"M'nyumba zodwalitsa" - zomwe m'nyumba zimachitika

Mawu akuti "kukhala m'nyumba zodwalitsa" anali koyamba mu Health Organization World chithandizo theka zapitazo. Malinga ndi kafukufuku m'ziwawa wochitidwa ndi akatswiri American mu US ndi 30% ya nyumba si otetezeka thanzi. Chiwerengero cha nyumba "zoipa" ndi maofesi ku Russia, limodzi likhoza ndikulingalira. Syndrome amachititsa zizindikiro zofanana ndi zimene matenda kupuma, koma chifukwa zinthu zina: nkhungu, fumbi, zoipa kosakhazikika, ndipo irritants zina ndi allergens.

malo m'nyumba

mavuto a chitetezo zachilengedwe a moyo pa Dziko Lapansi zafotokozedwa padziko lonse. Imachitika kwambiri za ntchito kafukufuku ndi anakonza, allocated ndalama kusintha zinthu ndi boma la mpweya, madzi, ndi nyanja dziko, dothi.

Mofanana kwambiri ndi zachilengedwe za malo a. Quality wa moyo zimatengera mwachindunji pa khalidwe la nyumba, makhalidwe ake ukhondo. mpweya zoweta ndi zachilengedwe pafupifupi nthawi 9 zambiri poizoni ndi nthawi 5 lakunja dirtier. Masana, anthu "kuyamwa" particles 3 biliyoni fumbi. mfundozi chokhwima kwambiri kuvutika thanzi.

Ngati microclimate mkati nyumba wasweka, pali "kukhala m'nyumba zodwalitsa" - pamene amasonkhana mu nyumba zamoyo mankhwala, ndipo allergens ena. Poyamba, moyo kapena ntchito pali mavuto ndi kupuma, kenako kuwonetseredwa olowa ululu tulo.

tanthauzo

Ife adzazindikira kuti mawu akuti "kukhala m'nyumba zodwalitsa". Lingaliro la SBS (English m'nyumba zodwalitsa) amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza zinthu kumene anthu ena nyumba kumeneko osiyanasiyana matenda, zizindikiro, ndipo palibe matenda enieni zimachokeradi.

Anthu nthawi zambiri amadabwa anthu a nyumba "syndrome odwala nyumba" amapezeka nthawi zambiri. Mawonetseredwe zizindikiro kugwirizana makamaka ndi zochepa kwambiri mpweya wabwino zipinda ndi otsika khalidwe.

magwero zoipa zopezeka zikhoza kukhala:

• zamoyo (mwachitsanzo, mbali zinthu za kupuma, dampness, bowa);
• zomangira ndi zinthu kapangidwe (solvents, utoto, matabwa mchere; kutetezera, asibesitosi);
• mpweya ndi mpweya (tizilombo mu ducts mpweya);
• kunja mpweya (zakhudzana umagwirira m'mizinda ikuluikulu);
• Kusagwiritsa ntchito zida (mwachitsanzo, kusuta).

zizindikiro

Mu 1984, WHO inanena kuti "kukhala m'nyumba zodwalitsa" Ndi mmene 30% ya nyumba zatsopano n'kuikonzanso mu dziko. Pa yaitali awapeza kumachitika:

• mutu, chizungulire;
• kukomoka;
• nseru;
• tulo;
• zizindikiro za kutopa;
• mkwiyo wa nembanemba wa mucous;
• kufupika kwa mpweya;
• molumikizana mafupa ndi ena.

"Oipa" Nyumba

Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti thanzi la kuwonongeka kwa anthu (kuyabwa cha maso, khungu, chapamwamba kupuma thirakiti, kupweteka kwa mutu, kutopa, kugona chisokonezo) amaganizira khalidwe osauka Mpweya mpweya malo a. Mu chikhalidwe cha nyumba zamakono safuna kuti 300 kosakhazikika mankhwala mankhwala, nthata, osiyanasiyana endotoxins amatha kuumba, chinawonjezeka ndende ya radon. Kuwonjezera onse pamwamba, munthu mu chipinda bwanji minda mu atomu za magetsi banja cheza (makompyuta, microwaves) ndi radionuclides asamange zipangizo. mfundozi chimayambitsa "kukhala m'nyumba zodwalitsa".

akuti ntchito pamene nyumba ikudontha denga ming'alu m'makoma, wosweka Kutentha mtima chitukuko cha madera a tosaoneka bowa, amene spores ndi poizoni. Mu nyumba m'nyengo yozizira nthawi zambiri kuwotchedwa Kutentha ndi gasi, amene kuyaka katundu ndi woopsa.

Ziwopysezo

zinthu zoipa, pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana, mpweya kulowa malo chatsekedwa, sitingathe kuziwerenga. Mu 1971 izo wasenza mndandanda wa zinthu mankhwala kuchuluka kwa makumi asanu Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa zomangira. Pakali pano, kwambiri pa ma polima ntchito yomanga nyumba yatsopano, kukonza ndi kuwamaliza maofesi a wogwila. Sitingathe kuyiwala za mogwirizana mankhwala awa, ena amene kulimbikitsa kuchitapo kanthu wina ndi mzake.

irritants mankhwala

M'mayiko onse, "kukhala m'nyumba zodwalitsa" limodzi ndi awiri a zachuma, monga chofunika kuchita zodzitetezera, kuchitira anthu, kulipira kuchipatala. Komabe, eni ambiri okha kupanga malo akumane, kuyesera kupanga otchedwa "kukonzanso" ntchito synthetics. zomangira amakhala pansi pa boma ukhondo-AIDS kuona ndi ntchito nawo zimagwiridwa pansi makhalidwe abwino (madzi kapena mpweya mu zipinda zapadera kayeseleledwe). Mu moyo zovuta.

The zigawo zikuluzikulu kwambiri zoipa mpweya maofesi ndi nyumba ali formaldehyde ndi phenol. The ndende ya nyumba woyamba zimadalira machulukitsidwe ma polima Kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro (latsopano mipando chipboard opangidwa pamaziko a urea ndi phenol-formaldehyde resins). formaldehyde gwero ndi mpweya ndi mankhwala kuyaka chosakwanira. Wina patsogolo wothandizila mu mndandanda wa zoipitsa mpweya ndi styrene, amene anamasulidwa mankhwala kutchinjiriza ndi madzi kugonjetsedwa mapepala khoma. Linoleum, vanishi, utoto, zomatira, solvents ali magwero a benzene, xylene, toluene.

Motero, funso n'lakuti zimene m'nyumba "kukhala m'nyumba zodwalitsa", tikhoza kuyankha - anthu amene:

• Ndi ntchito kwambiri za zinthu pulasitiki (mazenera, kudenga inaimitsidwa, mapanelo PVC);
• mipando yatsopano sigwira yopangidwa ndi zisulo achilengedwe
• pansi yokutidwa ndi linoleum (mulu makalapeti zopangidwa yokumba, laminate);
• Ntchito kutchinjiriza, zipangizo kutchinjiriza ;
• nyumba posachedwapa anakonza zipinda.

ma polima woopsawo

Mu chitukuko cha matenda amathandiza kuti zipangizo polymeric ankagwiritsa ntchito yomanga ano kupanga mipando, komanso pansi ndi khoma chophimba. Mosalephera mu ndondomeko ya mpweya kuchotsedwa fodya ndi kuyaka katundu wa gasi. Umapezeka kuti magwero kuipitsidwa ndi kudzipatula mankhwala ena (mwachitsanzo monoxide mpweya) mu nyumba thanzi ndi oopsa kuposa kumidzi lotseguka.

Kupezeka kwa zipangizo polima kumabweretsa maonekedwe a magetsi malo amodzi. Imeneyi worsens chikhalidwe cha mpweya mu malo pamene pali anthu nthawi yaitali. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti kupewa "kukhala m'nyumba zodwalitsa" ali kuyamba ndi kamangidwe ka nyumba zogona. Iyenela yopangidwa kuchokera zachilengedwe pasipoti kwa nyumba iliyonse, ndipo amapereka ulamuliro pa zinthu zimene mukumangidwa.

chinyezi owonjezera

Stone nyumba ndi maziko a mizinda yambiri. Mwachitsanzo, malinga GUION mu Petersburg 96,9% nyumba m'dera anaimira nyumba mwala. Zikuphatikizapo: 48,7% a m'dera - nyumba njerwa, makamaka popanda cladding, 14,8% - mokhala anamanga pamaso pa utasintha.

Koyamba chinyezi mlingo wa nyumba zomangamanga ndi 8-12%, koma ndi nthawi, chithunzi ichi kuwonjezera mwa kangapo. Akatswiri mbiri nyamuka kuwuka yonyowa pokonza mpanda njerwa ndi kutalika mamita asanu.

Anthu ambiri akudziwa koma nkomwe mukuganiza kuti chinyontho ndi - ndi malo abwino kwa ambiri tizilombo zoipa. Ming'alu makoma ndi wochititsa chinyezi ndi zinthu zoipa (kuphatikizapo bowa). Kafukufuku, anthu a nyumba pali "kukhala m'nyumba zodwalitsa". Mwamwayi, ndi kupatuka a magawo microclimate kuti pali poipa pamene nyumba ndi njerwa makoma zaka makumi atatu zakubadwa, kuti, pamene avale thupi pafupifupi 25%.

nkhungu

Mkulu chinyezi n'koopsa palokha, ndi tizilombo, ndi kulanda, osauka lotero. Mwachitsanzo, mu Sweden normative kuchuluka microcell nkhungu bowa njuchi mu mpweya m'nyumba sayenera upambana mayunitsi 174. Kafukufuku wasonyeza mu dziko lathu kuposa chithunzi ichi ndi nthawi 3-6.

Panthawiyi, munthu ukhale m'madera zakhudzana ndi pali "kukhala m'nyumba zodwalitsa". Kuona gwero la nkhungu amagwirizana ndi buku lalikulu la ntchito - ndi njuchi wa bowa zambiri kuthetsa mu m'madera akutali, mu microcracks, pansi pa mapeto. Pamene nkhungu ndi kuoneka bwino lomwe kwa apoyera, kotero chipinda kwambiri ndi matenda komanso kugonjetsa kuukira zovuta. Chifukwa cha inhalation ya mpweya zakhudzana ndi spores akhoza kukhala diathesis, mphumu, chifuwa, khansa, mkati limba kuwononga.

"M'nyumba zodwalitsa": ukhondo wa malo

Munthu sangakhale popanda chakudya, madzi ndi mpweya. Woyera mpweya - chinsinsi thanzi. Anthu ambiri m'dziko lathu ikuchitika m'nyumba mpaka 90% ya nthawi yawo. Mofanana ndi anthu, chipinda amafunika ngati ukhondo.

omanga woyenera kudziwa zambiri zokhudza "odwala matenda nyumba" ndipo akhoza kudziwa yemwe m'nyumba zikuoneka zambiri. Childs, mlandu mpweya osauka, kotero macheke ake ndi mankhwala wotsatira ayenera ikuchitika pafupipafupi. Osauka mpweya khalidwe angakhale ndi zotsatira monga chifuwa, diso kuyabwa, hoarseness, chifuwa, matenda a pakhungu, mutu, ndi malaise ambiri.

Health - osati chifukwa chokha kuti ayeretse ducts mpweya. Chongani dongosolo anu mpweya wa zinthu flammable (mafuta kuchokera mbaula khitchini, zovala dryers CHIKWANGWANI) kumaonjezera ngozi ya moto. Choncho, boma la ukhondo za zowunika mpweya iyenera kuchitikira zonse.

Zinthu zimene zimaipitsa chipinda mpweya

Ambiri nyumba Russian a nthawi imene pulasitiki mawindo kulibe. Choncho, mfundo ya zomangamanga kuganizira pamaso pa microventilation kuwonjezera pa zotulutsira ku khitchini ndi bafa. Ndiyamika "kupuma" mpweya matabwa mafelemu mu holo, kuchipinda, ana atsopano kawirikawiri.

Kuika mawindo pulasitiki akhoza kuchepetsa kutentha imfa ndi kusintha soundproofing, koma kwathunthu "kutali" yaying'ono-mpweya wabwino. Zimenezi zimabweretsa ndi kuwonjezeka chinyezi ndipo, chifukwa, nkhungu mapangidwe. Kumene, pali zitsanzo za mazenera kuti kupereka mpweya kuwombola, koma ogula kwambiri zimayikidwa "kuti ndi mtengo." Yotchipa pulasitiki si kuphwanya mpweya wabwino, koma zimatulutsa zina zoipa zigawo mankhwala.

Zina mwa zinthu zimene obstruct mpweya wabwino wa malo, kusonyeza:

• Kuika mawindo pulasitiki, kuwonjezera khazikitsa awiri Khoma mawindo khonde.
• M'malo zitseko ochiritsira pa nsalu wandiweyani popanda mipata "yonyansa".
• Kutchinjiriza (chidindo) akunja khoma.
• Replan ducts.
• Kutsiliza uvuni nyumba (ndi zipangizo zina banja) mwachindunji potulukira ndi.

mpweya kusefera

Pali njira zamakono kwa mpweya otetezeka m'nyumba. Zomwe atsopano kuthetsa mavuto ndi Zosefera apadera Mwachitsanzo, High Security, 3G ndi ena. Iwo amatha analanda gaseous ndi particulate zoipitsa mu ducts mpweya, popanda kufunika kachiwiri mapulani a malo.

• Mkulu Security kwa kusefera zigawo zikuluzikulu kwachilengedwenso ndi mankhwala.
• 3G fyuluta ntchito kukhalabe mpweya wathanzi ndi misampha particulates yaing'ono anapeza mu mlengalenga, zinthu organic, zosasangalatsa fungo.

"Kumanga Green"

Nyumba ndi osauka ndi oopsa asayansi nyengo akhala ndi dzina wapadera - "kukhala m'nyumba zodwalitsa". Mosiyana nawo m'mayiko olemera ikupita patsogolo otchedwa "wobiriwira nyumba." Zotsatira amakhala ambiri mu West. Okhudzidwa (okonza, omanga zachilengedwe, madokotala, kampani ya inshuwalansi) anazindikira kuti ife sangathenso chete za vutolo.

Akatswiri amanena kuti kuwonongeka mu umoyo wa anthu, kuchepetsa zokolola ogwira ntchito, ndalama za inshuwalansi kuphimba ubwino mwina ntchito ntchito wakale wa katswiri wa zomangamanga ndi zipangizo zotsika mtengo. M'malo mwa DSP, ma polima ndi utoto kubwera zipangizo Eco-wochezeka. Zofunikira latsopano ntchito kwa mapulani ndi kumanga kuonetsetsa mpweya odalirika ndi kumatira.

Mafunso kupitiriza kufufuza nyengo m'nyumba. Magawo a kuwonongeka ake zogwirizana zaka nyumbayi ndi kuwonongeka thupi la nyumba katundu mwankhanza. Wapezeka koyefishienti wovulala njerwa makoma, zomwe zina ndi khalidwe la nyengo m'nyumba.

Ndipo mu Russia?

The Russia anamva izo kuposa ena, kutanthauza "kukhala m'nyumba zodwalitsa". Chipangizo nyengo, pamodzi ndi ntchito yomanga nyumba angakwanitse (makamaka massively ankachita ku Soviet Union) kuti kwaiye kwambiri mavuto limodzi. Dziko kwenikweni akusowa nyumba wamakono. Kupewa vuto monga "kukhala m'nyumba zodwalitsa", omwe nyumba yabwino yothetsera?

Dziwani kuti msika Russian kale anachita atengera Western. Development zofuna watsopano zachilengedwe ndi mphamvu zopulumutsa katundu. A chitsanzo chapadera cha ichi - nyumba yatsopano ntchito mfundo za "nyumba wobiriwira" amene chachikulu cholinga - kuchepetsa okwana (pa mkombero moyo wa nyumbayi) omwe amadza zoipa za malo okhalamo thanzi ndi chilengedwe. mbali imodzi ya BREEAM ndi LEED mfundo zoti gulu la nyumba m'dera la "nyumba wobiriwira" laperekedwa kwa chabe m'nyumba khalidwe mpweya, ndi thanzi ndi moyo wabwino. The ndalezo waukulu kukwaniritsa chimene mukufuna - kugwiritsa ntchito umisiri watsopano ndi njira yomanga, kuphatikizapo nyumba njira zomangamanga thandizo.

ziyembekezo

Mu Russia, ndi "nyumba wobiriwira" ndi ikupita patsogolo. Wogula malo pafupifupi msika - ndi achinyamata osapitirira zaka 35, posachedwapa banja. Kwa iwo, mfundo yofunika ya nyumba zawo, iwo sali okonzeka kulipira zambiri sverhkachestvo. Iwo sali owopa odwala matenda nyumba, ngakhale pankhani ndalama chilengedwe komanso m'tsogolo chakudya mphamvu. Koma monga mukudziwa, ngati dziko limakhala ndi mpata zachuma ndi zofuna khalidwe la moyo wa kukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu.

Wamkulu chidwi mu "nyumba wobiriwira" akusonyeza bizinesi, makamaka pankhani ya zomangamanga, monga ochitira bizinesi zosowa zake. Pankhaniyi, mwayi kupulumutsa pa zikugwira ntchito mpaka 40% pa nthawi wotsika payback pa ndalama owonjezera kachitidwe chofunika njira zamakono (kuzungulira 10-12 zaka) N'zochititsa chidwi kwambiri mphindi kwa Investor aluntha.