M'nyanja: vuto. Vuto la ntchito nyanja

Ocean - chopunthira cha moyo, gwero la mpweya ndi umoyo wa anthu ambiri. Kwa zaka ulemerero wake anali sizidzatha, ndi a ku maiko onse ndi anthu. Koma m'zaka makumi awiri waika zonse pamalo ake - anali m'mphepete mwa nyanja m'malire zone, malamulo apanyanja, mavuto ndi njira zothetsera mavuto.

anatsatira malamulo a kugwiritsa ntchito nyanja

Kufikira makumi asanu ndi awiri a zaka mazana makumi awiri, chinapezeka kuti nyanja za chuma ndi zonena za m'zigawozo m'mphepete mwa nyanja States angakhale okhudza palibe zoposa zitatu kuyendetsa sitima zapamadzi miles. Yokhala, lamulo zimawonedwa, koma kwenikweni, mayiko ambiri analengeza zonena zawo pa lalikulu m'madzi, mpaka mailosi mazana awiri kuyendetsa sitima zapamadzi ku gombe. Vuto la ntchito nyanja langokhala kuti yopindulitsa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mabacteria m'mphepete mwa nyanja zachuma. limati ambiri ananena ulamuliro wawo pa magawo apanyanja ndi nkhondo ya anthu ankamuona ngati trespassing. Choncho, vuto la chitukuko la nyanja, kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi anakumana mercantile zofuna za limati munthu.

Mu 1982, msonkhano akambirane pa lamulo la Nyanja, umene unachitikira mu mothandizidwa ndi UN. Iwo analankhula mavuto zikuluzikulu za m'nyanja. chosankha anatengedwa chifukwa cha masiku ambiri zokambirana kuti nyanja - ndi cholowa a anthu. Inati kuti wotetezedwa dvuhsotmilnye m'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja a zachuma amene m'mayiko amenewa ali ndi ufulu ntchito zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. mabacteria amenewa zachuma wotanganidwa 40 peresenti ya okwana malo amadzimadzi. Pansi pa nyanja lotseguka, zinthu zake zachilengedwe ndi chuma chuma anayesedwa katundu wamba. Kuwayang'anira kugwilizana ndi makonzedwe a komiti yapadera imeneyi wakhazikitsidwa zonse ntchito mabacteria m'mphepete mwa nyanja zachuma, zomwe lidagawikana nyanja. Mavuto amene angabuke zimakhudza anthu pa chilengedwe m'madzi, azilankhula ndi maboma awo. Motero, mfundo ya kugwiritsa ntchito kwaulere nyanja salinso ntchito.

N'zosatheka Musaone kufunika kwa dongosolo zoyendera m'nyanja dziko lapansi. Global mavuto okhudzana ndi katundu ndi zoyendera galimotolo anaganiza pogwiritsa ntchito makhoti wapadera, ndipo ntchito yonyamula mafuta ndi mpweya - kumanga nyumba payipi.

Ogwira ntchito m'migodi imachitika pa maalumali wa mayiko m'mphepete mwa nyanja, makamaka intensively anayamba miyala ya mafuta ndi mafuta. M'madziwo lili ndi kuchuluka kwa njira ya mchere, zitsulo kawirikawiri ndi mankhwala organic. Ikulu concretions - kuikapo maganizo nkhokwe zitsulo osowa lapansi, chitsulo ndi manganese - bodza pansi pa nyanja m'madzi akuya. The mavuto a chuma nyanja MUKACHULUKIDWE bwanji kuti zinthu izi kwa nyanja popanda kusokoneza topezeka kudera. Pomaliza, chotchipa unsembe wa desalination angathetse chofunika kwambiri mavuto - kuchepa kwa madzi akumwa. Ocean madzi ndi zosungunulira kwambiri, kotero Nsomba zopezeka m'nyanja zikuluzikulu ntchito ngati chomera zazikulu processing zinyalala banja. A nyanja mafunde akhala bwino ntchito kupanga PrES magetsi mphamvu.

Popeza nthawi makedzana, nyanja kudyetsa anthu. M'zigawo nsomba ndi nkhono, matope ndi kusonkhana nkhono - zamanja akale amene anauka pa chiyambi cha chitukuko. Kuyambira pamenepo, zida ndi mfundo nsomba sizinasinthe. N'zochititsa chidwi kuchuluka kokha lonse kupanga zinthu zamoyo.

Ndi zonsezi ndi ntchito za chuma nyanja kwambiri zotsatira pa malo m'madzi. N'zotheka kuti chitsanzo zokhudza ntchito zachuma kwambiri amachepetsa mphamvu yake kudzimvera kuyeretsedwa ndi yobwezeretsanso zinyalala. Choncho, vuto lonse la ntchito nyanja ndi mosamala masuku pamutu onse kuti lili umunthu, osati amanyoza pamene thanzi lake zachilengedwe.

mbali chilengedwe kugwiritsa ntchito nyanja

Nyanja - chimphona mpweya jenereta m'chilengedwe. Sewerolo chachikulu cha izi mankhwala Chofunika kwa moyo tosaoneka buluu wobiriwira algae. Komanso nyanja - sefa amphamvu kwambiri, ndi zingalowe galimoto, yomwe njira ndi recycles muli anthu. Kulephera kwa limagwirira wapadera achilengedwe kulimbana ndi kutaya zinyalala - weniweni vuto zachilengedwe. kuipitsidwa nyanja World limapezeka nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha munthuyo.

Zimayambitsa waukulu kuipitsa nyanja:

• kuyeretsedwa kuchepa anavutika ndi madzi zinyalala mafakitale ndi zoweta ku mitsinje ndi nyanja.
• The madzi zinyalala kulowa m'nyanja m'minda ndi nkhalango. Iwo ali feteleza ndi ovuta kuwola ndinso mu malo m'madzi.
• Kutaya - zonse kudzadza kuikidwa pansi pa nyanja ndi nyanja ya zoipitsa zosiyanasiyana.
• Kutayikira kwa mafuta kapena mafuta zosiyanasiyana nyanja ndi mtsinje ziwiya.
• Mobwerezabwereza kulephera kwa mapaipi, akuthamanga pansi.
• Kutola ndi zinyalala chifukwa m'zigawo mchere mu zone alumali ndi pa nyanja.
• M'dambo munali mankhwala zoipa.

Ngati inu kusonkhanitsa Mankhwala oipitsa zonse loopsa m'nyanja dziko, tikhoza kudziwa vuto pansipa.

kukhuthula

Iwo Kutaya otchedwa Yambitsaninso wa ntchito zachuma anthu zinyalala m'nyanja. mavuto Environmental uka chifukwa ndi overabundance zoipa zoterezi. chifukwa kuti mtundu uwu wa zinyalala wakhala wamba chakuti madzi nyanja ali ndi katundu mkulu Kutha. M'madzi manda pansi zinyalala migodi ndi zitsulo, zinyalala banja, kumanga zinyalala, radionuclides amene angabuke ntchito nyukiliya, mankhwala, ndi osiyana a kawopsedwe.

Pa kupita kwa Mankhwala oipitsa mwa madzi ndi kuchuluka zina zonyansa uli kusungunuka mu madzi nyanja ndi kumasintha mankhwala ake zikuchokera. Transparency mwalawo udzamugwere, amakhala mlendo kwa mtundu wake ndi fungo. Otsala Mankhwala oipitsa tinthu ali anakaika pa nyanja, kapena nyanja pansi. madipoziti koteroko kuti zikuchokera zimasiyanasiyana dothi pansi, pali mankhwala monga sulfide hydrogen ndi ammonia. Mkulu zili zinthu organic mu zotsatira nyanja madzi kusokoneza muyezo mpweya, umene kumatanthauza kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha tizilombo ndi algae amene kukonzedwa ndi zinyalala. zinthu zambiri amapanga filimu padziko madzi, zomwe kusokoneza kuwombola mpweya pa madzi mpweya. Zovulaza zinthu kusungunuka m'madzi, amakonda kudziunjikira mu matupi a moyo m'madzi. Chiwerengero cha nsomba, nkhanu ndi molluscs ndi kuchepetsedwa ndi thupi akuyamba mutate. Choncho vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito nyanja ndi katundu wa chilengedwe m'madzi mogwira ntchito yaikulu limagwirira yobwezeretsanso.

Kuipitsidwa ndi zinthu nyukiliya

Radionuclides - zinthu zimene zimaoneka chifukwa cha zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya. Nyanja zitsulo chidebe nyumba yosungiramo katundu muli zinyalala kwambiri nyukiliya mphamvu za nyukiliya. magulu Transuranium mankhwala kukhala ndi mphamvu kwa zaka zikwi zingapo. Ngakhale zinyansi kwambiri woopsawo ndi mmatumba mu m'mabotolo otsekedwa, nyukiliya kuipitsidwa chiopsezo amakhalabe kwambiri. chinthu chimene muli anapangidwa, nthawi zonse poyera zochita za madzi a m'nyanja. Patapita nthawi analola kuyenda mphamvu, ndi zinthu woopsawo zedi kakang'ono, koma nthawi zonse kugwera m'nyanja. Mavuto reburial zinyalala ndi lonse m'chilengedwe: malingana ndi kuwerengera, mu Mipingo ya pansi zozama za gawo anatenga za 7 zikwi matani zinthu zoipa .. Panopa chiopsezocho anafunsa ndi zinyansi amene anaikidwa m'manda mu madzi a m'nyanja kwa zaka 30-40 zapitazo.

Kuipitsidwa ndi poizoni

poizoni monga aldrin, dieldrin, DDT mitundu, ena ofanana nawo chlorine munali la zinthu. M'madera ena, pali mkulu ndende ya Arsenic ndi nthaka. nyanja ndi nyanja kuipitsa mlingo wa detergents ndi worrisome. Detergents amatchedwa surfactants, amene ali mbali ya mankhwala m'nyumba. Pamodzi ndi otaya la mitsinje, la mankhwala awa agwere mu nyanja, kumene ndondomeko ya yobwezeretsanso zikuchitika kwa zaka zambiri. Chitsanzo Kalanga wa ntchito mkulu wa mankhwala wothandizila nkhondo ndi misa ikutha mbalame kuchokera Ireland. Mwamwayi, chifukwa cha izi anatumikira polihloridfenilovye mankhwala amene amagwa m'nyanja pamodzi ndi madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito mafakitale. Motero, mavuto a zachilengedwe a m'nyanja nakhudza dziko la anthu apadziko.

Kuipitsidwa ndi zitsulo

Izi makamaka atsogoleri cadmium ndi mankhwala enaake. katundu poizoni zitsulo ilipobe kwa zaka zambiri. Zinthu zimene ankagwiritsa ntchito makampani lolemera. Mu mafakitale ndi mphero pali njira zosiyana kuyeretsa, koma, ngakhale, ambiri a zinthu zimenezi kulowa bere mu nyanja. Zamoyo m'madzi angabweretse ndi vuto lalikulu la Mercury ndi patsogolo. The njira chachikulu chotenga iwo mu nyanja - zinyansi mafakitale, exhausts magalimoto, utsi ndi fumbi amakampani mafakitale. Osati mayiko onse akumvetsa kufunika vutoli. Nyanja sangathe pokonza zitsulo, ndipo iwo kugwera mu minofu ya nsomba, nkhanu ndi molluscs. Popeza ambiri a zolengedwa nyanja ndi zinthu nsomba, zitsulo ndi mankhwala awo kugwa anthu cakudya, kuchititsa matenda aakulu, omwe si nthawi zonse kuyankha chithandizo.

Kuipitsidwa ndi mafuta ndi mafuta malonda

Mafuta - ndi zovuta organic mpweya pawiri, madzi katundu woderapo mtundu. The mavuto kwambiri zachilengedwe a m'nyanja chifukwa mumapezeka mafuta. Mu Mipingo ya nyanja iwo anatuluka tonnes za 16 miliyoni. Izi zinkayimira 0,23% ya kupanga dziko la mafuta pa nthawi imeneyo. Nthawi zambiri mankhwala limalowera mu nyanja kudzera kutayikira ku payipi ya. Mkulu woipa wa mafuta pamodzi kutumiza lotanganidwa misewu. Ichi ndi chifukwa mwadzidzidzi zikuchitika pa sitima zapamadzi, kukhetsa ndi ankatenthetsa wa ballast madzi zombo zikawonongeka. Ambuye ziwiya ndi udindo popewa imeneyi. Ndipotu, mogwirizana ndi mavuto ake. Nyanja ndi wowonongeka ndi kusalola chotsatira cha madipoziti anayamba - chifukwa ambiri nsanja ili pa maalumali ndi pa nyanja. Zinyalala madzi ikuchitika mu nyanja, madzi mafakitale zinyalala m'njira m'nyanjamo limapezeka pafupifupi mamiliyoni 0.5 matani pa chaka.

The mankhwala nyanja madzi amasungunula pang'onopang'ono. Choyamba, zimafalikira pamwamba pa wosanjikiza woonda. Midadada mafuta filimu malowedwe a dzuwa ndi mpweya mu madzi nyanja, umene kutentha kutengerapo ndi sakuyenda. mankhwala ndipamene emulsions madzi awiri - ndi "mafuta mu madzi" ndi "madzi mu mafuta". Onse emulsions ndi kugonjetsedwa kwambiri zinthu kunja; mawanga popangidwa ndi iwo ali ndi ufulu kusuntha kudutsa nyanja mothandizidwa ndi mafunde nyanja, zakhazikika zigawo pansi ndi beaching. Kuwonongedwa kwa emulsions amenewa, kapena kulenga zinthu zina processing - imeneyi ndi njira kuthana zochitika nyanja pa nkhani ya kuipitsa mafuta.

matenthedwe kuipitsa

matenthedwe vuto kuipitsidwa ndi osaonekera m'chilengedwe. Komabe, pa nthawi kusintha kutentha bwino mafunde ndi madzi m'mphepete mwa nyanja akuswa m'zinthu moyo wa moyo m'madzi, lamphamvu nyanja. The mavuto padziko lonse kugwirizana ndi kutentha, mapulaniwo chakuti mkulu madzi kutentha amachoka ku makampani ndi zomera mphamvu. Phula kuzirala Mwachibadwa gwero lina njira. The makulidwe a madzi mkangano amasokoneza kutentha zachilengedwe m'malo m'madzi, amene kwambiri kuchepetsa mlingo wa mpweya zigawo pansi pa madzi. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, kuyambira kawetedwe algae ndi anaerobic mabakiteriya amene ali ndi udindo kwa processing zinthu organic.

Njira yothetsera mavuto a m'nyanja

Global mafuta kuipitsa ali kukakamizidwa angapo misonkhano ku maboma a mphamvu apanyanja, nkhawa za mmene kuteteza nyanja. Mavuto anayamba kuvala chikhalidwe pachiswe. Ndipo pakati pa mazana makumi awiri, nambala ya malamulo kuti akhazikitse udindo chifukwa chitetezo ndi ungwiro wa madzi a m'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. mavuto padziko lonse la nyanja mwina anaganiza wokambirana London mu 1973. njira zake lililonse ngalawa kuti yoyenera mayiko kalata yondiuza kuti makina onse, zida ndi njira ali mu mkhalidwe wabwino, ndi sitima kuti mitanda nyanja, musawononge chilengedwe. Kusintha anapangidwa ndi magalimoto yomanga onyamula mafuta. The malamulo atsopano amafuna mathanki zamakono zili pansi awiri. Kwathunthu yoletsedwa kukhetsa madzi wowonongeka ku mathanki mafuta, kuyeretsa ziwiya ayenera ikuchitika ku doko la zinthu zapadera. Koma posachedwapa, asayansi apanga emulsion wapadera kuti aisadza mathanki mafuta popanda kukhuthula madzi zakhudzana.

A Madzi mumapezeka mwangozi mafuta angathe kuthetsedwa ndi thandizo la skimmers akuyandama mafuta ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana lateral.

mavuto padziko lonse la nyanja, ku kuipitsidwa makamaka mafuta, chidwi asayansi. Zitatha izi muyenera kuchita chinachake. Liquidation wa mumapezeka mafuta mu madzi - vuto lalikulu la nyanja dziko. Zothetsera vutoli monga njira mwakuthupi komanso mankhwala. Kale, foams osiyanasiyana ndi ena zinthu unsinkable kuti akhoza kusonkhanitsa 90% ya malo. Kenako nkhanizo impregnated Akusonkhanitsa mafuta, mankhwala akankhidwira kunja kwa izo. Zigawo za zomangira angagwiritsidwe ntchito mobwerezabwereza, ali ndi ndalama mokwanira otsika komanso zothandiza kwambiri kusonkhanitsa mafuta a m'dera lalikulu.

Asayansi Japanese apanga mankhwala zochokera mpunga mankhusu. mankhwala ndi sprayed pa malo mafuta litulukira ndi kusonkhanitsa mafuta onse mu nthawi yochepa. Pambuyo chipika izi chuma impregnated ndi mankhwala, inu aigwire wamba nsomba ukonde.

Njira chidwi anayamba kupanga asayansi American kuthetsa mawanga anthu a Atlantic Ocean. Mu litulukira mafuta ndi adatchithisira woonda ceramic mbale Ufumuyo amafotokozera lamayimbidwe. vibrates Last, mafuta amasonkhana mapangidwe mafuta ndipo amayamba gush pa ndege ceramic. mafuta ndi zauve madzi kasupe ndi akayaka ndi magetsi ntchito kwa mbale. mankhwala Choncho combusted popanda mavuto alionse chilengedwe.

Mu 1993, lamulo zapita oletsa kumaliseche a m'nyanja zinyalala madzi nyukiliya (LRW). Ntchito kwa processing zinyalala ngati wakhala anayamba m'ma 90s Mu zaka zapitazo. Koma ngati watsopano kutaya madzi nyukiliya ndikoletsedwa ndi lamulo, malo akale zinthu ntchito nyukiliya, omwe mpumulo pansi pa nyanja kuyambira 50s m'ma, vuto lalikulu.

zotsatira

kuipitsidwa zikuluzikulu kuchuluka ngozi zachilengedwe kwakukulu m'nyanja. Mavuto okhudzana ndi kusamala m'zinthu zachilengedwe ndipo zimadalirana kuti amafuna zochita mwamsanga ndiponso olondola. Njira anatengedwa ndi asayansi ndi maboma a mayiko otchuka dziko, kusonyeza chikhumbo cha munthu kusunga chuma cha nyanja kalekale m'mibadwo yanu.

Masiku ano mmene anthu pa mkombero zachilengedwe ndi zoopsa, kotero miyeso aliyense kukonza ndondomeko anthropogenic akhale yake ndiponso zokwanira kusunga chilengedwe. A udindo wapadera mu kuphunzira zotsatira anthu pa nyanja chimagwira polojekiti zonse zochokera kuzipenya yaitali lake moyo wotchedwa Ocean World. mavuto Environmental akuwuka kwa mitundu yonse mmene anthu pa thambo la madzi, kuphunzira zachilengedwe m'madzi.

The zosiyanasiyana mavuto liyenela kukhazikitsa mfundo yunifolomu ya masitepe wamba amene ayenera kumwedwa pa nthawi yomweyo mayiko onse okhudzidwa. Njira mulingo woyenera imene anthu Dziko Lapansi adzatha kuthetsa mavuto a zachilengedwe a nyanja ndi kutetezera kuipitsidwa wake zina, - kuteteza kusungiramo zinthu woopsawo m'nyanja ndi chilengedwe cha ulimi zinyalala anatseka mkombero. Kutembenuka zinyalala woopsawo mu zinthu zothandiza kuona latsopano kupanga luso ayenera kuthetsa kuipitsa madzi a m'nyanja, koma kudzatenga zaka maganizo zachilengedwe muyika mumachitidwe.