Mliri ndi chiyani? Zifukwa za miliri

Mliriwu ndi kufalikira kwakukulu kwa matenda opatsirana mu danga ndi nthawi, mlingo umene ulipo kangapo kuposa momwe chiwerengero cha chiwerengerochi chikulembedwera ku gawo la zilondazo. Odwala matendawa ndi anthu ambiri, makamaka, zotsatira za matendawa alibe malire ndipo zimaphimba madera ang'onoang'ono komanso mayiko onse. Kuphulika kulikonse kwa matendawa kumatha kusiyana kwambiri ndi zaka zapitazo ndipo kumakhala ndi zizindikiro zomwe zimadalira pa zifukwa zingapo. Mvulayi, nyengo, nyengo ya mlengalenga, malo okhala, chikhalidwe cha umoyo. Mliri wa kachilombowu umakhala ndi njira yopitilira kufalitsa matenda opatsirana kuchokera kwa munthu mmodzi kupita ku mzake, zomwe zimayambitsa mndandanda wambiri wopititsa patsogolo matenda.

Matenda omwe amayamba kukhala mliri

Matenda owopsa kwambiri omwe amawoneka ngati mliri ndi awa:

• Mliriwu.
• Cholera.
• Influenza.
• Anthrax.
• Typhus.
• Ebola fever.

Imfa Yachizungu - Mliri

Mliriwu (mwinamwake "imfa yakuda") ndi matenda owopsya omwe anawononga midzi yonse, anaphwasula midzi ndi midzi kuchokera ku nkhope ya Dziko lapansi. Kwa nthawi yoyamba kutchulidwa kwa matendawa kunalembedwa m'zaka za m'ma VI: Mtambo wakuda, unadzaza dziko la Ufumu wa Kum'mawa kwa Roma, kupha anthu mazana ambiri ndi mtsogoleri wawo Justinian. Kuchokera ku Aigupto ndikufalikira kumadzulo ndi kummawa - kumbali ya nyanja ya Africa kulowera ku Alexandria ndi kupyolera mu Siriya ndi Palestina kupita ku chuma cha Kumadzulo kwa Asia - mliri kuyambira 532 mpaka 580 unapha mayiko ambiri. Njira yake ya "imfa yakuda" yomwe idapangidwa ndi njira zamalonda, pamphepete mwa nyanja, mosadzimadzika imadzimadzika mu kuya kwa makontinenti. Panthawiyo, mliriwo unafika ku Greece ndi ku Turkey mu 541-542, kenako n'kulowa m'dziko la Italy, France ndi Germany. Panthawi imeneyo, chiwerengero cha Ufumu wa Kum'mawa kwa Roma chinachepetsedwa ndi theka. Kupuma kulikonse, kutentha pang'ono, kusokonezeka pang'ono kunkaimira ngozi ndipo sikunatsimikizire kuti kudzuka kwa munthuyo m'mawa.

Mliri wachiwiri wa mliriwu unabwerezedwa mzaka za m'ma 1400, ndikupha maiko onse a ku Ulaya. Zaka mazana asanu za ulamuliro wa matendawa zinapangitsa miyoyo ya anthu pafupifupi 40 miliyoni. Zifukwa za kufalikira kwa matendawa kunali kusowa kwa luso la ukhondo, udothi ndi umphawi wadzaoneni. Asanatuluke, madokotala onse komanso mankhwala osokoneza bongo analibe mphamvu. Kuikidwa kwa mitembo, maderawo anali osasowa kwambiri, kotero mabowo aakulu anakumbidwa, omwe anadzaza mazana a mitembo. Amuna angati amphamvu, akazi okongola, ana ochepetsetsa anagwedeza imfa yowawa, kudula maketani a mibadwo mibadwo.

Pambuyo polephera, madokotala anazindikira kuti ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito kudzipatula kwa anthu odwala kuchokera kwa anthu wathanzi. Kenaka, kudzipatula kunayambika, komwe kunakhala choyambirira cholimbana ndi matenda. Nyumba zapadera zinamangidwa kumene odwala adasungidwa kwa masiku makumi anai osamaloledwa kulowa mumsewu. Kufikitsa kayendedwe ka panyanja kunalangizidwanso kuima pamsewu masiku 40 popanda kuchoka pa doko.

Mliri wachitatu wa mliriwu unadutsa ku China kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, kutenga anthu 174,000 miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Mu 1896, dziko la India linagonjetsedwa, lomwe linatayika anthu oposa 12 miliyoni panthawi yovuta imeneyi. Kenaka anatsatira South Africa, South ndi North America. Otsatira mliri wa China, umene unanyamula maonekedwe a bubonic, anali ndi ngalawa komanso makoswe. Polimbikitsidwa ndi madokotala olekanitsa okhaokha, zingwe zogwiritsira ntchito zitsulo zinkaperekedwa ndi zitsulo zitsulo kuti zisawonongeke kuti anthu ambiri asamuke kumtunda.

Matenda owopsya sanadutse ndi Russia. M'zaka za m'ma XIII-XIV, mizinda ya Glukhov ndi Belozersk inatha, anthu asanu adasungidwa ku Smolensk. Zaka ziwiri zoopsa m'madera a Pskov ndi Novgorod anapha anthu 250,000.

Chiwerengero cha mliri, ngakhale kuti chinachepa kwambiri kuti chizicheperachepera zaka makumi atatu zapitazo, koma nthawi ndi nthawi amakumbukira zokha. Kuchokera mu 1989 mpaka 2003 m'mayiko a America, Asia, Africa 38,000 a mliri wa mliri analembetsedwa. M'mayiko 8 (China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Democratic Republic of the Congo, United Republic of Tanzania, Madagascar, Peru, USA), mliliwu ukuchitika chaka ndi chaka, mobwerezabwereza ndifupipafupi.

Zizindikiro za matenda a mliri

Zizindikiro:

• Zomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri.
• Kupititsa patsogolo kotupa m'mapapo, mitsempha ndi ziwalo zina.
• Kutentha kwakukulu kufika 39-40 ^° C.
• Mutu waukulu.
• Kusunthira mobwerezabwereza ndi kusanza.
• Chizungulire.
• Kusagona.
• Hallucinations.

Mitundu ya mliri

Kuwonjezera pa zizindikiro zapamwambazi, ndi mawonekedwe a khungu la bulonic pa malo omwe ali ndi kachilomboka, kachilombo kofiira kakuwoneka, kamene kamasandulika chiwindi chodzaza ndi zamagazi. Pusulole (vesicle) posachedwa imaphulika, kupanga chilonda. Pali njira yotupa yokhala ndi buboes m'mapiritsi, omwe ali pafupi ndi malo olowera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Mtundu wa matendawa umapezeka ndi chibayo (chibayo cha chifuwa), kuphatikizapo kumverera kwa kusowa kwa mpweya, chifuwa, ndi kusefukira kwa mfuti ndi kusakaniza magazi.

Matumbo a m'mimba amatsatizana ndi kutsekula kwambiri, nthawi zambiri ndi kusakaniza kwa ntchentche ndi magazi m'matope.

Maonekedwe a mliriwo akuphatikizidwa ndi ziphuphu zazikulu pakhungu ndi muchunge. Zimayenda mochuluka ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoopsa, zomwe zimawonetsedwa kuledzeretsa kwa thupi ndi ziwalo za thupi m'masiku 2 - 3 (ndi mawonekedwe a pulmonary) ndi masiku 5 - 6 (ndi mawonekedwe a bubonic). Ngati palibe mankhwala, zotsatira zake zakupha ndi 99.9%.

Chithandizo

Chithandizochi chikuchitika muzipatala zapadera zokha. Ngati matendawa akudandaula, kudzipatula kwa wodwalayo, kutaya thupi, kutaya thupi ndi kusawonetsa chipinda komanso zinthu zonse zomwe wodwalayo ali nazo ndizofunikira kwambiri. Kumalo komwe matendawa amapezeka, kusungidwa kwaokha kumaperekedwa, katemera wothandizira komanso mankhwala amodzi mwadzidzidzi amayamba.

Chifuwa - "Chiwindi"

Kwa nthawi yaitali chizoloŵezi cha chiwerengero cha anthu chinayamba kutulukira "chimfine". Kutentha kwakukulu, pakhosi, mphuno yothamanga - zonsezi sizikuoneka kuti ndizoopsa kwambiri ndipo zimachiritsidwa ndi mankhwala komanso mpumulo. Zaka mazana mazana ambiri zapitazo, pamene anthu pafupifupi 40 miliyoni anafa ndi matendawa.

Chifuwacho chinatchulidwa koyamba pa nthawi ya dokotala wamkulu wakale wa Hippocrates. Kutentha kwa odwala, kupweteka kwa mutu ndi ululu wa minofu, komanso kupatsirana kwakukulu, kunaponyera anthu mazana m'kanthawi kochepa, kukukula kukhala miliri, yaikulu kwambiri yomwe inaphimba mayiko onse ndi makontinenti.

M'zaka zamkati zapitazi, kutuluka kwa matenda a chimfine kunali kosazolowereka ndipo kunkatchedwa "Italy fever", pamene odwala amakhulupirira molakwa kuti magwero a matendawa anali Italy. Chithandizo, chomwe chimakhala chakumwa mowa kwambiri, chithandizo cha mankhwala a zitsamba ndi njuchi zakuthandizira uchi, chinathandiza bwino, ndipo madokotala sakanatha kuganiza kanthu kalikonse kuti apulumutse odwalawo. Ndipo anthu a mliri wa chimfine ankaonedwa kuti ndi chilango cha Mulungu chifukwa cha machimo omwe anachita, ndipo anthu adapemphera mwamphamvu kwa Wamphamvuyonse m'chiyembekezo kuti matendawa adzadutsa nyumba yawo.

Mpaka zaka za m'ma 1600, mliriwu unali ndi matenda opanda dzina, monga madokotala sakanatha kudziwa chifukwa chake chikuwonekera. Malingana ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa, izo zinayambira chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwa matupi akumwamba mwa dongosolo lapaderadera. Izi zinamupatsa dzina loyambirira - "chimfine", chomwe chiri Chitaliyana chimatanthauza "kukopa, mphamvu." Phunziro lachiwiri ndi lochepa kwambiri. Chitsanzo cha matenda opatsiranawo chinavumbulutsidwa kumayambiriro kwa miyezi yozizira, kutsimikizira ubale wa matendawa ndi zotsatira zake.

Dzina lamakono "Fluenza" linadzuka pambuyo pa zaka mazana atatu, ndipo kumasuliridwa kuchokera ku French ndi German kumatanthauza "kugwira", kutanthawuza kuti mwadzidzidzi mawonekedwe ake: munthu pafupifupi maola angapo akugwidwa m'manja mwa matenda opatsirana.

Pali ufulu wokhalapo ndi mliri umene umakhala pakati pa matenda opatsirana ndi matenda a chimfine mu mbalame ndi zinyama. Madokotala a dziko lonse lapansi ali m'mavuto ndipo amakhala okonzeka nthawi zonse chifukwa cha mliri wa chimfine, womwe nthawi iliyonse imachezera anthu mu dziko losinthika.

Vuto la nthawi yathu - Ebola

Pakadali pano, anthu adakumana ndi matenda atsopano - Edzi fever, yomwe palibe njira yolimbana nayo yomwe idapangidwenso, chifukwa mliri watsopanoyo ndi matenda osadziwika bwino. Kuyambira mu February 2014 ku Guinea, matendawa anafalikira ku Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Senegal, Mali, United States ndi Spain.

Mliriwu, womwe umayambitsa - mikhalidwe yachabechabe, ukhondo wabwino, komanso zikhulupiliro zachipembedzo, molimba mtima umagonjetsa makilomita a madera. Kukula kofulumira kwa matenda opatsirana, miyambo ya anthu ammudzi, momwe amamupsompsona womwalirayo, kusamba thupi lakufa, kuliika pafupi ndi madzi, zomwe zimabweretsa chingwe chopitirira cha matenda a anthu ena.

Njira zothandizira kupewa matenda opatsirana

Kuphulika kulikonse kwa mliri wa matenda sikuchitika mosavuta ndipo ndi zotsatira za ubale pakati pa munthu ndi chilengedwe.

Choncho, pofuna kupeŵa mphezi kufalikira kwa matenda atsopano padziko lonse lapansi, njira zothandizira izi ndizofunika:

• Kutsegula gawo, madzi okwanira, madzi;
• Kupititsa patsogolo chikhalidwe cha umoyo wa anthu;
• Kusunga malamulo a ukhondo waumwini ;
• Konzani processing ndi kusungirako katundu;
• Kuletsedwa kwa mabungwe a bacilli.