Mpweya kuwombola mu zimakhala m'mapapo ndi momwe iwo?

pali dongosolo kupuma kuonetsetsa maselo, zimakhala ndi ziwalo mpweya mu thupi la munthu. Amakhala ndi ziwalo izi: m'mphuno, nasopharynx, kholingo trachea, bronchi ndi mapapo. M'nkhaniyi, tiona dongosolo lawo. Ndipo kuganizira kuwombola mafuta zimakhala ndi mapapo. Kutanthauzira makhalidwe a kupuma kunja zikuchitika pakati pa thupi ndi mlengalenga lamkati loyenda mwachindunji pa mlingo ma.

N'chifukwa chiyani timapuma?

Anthu ambiri sanazengereze kuyankha: kuti oxygen. Koma sadziwa chifukwa tikuzifuna. Yankho ambiri ndi losavuta: mpweya zofunika kupuma. Likukhalira uzingopitirira. Kuzileketsa izo, tidzathandiza sayansi kuti amaphunzira kagayidwe ma.

Bright maganizo amene kuphunzira sayansi, akhala afike pomvetsetsa kuti mpweya amaperekedwa kwa zimakhala ndi ziwalo, oxidizes chakudya, mafuta ndi mapuloteni. Ici ulikubala osauka mphamvu pawiri: carbon dioxide, madzi, ammonia. Koma chinthu chachikulu ndicho kuti chifukwa cha zochita awa apanga ATP - chilengedwe mphamvu mankhwala ntchito ndi khungu kwa ntchito zake zofunika kwambiri. Tikhoza kunena kuti kuwombola mafuta zimakhala ndi m'mapapo ndi chabe adzapulumutsa thupi ndi nyumba yake wofunikila makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa oxygen.

Limagwirira kuwombola mpweya

Amatanthauza kuti kuli zinthu osachepera awiri, amene kufalitsidwa mu thupi amatipatsa ndondomeko kagayidwe kachakudya. Kuwonjezera tatchulawa mpweya mpweya kuwombola mu mapapo, magazi ndi minofu amapezeka ndi pawiri wina - mpweya. Iwo aumbike mwa zochita za dissimilation. Ngati poizoni kuwombola zoona, ziyenera lachokera ku cytoplasm maselo. Tiyeni tione ndondomeko izi mwatsatanetsatane.

Mpweya woipa likulowerera ndi mayamwidwe mwa maselo mu madzimadzi interstitial. Kwa izo akulowa capillaries magazi - venules. Komanso ziwiya izi kuphatikiza, kupanga m'munsi ndi chapamwamba vena cava. Iwo kusonkhanitsa magazi ladzala ndi NKHA _2. Ndipo akutsogolera gulu mu atrium bwino. Ndi kuchepetsa khoma gawo magazi a venous akulowa ventricle bwino. Apa akuyamba m'mapapo (zing'onozing'ono) kufalitsidwa. Ntchito yake ndi kukhutitsa magazi ndi oxygen. Venous m'mapapo mwanga wolumikizira amakhala. A NKHA _{2 Nayenso} amachokera magazi ndipo anachotsa kunja kudutsa dongosolo kupuma. Kuti timvetse mmene zimenezi zinacitikila, choyamba tiyenera kuphunzira kapangidwe ka m'mapapo. kuwombola mpweya mu mapapo ndi zimakhala ikuchitika mu dongosolo wapadera - ndi alveoli ndi capillaries.

Kapangidwe ka mapapo

Iwo wophatikizidwa ziwalo ili mu chifuwa patsekeke. The m'mapapo anachoka ali lobes awiri. Kumanja ikuluikulu kukula. Iwo ali lobes atatu. Pazipata za kuwala zikuphatikizapo bronchi awiri, nthambi kunja kupanga mtengo otchedwa. Malinga ndi nthambi mpweya limayenda pa inhalation ndi mpweya. Aang'ono bronchioles kupuma anakonza thovu - ndi alveoli. Iwo pamodzi acini lapansi. Anthu nayenso, kupanga parenchyma m'mapapo mwanga. Nkofunika kuti aliyense vial munali kupuma kwambiri enmeshed capillary zopezera makope ang'ono ndi lalikulu. Phindu nthambi m'mapapo mwanga mitsempha kupereka magazi venous ku ventricle kulondola, natengedwa mu lumen wa alveoli mpweya. A efferent m'mapapo mwanga venules alveolar atengedwa kuchokera mpweya mlengalenga.

magazi wolumikizira umayenda mwa mitsempha m'mapapo mwanga kwa atrium kumanzere, ndipo kuchokera kumeneko - mu msempha. nthambi yake mitsempha kupereka maselo thupi zofunika mpweya kupuma mkati. Ilo liri mu alveoli magazi venous amakhala wolumikizira. Choncho, mpweya kuwombola mu m'mapapo zimakhala ndi magazi aziyenda ikuchitika mwachindunji aang'ono ndi kufalitsidwa. Ichi ndi chifukwa mosalekeza contractions akulu makoma mtima chipinda.

kunja kupuma

Limatchedwanso mpweya m'mapapo mwanga. Ndi kuwombola mpweya pakati pa chilengedwe kunja ndi alveoli. inhalation Physiologically zolondola mwa mphuno gawo amapereka thupi la mpweya zikuchokera: 21% O _2, 0,03% NKHA ₂ ndi 79% asafe. Malinga ndi njira pneumatic Lifikira alveoli. Iwo ndi gawo lawo la mpweya. kapangidwe kake ndi motere: 14,2% O _2, 5.2% NKHA _2, 80% N _2. Mpweya, kutulutsa ngati malamulo m'njira ziwiri: mantha ndi humoral (ndende ya mpweya woipa). Chifukwa kukondoweza kwa malo kupuma kwa medulla oblongata, zikhumbo mitsempha zimafalitsidwa kwa minofu kupuma intercostal ndi zakulera. Voliyumu ya kuwonjezeka thorax. Mapapo, kuonera kusuntha pambuyo contractions wa pachifuwa M'mimbamo, ndi kuwonjezera. Air kuthamanga m'menemo amakhala poyerekeza kuthamanga mumlengalenga. Choncho, gawo la mpweya thirakiti chapamwamba kupuma akulowa alveoli.

mpweya chikachitika pambuyo mpweya wa. Iwo limodzi ndi zosangalatsa za minofu intercostal ndi kuukitsa Chipilala cha chifundamtima. Zimenezi zimabweretsa kuchepa mu Volume m'mapapo. The mpweya mu pawo superatmospheric. Ndipo mpweya ndi owonjezera mpweya woipa limatuluka bronchioles lapansi. Komanso, mu kapepala chapamwamba kupuma, izo ziyenera kukhala mu m'mphuno. The zikuchokera wotuluka tikamapuma mpweya motere: 16,3% O _2, 4% NKHA _2, N ₂ 79. Pa nthawi imeneyi, kunja mpweya kuwombola. M'mapapo mwanga mpweya kuwombola, yotengekatengeka alveoli amapereka maselo ndi mpweya zofunika kupuma mkati.

kupuma ma

Zina mwa zochita catabolic kagayidwe kachakudya ndi mphamvu. njira izi anaphunzira sayansi, ndi thunthu ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa. Mpweya kuwombola mu mapapo ndi zimakhala ndi chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi mzake si zotheka popanda. Choncho, kunja kupuma katundu interstitial madzimadzi mpweya ndipo amachotsa mpweya woipa kwa izo. A m'banja ikuchitika mwachindunji mu khungu la organelles ake - mitochondria amene kuonetsetsa phosphorylation zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni ndi ATP kaphatikizidwe, amagwiritsa mpweya chifukwa pasukuluyi.

Krebs mkombero

Kodi tricarboxylic asidi mkombero zikubweretsa kupuma selo. Umabweretsa pamodzi ndi amene amayang'anira ayankhe anoxic siteji ya kagayidwe mphamvu ndi njira yokhudza mapuloteni transmembrane. Komanso amachita ngati zofunika pomanga mfundo ma (kwa amino, yosavuta dzuwa, apamwamba carboxylic zidulo) aumbike mwa zochita zake zokhwima ndi ntchito kukula selo ndi kugawikana. Monga mukuonera, nkhaniyi anaphunzira kuwombola mpweya mu mapapo ndi zimakhala, komanso anatsimikiza ndi udindo wake kwachilengedwenso mu thupi la munthu.