Mitundu yayikulu ya mipweya

Chilengedwe chimadziwa zinthu zitatu zomwe zilipo : chinthu cholimba, madzi ndi gaseous. Pafupifupi madzi alionse angapeze limodzi la magawo awiri otsalawo. Mchere wambiri ukhoza kuwonjezeredwa pamtambo panthawi ya kusungunuka, kutuluka kwa madzi kapena kuyaka. Koma osati mafuta onse angakhale gawo la zida zolimba kapena zakumwa. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mpweya imadziwika, yomwe imasiyana mosiyana ndi katundu, chiyambi ndi ntchito.

Tanthauzo ndi katundu

Gasi ndi chinthu chomwe kusakhalapo kapena kuchepa kwa intlolecular bonds ndi khalidwe, komanso kuyenda kwa ma particles. Zida zomwe magetsi onse ali nazo:

1. Kutentha, kutaya mtima, kusasinthasintha, chikhumbo chokhala ndi mphamvu yothamanga, momwe maatomu ndi ma molekyulu amachitira kuti kuchepa kapena kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha, komwe kumawonetseredwa ndi kusintha kwa kukula kwa kayendetsedwe kawo.
2. Pali kutentha kumene kuwonjezeka kwazitsulo sikungapangitse kusintha kwa dziko la madzi.
3. Sungani bwino, kuchepa kwa voliyumu. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zosavuta kunyamula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito.
4. Ambiri amadzimadzidwa ndi kupanikizika m'madera ena a mavuto ndi kutentha kwabwino.

Chifukwa cha kufufuza kosatheka, iwo amafotokozedwa mothandizidwa ndi magawo ofanana monga kutentha, kupanikizika, voliyumu, misala.

Malemba ndi dipatimenti

Mu chilengedwe, mitundu yonse ya mpweya ili mlengalenga, dziko lapansi ndi m'madzi.

1. Mpweya wopangidwa: oxygen, nayitrogeni, carbon dioxide, argon, nitrogen oxide ndi admixtures ya neon, krypton, hydrogen, methane.
2. Padziko lapansi, nayitrogeni, hydrogen, methane ndi ma hydrocarboni ena, carbon dioxide, sulfur oxide Ndipo enawo ali mu gaseous and liquid state. Palinso mpweya womwe umagawidwa mu gawo lolimba lomwe limasakanikirana ndi madzi pazitsulo za pafupifupi 250 atm. Pazizira zotsika (mpaka 20 ° C).
3. Zipindazi zimakhala ndi mpweya wosasunthika - hydrogen chloride, ammonia komanso sungunuka - oxygen, nayitrogeni, haidrojeni, carbon dioxide Ndi ena.

Zosungirako zakutchire zimadutsa kwambiri kuposa nambala yowonjezera yokhazikitsidwa.

Chiwerengero ndi madireji

Mitundu yonse ya mpweya, malingana ndi makhalidwe omwe amachititsa kutentha ndi kuyaka, imagawanika kukhala zowonjezereka, zowonongeka ndi zotentha.

1. Oxidizers amalimbikitsa kutentha ndi kuyatsa moto, koma musadzitenthe okha: mpweya, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, oxide ndi nitrogen dioxide.
2. Ntchentche sichigwira nawo mbali, koma ali ndi malo ochotsera oksijeni ndipo amachititsa kuchepa kwa mphamvuyi: helium, neon, xenon, nayitrogeni, argon, carbon dioxide.
3. Kuwotcha kapena kuphulika koopsa, kulumikizana ndi mpweya: methane, ammonia, hydrogen, acetylene, propane, butane, carbon monoxide, ethane, ethylene. Ambiri mwa iwo amawotchedwa ndi moto pokhapokha pazikhalidwe zina za mpweya wosakaniza. Chifukwa cha katundu uyu, gasi ndi mtundu wa mafuta, lero ndilofala kwambiri. Mwa mphamvuyi, methane, propane, butane amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Mpweya woipa ndi gawo lake

Ndi imodzi mwa mpweya wambiri m'mlengalenga (0.04%). Pa kutentha kwabwino ndi chisokonezo cha mlengalenga muli ndi kuchuluka kwa 1.98 kg / m ³ . Zitha kukhala mu dziko lolimba komanso lamadzi. Cholimba chimachitika ndi kutentha kosalekeza ndi nthawi zonse kuthamanga kwa mlengalenga, imatchedwa "youma ayezi". Madzi amadzimadzi a CO ₂ amatha kuwonjezeka. Malowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito yosungirako, kayendedwe ndi mapulogalamu a zamakono. Kusungunuka kwa nthaka (kusintha kwa dziko la gaseous kuchokera ku olimba, popanda gawo lapakati la madzi) n'kotheka ku -77 - -79 ° C. Kutentha m'madzi mwa chiŵerengero cha 1: 1 kumapezeka pa t = 14-16 ° C.

Mitundu ya carbon dioxide ndi yosiyana malinga ndi chiyambi:

1. Mitengo yofunika kwambiri ya zomera ndi zinyama, kutuluka kwaphalaphala, kutuluka kwa mpweya kuchokera mkati mwa dziko lapansi, kutuluka kwa madzi kuchokera pamtunda wa madzi.
2. Zotsatira za ntchito zaumunthu, kuphatikizapo mpweya wochokera ku mitundu yonse ya mafuta.

Monga mankhwala othandiza, amagwiritsidwa ntchito:

1. Muzimoto zoyaka moto za carbon dioxide.
2. Muzitsulo zopangira zowonjezera arc pamalo oyenera a CO ₂ .
3. M'makampani ogulitsa monga kusungira madzi ndi madzi.
4. Monga ozizira chifukwa chozizira kwa kanthawi.
5. Mu mankhwala makampani.
6. Mu metallurgy.

Kukhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa moyo wa dziko lapansi, munthu, ntchito ya makina ndi zomera zonse, carbon dioxide imasonkhana m'munsi ndi pamwamba pamlengalenga, kuchepetsa kutulutsa kutentha ndi kupanga "kutentha kwa madzi".

Gasi lamadzi ndi gawo lake

Pakati pa zinthu za chirengedwe ndi cholinga cha sayansi, omwe ali ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha kutentha ndi mtengo wa calorific ali okhaokha. Mitundu yowonjezera ya gasi yowonongeka imagwiritsidwa ntchito yosungirako, kuyendetsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito: methane, propane, butane, komanso mavitanidwe a propane-butane.

Butane (C ₄ H ₁₀₎ ndi propane ndi zigawo za mpweya wa mafuta. Yoyamba imadziwika pa -1 - -0.5 ° C. Kutumiza ndi kugwiritsira ntchito nyengo yozizira ya pure butane sikuchitika chifukwa cha kuzizira kwake. Kutentha kwa liquefaction kwa propane (C ₃ H ₈₎ -41 - -42 ° C, vuto lalikulu - 4.27 MPa.

Methane (CH ₄₎ - yaikulu ya gasi. Mitundu ya gasi imayambira - mafuta amaika, mankhwala opangidwa ndi biogenic. Kusinunkhika kumachitika mwa kudutsa pang'onopang'ono ndi kuchepetsa kutentha kwa -160 - -161 ° C. Pa gawo lirilonse liri lopanikizidwa 5-10 nthawi.

Kudya mchere kumachitika pazipangizo zapadera. Propane, butane, komanso kusakaniza kwawo kwa ntchito zamakono ndi mafakitale, amapangidwa mosiyana. Methane imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mafakitale komanso ngati mafuta oyendetsa. Zomalizazi zingathe kupangidwanso m'njira yolemetsedwera.

Gasi wolemetsa ndi udindo wake

Posachedwapa, gasi lachilengedwe lopanikizidwa lafala kwambiri. Ngati propane ndi butane zimangoyamwa bwino, methane ikhoza kupangidwa mu mawonekedwe ophwanyika komanso olemedwa. Gasi yomwe ili ndi makina akuluakulu a 20 MPa ali ndi ubwino wambiri pa mafuta odziwika bwino.

1. Kuthamanga kwapamwamba kwambiri, kuphatikizapo kutentha kwa kutentha, kusakhala ndi zochitika zoipa zosadziwika.
2. Pansi poizoni.
3. Kutentha kwakukulu, kuthamanga kwambiri, kusakhudzidwa ndi zipangizo ndi chilengedwe.

Mowonjezereka, imagwiritsidwa ntchito osati kwa magalimoto okha, komanso magalimoto, komanso zipangizo zamagetsi.

Gasi ndi chinthu chonyenga, koma chofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa munthu. Mtengo wapatali wa calorific wa ena mwa iwo umatsimikizira kugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu kwa zigawo zosiyanasiyana za gasi monga mafuta a malonda ndi zoyendetsa.