano kunena kuti patsogolo kwa malire a Soviet Union sadzapezekapo. Koma ngati mawu akuti kupanga malonjezo? mkanganowu si anatsimikiza mpaka tsopano. Koma Chitsimikizo cha lonjezo la sanali patsogolo NATO ku East angakhale lipenga khadi m'manja mwa Russia m'bwalo lonse.