Mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni - ndilo phindu? Kodi kudziwa mmene makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa zinthuzo?

Chotero nkhani sukulu ngati umagwirira amachititsa mavuto ambiri mu ophunzira ambiri masiku ano, kwambiri anthu ochepa akhoza kudziwa mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni mu mankhwala. Vuto lalikulu ana kusukulu amene kukaphunzira sayansi zochita kupanga, kuti ndi ophunzira pulayimale sukulu (8-9 sukulu). Chinthu kusamvetsetsa kumabweretsa zikuwanyansa asukulu kuti nkhaniyo.

Aphunzitsi kuonetsetsa angapo zifukwa "kusakonda" ana ophunzira sekondale sukulu ndipo mkulu umagwirira: ndi kusafuna kumvetsa mawu mankhwala zovuta, amalephera kugwiritsa ntchito ma aligorivimu kwa ndondomeko makamaka, chidziwitso masamu vuto. Unduna wa Maphunziro akhala anasintha kwambiri zili nkhaniyi. Komanso, "kudula" ndi kuchuluka kwa maola chiphunzitso cha zimapangidwira. Izi mavuto khalidwe la chidziwitso pa phunziro, kuchepa kwa chidwi kuphunzira chilangocho.

Kodi nkhani umagwirira Inde limathandiza chovuta?

Mu dongosolo latsopano mu njira ya chilango "Chemistry" sukulu zofunika zikuphatikizapo nkhani zikuluzikulu: zodziwitsa tebulo la zinthu D. I. Mendeleeva, zinthu zochita kupanga makalasi, ion kuwombola. Chovuta graders tanthauzo limene makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma oxides.

malamulo Kusinthaku

Choyamba ophunzira onse ayenera kudziwa kuti oxides ziwiri amafotokozera ndi zovuta mankhwala, zimene zikuchokera m'gulu oxygen. A chofunika bayinare pawiri a kalasi ya oxides ndi mpweya malo wachiwiri pawiri anapatsidwa.

Kuwerengetsa index amenewa mu kalasi iliyonse ya mitunduyi analandira pokhapokha ngati wophunzirayo ali aligorivimu yeniyeni.

Aligorivimu kwa oxides acidic

Kuyamba, tiona kuti mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi akuti n'zosangalatsa kumva za valence wa zinthuzo. oxides Acidic anapanga sanali zitsulo kapena zitsulo ndi valence wa anai mpaka asanu, wachiwiri chofunika oxides amenewa ndi oxygen.

The oxides mpweya valence nthawi limafanana ndi awiri, zingakhale kudziwa malinga ndi mfundo za tebulo nthawi D. I. Mendeleeva. Izi ndi mmene sanali zitsulo monga mpweya, pamene mu Gulu 6 tebulo nthawi ya subgroup chachikulu, akulandira ma elekitironi awiri, kuti amalize kwathunthu ake mlingo mphamvu akunja. Non-zitsulo mankhwala mpweya zambiri kuonetsa ndi valency apamwamba Chofanana chiwerengero cha gulu lokha. Nkofunika kukumbutsa kuti mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa zinthu mankhwala ndi chizindikiro kutenga HIV (zoipa) chiwerengero.

Nonmetal ataima chiyambi cha chilinganizo ali ndi HIV makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma. oxides Non-zitsulo mu mpweya-khola, refractive -2 ake. Pofuna kutsimikizira ndi lolondola mayikidwe a makhalidwe oxides asidi ndi kuchulukitsa chiwerengero inu nonse kuvala akalozera wa zinthu zapadera. kuwerengetsera The amaonedwa chomveka ngati chiwerengero chonse cha ubwino onse ndi kuipa kwa kuika 0 digiri analandira.

Kukonzekera mitunduyi ziwiri amafotokozera

Mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa zinthu atomiki mwayi kulenga ndi kulemba pawiri la zinthu ziwiri. Pamene kupanga chilinganizo poyambitsa zizindikiro onse pafupi zotchulidwa mosamala chachiwiri kupereka oxygen. Pamwamba pa aliyense wa zipsera olembedwa Kwalamulidwa mtengo wa madigiri wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni, anapeza pakati manambala ndi nambala imene adzakhala opanda chilichonse wogawana divisible ndi manambala onse. Chizindikiro uwagawire aliyense payekha ndi phindu n'zosangalatsa kumva za mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni kupeza akalozera kwa zigawo loyamba ndi lachiwiri la zinthu ziwiri amafotokozera. Apamwamba makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma ndi numerically wofanana ndi mtengo wapamwamba valence lililonse nonmetal ndi zofanana kwa chiwerengero gulu, mmene PS ndi nonmetal.

The zisudzo aligorivimu mfundo n'zosangalatsa kumva mu oxides chititsimikizira

mankhwala amenewa amaonedwa oxides mmene zitsulo. Iwo ali mu mankhwala onse anali ndi mlingo wa boma makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa osapitirira imodzi kapena ziwiri. Pofuna kumvetsa chimene chidzagwa mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa zitsulo, ndi apindule a dongosolo lino nthawi. Mu zitsulo subgroups waukulu wa gulu loyamba, njirayi ndi nthawi zonse, ndi yofanana ndi nambala gulu, mfundo imodzi.

Miyala yaikulu subgroup wa gulu chachiwiri komanso yodziwika ndi khola makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma +2 numerically. Mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni kuchuluka kwa oxides polingalira akalozera awo (manambala) apereke ziro, chifukwa mankhwala imatengedwa molekyulu ndale, wopanda mlandu tinthu.

Mayikidwe a makutidwe ndi okosijeni mu zidulo mpweya munali

Zidulo ndi zovuta mankhwala lopangidwa ndi chimodzi kapena zingapo maatomu wa hydrogen kuti imakhudzana ndi zina zotsalira acid. Popeza kuti mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi mipherezero n'zosangalatsa kumva kuti mawerengedwe awo amafuna luso ena masamu. Chotero chizindikiro kwa haidrojeni (purotoni) nthawi zonse m'khola zidulo, ndi +1. Komanso n'zotheka kusonyeza mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa ion zoipa mpweya, izo ndi khola, -2.

Pokhapokha zimenezi, n'zotheka kudziwa mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa chapakati zikuluzikulu za njira. Monga chitsanzo yeniyeni kuganizira zinthu kudziwa mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni mu chidulo cha safuriki, H2SO4. Popeza kuti molekyulu wa chinthu chovuta lili purotoni wa hydrogen awiri, 4 mpweya maatomu timapeza kumasonyeza mawonekedwe + 2 + X-8 = 0. Kuti ndalama anapanga ziro, Y ndi mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni sulfure +6

Mayikidwe a makutidwe ndi okosijeni mu mchere ndi

Mchere ndi zovuta mankhwala ongokhala ayoni zitsulo ndi anions umodzi kapena kuposerapo. Njira kudziwa mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni aliyense wa zigawo zikuluzikulu mu mchere zovuta ndi chimodzimodzi mu zidulo mpweya munali. Popeza kuti mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa zinthu - chizindikiro digito, m'pofunika kusonyeza mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa zitsulo.

Ngati zitsulo kupanga mchere mu subgroup chachikulu, uliri makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi wolimba, lolingana ndi chiwerengero gulu ndi zabwino. Ngati mchere uli ndi zitsulo ngati subgroups PS naonetsere osiyana valences kudziwa valence chitsulo mwina pa zotsalira acid. Pamene mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa zitsulo kuti kuikidwa, kuika mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mpweya (-2), kenako kuwerengetsa mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa lolamulila pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala aone kuti pali.

Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani tanthauzo la limati makutidwe ndi okosijeni kwa zinthu mu nitrate ndi sodium (yachibadwa mchere). NaNO3. Sol waukulu subgroup wa gulu 1 zitsulo aumbike Choncho, mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa sodium wochuluka ndi +1. Pa mpweya nitrate makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma la -2. Kudziwa phindu n'zosangalatsa kumva za makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa salisiyanitsa + 1 + X-6 = 0. Kuthetsa aone kuti pali imeneyi timapeza kuti X ayenera kukhala 5, ichi ndi mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa asafe.

mawu zikuluzikulu za IAD

Pali mawu wapadera kuti ayenera kuphunzira ophunzira kuti makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi kuchepetsa ndondomeko.

Mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi mphamvu yake kulongosola angagwirizanitse yokha (kupereka osiyana) ma elekitironi kwa ena ayoni kapena maatomu.

The oxidant imatengedwa maatomu ndale kapena ayoni pa mankhwala anachita yokha akulowa ma elekitironi.

Nthumwi kuchepetsa adzatero maatomu uncharged kapena ayoni kuti, mu ndondomeko ya ntchito mogwirizana mankhwala kutaya ma elekitironi zawo.

Ndondomeko makutidwe ndi okosijeni ankayimiridwa ngati amadza elekitironi.

Kuchira amagwirizana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa zina ma elekitironi uncharged atomu kapena ion.

ndondomeko Redox amakhala ndi zimene, pa kuchita zomwe kwenikweni amasintha mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni atomu. tanthauzo Izi zimatithandiza kumvetsa mmene n'zotheka kudziwa ngati zimene Isi.

OVR malamulo parsing

Kugwiritsa aligorivimu ichi, koefishienti akhoza anakonza mu aliyense mankhwala anachita.

1. Choyamba muyenera kuika mu aliyense boma makutidwe ndi okosijeni mankhwala. Onani kuti yosavuta nkhani makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma la ziro, ngati palibe linanena bungwe (mogwirizana) ndi tinthu negative. Terms of mayikidwe a makutidwe ndi okosijeni mu mankhwala bayinare ndi atatu mchitidwe ankafunsidwa ndi ife pamwamba.

2. Ndiye zothandiza kupeza maatomu anthu kapena ayoni amene zinachitika pa kutembenuka, ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni anasintha.

3. Zalembedwa kuchokera kumanzere kwa aone kuti pali ndi maatomu lakutali kapena ayoni, zomwe zasintha ndi digirii zawo za makutidwe ndi okosijeni. M'pofunika pepala bwino. Pa zinthu chofunika kusonyeza phindu.

4. Komanso olembedwa maatomu anthu kapena ayoni kuti anapanga pa zimene, ndi + chizindikiro limasonyeza chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi analandira atomu, - chiwerengero cha kuponya particles negative. Ngati ndondomeko ya ntchito mogwirizana ndi kuchepetsedwa boma makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ma elekitironi unatengedwa atomu (ion). Pamene mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni atomu (ion) kuti apereke ma elekitironi pa zotani.

5. Laling'ono chiwerengero anatengedwa kugawanitsa choyamba, ndiye kuti aponye pa ma elekitironi analandira koefishienti. Point manambala ndi chofunika zinthu stereochemical.

6. Kudziwa oxidant, reductant, zomwe zimachitika pa zotani.

7. Chinthu chomaliza adzakhala mayikidwe a zinthu stereochemical mu linachepa.

   Mwachitsanzo OVR

Tiyeni tione mmene angagwiritsire ntchito aligorivimu ndi makamaka mankhwala anachita.

Fe + CuSO4 = Cu + FeSO4

Ife kuwerengera zinthu zonse yosavuta zovuta.

Popeza Fe ndi Cu ndi zinthu zophweka, n'kwawo makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi 0. Mu CuSO4, ndi Cu + 2, ndiye 2 mpweya, sulfure ndi pa +6. Mu FeSO4: Fe +2 Choncho, kwa O 2, calc S +6.

Tsopano kufunafuna zinthu zimene zingachititse kuti kusintha manambalawo, mu mkhalidwe wathu, iwo adzakhala Fe ndi Cu.

Popeza mtengo pambuyo anachita mu atomu chitsulo anali 2, 2 elekitironi analipereka zotani. Mkuwa akalozera chawo chinasintha 0 2, chifukwa mkuwa anatenga 2 ma elekitironi. Tsopano ife chimatanthauza chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi analandira, nadzalitaya atomu ya ayironi ndi cupric cation. Pa kutembenuka anatengedwa cation ma elekitironi awiri cupric chomwecho elekitironi anapatsidwa atomu ya ayironi.

Mu ndondomeko imeneyi sikugwirizana kudziwa osachepera wamba angapo, monga anatengedwa ndi kuperekedwa pa kutembenuka ofanana chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi. zinthu Stereochemical nawonso kutsatira wina. Mu zochita za wothandizila kuchepetsa adzakhala kuonetsa katundu wa chitsulo, pamene oxidized. Cation divalent mkuwa yafupika mkuwa oyera zimene iwo ali mlingo wapamwamba wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni.

ndondomeko ntchito

Chilinganizo mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni ayenera kudziwika kwa kalasi iliyonse sukulu 8-9, monga nkhani imeneyi m'gulu la ntchito OGE. njira iliyonse zimene zimachitika ndi oxidizing, kuchepetsa zizindikiro, masewero ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri pa moyo wathu. Iwo ili yofunika kwambiri njira kagayidwe kachakudya mu thupi la munthu.