Mitundu ya nkhani: kanthu, munda thupi, zingalowe m'malo thupi. Lingaliro la nkhani

Mbali yofunika ya kuphunzira mulingo lalikulu la sayansi ndi nkhani. M'nkhaniyi tiona zinthu zosiyana, mitundu ya zinthu mawonekedwe, ndi katundu wa kayendedwe ake.

vuto ndi chiyani?

Kwa zaka zambiri, mfundo kusintha nkhaniyo bwino. Choncho wakale Plato anaona ngati substratum wa zinthu, zomwe zimatsutsana ndi mfundo za iwo. Aristotle ananena kuti ndi chinthu wosatha, amene sakhoza kulengedwa kapena kuwonongedwa. Kenako nzeru ena Democritus ndi Leucippus anapatsidwa tanthauzo la kanthu monga ngati zinthu zofunika zimene matupi onse m'dziko lathu ndi m'chilengedwe chonse.

Chikhulupiriro chamakono cha nkhaniyi anapatsidwa V. I. Lenin, chimene ndi chosiyana ndi ufulu wodzilamulira cholinga gulu, zowonetseredwa ndi kuzindikira anthu, zomverera, zikhoza liwonerere ndi kujambulidwa.

makhalidwe nkhani

Makhalidwe zazikulu zakuthupi ndi zochitika zitatu:

• Space.
• Time.
• Movement.

Woyamba awiri ndi makhalidwe osiyana metrological, ie iwo akhoza quantified ndi zipangizo zapadera. danga amayezedwa mamita, ndi makhalidwe a ena ofanana ndi nthawi maola, mphindi, masekondi, ndipo masiku, miyezi, zaka, etc. Pa nthawi palinso zina, osati zochepa zofunika katundu - .. Irreversibility. Inu simungathe kubwereranso ku mfundo iliyonse poyambira mu nthawi, nthawi vekitala nthawi zonse mmodzi ndiye amaganiza ndi kusuntha akale m'tsogolo. Mosiyana ndi nthawi, malo - mfundo zovuta ndipo ali ndi atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena muyeso (kutalika, kutalika, m'lifupi). Choncho, mitundu yonse ya nkhani ikuyenda danga kwa nyengo zina za nthawi.

Mitundu ya zoyenda

Chirichonse chimene tikukhala ikuyenda mlengalenga ndiponso kucheza ndi mzake. kayendedwe kumachitika mosalekeza ndipo ndi chuma chachikulu wogwidwa ndi mitundu yonse ya zinthu. Pakali pano, ndondomeko izi zichitike osati mwa zinthu angapo, komanso mkati nkhani yokha, kuchititsa kusinthidwa ake. Pali mitundu zotsatirazi za kayendedwe:

• Mawotchi - ichi kayendedwe ka zinthu mu mlengalenga (apulo kugwa kwa mtengo, akuthamanga kalulu).

• Thupi - kumachitika pamene thupi amasintha makhalidwe ake (mwachitsanzo thupi boma). Zitsanzo: chisanu chimasungunula, vaporizes madzi etc ...
• Mankhwala - kusinthidwa wa mipweya ya chuma (zitsulo dzimbiri, makutidwe ndi okosijeni a shuga)
• Tizilombo - amapezeka zamoyo ndi khalidwe vegetative kukula, ndi kupukusa chakudya, kubalana ndi ena.

• mawonekedwe Social - njira mogwirizana okhudzidwa: kulankhulana, akuchititsa misonkhano, chisankho ndi zina zotero ..
• Geological - amadziwika chisonyezo cha nkhaniyi mu matanthwe a pansi padziko ndipo mkati mwa dziko: pachimake, chofunda.

Onse mitundu pamwamba pa nkhaniyi ndi zogwirizana Kugwirizana ndi ntchito mofanana. Sangaonekerenso paokha ndipo sali kudzidalira.

katundu wa nkhani

Zakale ndi zamakono sayansi zimachitika katundu ambiri a zinthu. Ambiri zones - gulu, koma pali zina konsekonse:

• Iye uncreatable ndi wambawamba. katundu Izi zikutanthauza kuti munthu wina kapena thunthu kwa nthawi yaitali, pali akufotokozera, sakhalanso ngati chinthu choyambirira, koma vuto si udzawonongedwa, ndi chabe lidzasinthidwa mitundu ina.
• Ndi wosatha ndi wopandamalire m'malere.
• Zonse kayendedwe, kusinthika, kusinthidwa.
• Okonzedweratu, kudalira zinthu kupoletsa ndi zinthu. Mundawu ndi mtundu wa kufotokoza za chiyambi cha vuto monga chotsatira cha zinthu zina.

The mitundu ikuluikulu ya nkhani

akatswiri a masiku ano apeza njira zitatu za nkhaniyi:

• mankhwala A kukhala misa zenizeni pa mpumulo, ndi mtundu ambiri. Chingakhale particles, mamolekyulu, maatomu, ndi mankhwala awo, omwe amapanga thupi.
• munda thupi - wapadera zinthu zenizenizo, limene lakonzedwa kuti Chiyankhulo zinthu (zinthu).
• Thupi zingalowe - zakuthupi sing'anga ndi kuchepa mphamvu kuthungo.

Kenako, mwatsatanetsatane tione aliyense wa mitundu.

thunthu

Thunthu - mtundu wa nkhani, chinthu chachikulu chimene ali apawokha, mwachitsanzo discontinuous, zochepa. akuphatikizapo imakhala ya particles laling'ono mu mawonekedwe a mapulotoni, ma elekitironi, ndi neutrons wopangidwa atomu. Maatomu mu molekyulu ndi anagwirizana kupanga mankhwala amene nawonso, ndipamene thupi kapena flowable mankhwala.

chinthu chilichonse nazo zingapo makhalidwe ena amene kuwasiyanitsa ndi ena, misa, kachulukidwe, mfundo kuwira ndi mfundo kusungunuka, kapangidwe galasi latisi. Akamaziwononga, zinthu zosiyanasiyana chilumikizidwe, osokonezeka. Mu chikhalidwe amapezeka m'madera atatu a loitanirana: olimba, madzi ndi gaseous. Mmenemonso makamaka thupi limafanana ndi chikhalidwe cha zili chabe thunthu ndi mphamvu ya mogwirizana maselo, koma ndi khalidwe payekha. Choncho, madzi pa kutentha osiyana ndi zingatenge madzi ndi olimba ndi gaseous mawonekedwe.

munda thupi

Mitundu monga maso ndipo chotero chigawo ngati munda wa thupi. Ndi mtundu wa dongosolo limene matupi zinthu kucheza. Munda si chilli koma chonyamulira katundu enieni particles zake anapanga. Choncho, zimachitika anamasulidwa ku kachigawo kamodzi, koma osati odzipereka mu ena, ndi chowonjezera za kuthengo.

minda thupi - weniweni mitundu chosaoneka ndi maso a nkhani yokhala ndi chuma cha kupitiriza. Iwo akhoza wachinsinsi monga muyezo osiyana:

1. Malinga ndi kuyang'anira munda-ikuyambitsa wolemekezeka: magetsi, maginito ndi Mphamvu minda.
2. Ndi chikhalidwe cha mtengo kayendedwe: munda zazikulu, zowerengera (lili amodzi wachibale wina ndi mzake particles adawalamulira).
3. Ndi chikhalidwe thupi: macro- ndi microfield (analenga kayendedwe ka particles munthu mlandu).
4. Malinga kuli sing'anga: Link (lozungulira particles adawalamulira), mkati (kumunda mkati zinthu), woona (mtengo okwana minda mkati ndi kunja).

Zingalowe m'malo thupi

Mu XX atumwi sayansi monga kukondera pakati materialists ndi idealists kufotokoza zochitika zina anaonekera mawu akuti "thupi zingalowe". Woyamba amatamanda iye ndi katundu chuma, ndi yamasika ankanena kuti zingalowe - Ichi sichina koma chisokonezo. Modern sayansi wakana chiweruzo cha idealists ndi anasonyeza kuti zingalowe - ndi chilengedwe, komanso ikutchedwa munda kwadzidzidzi. chiwerengero cha particles ali wofanana ndi ziro, amene Komabe, samaletsa pakutchulidwa wa yochepa tinthu mu magawo a wapakatikati. Mchiphunzitso kwadzidzidzi wa thupi mlingo zingalowe mphamvu conventionally unatenga osachepera pa mwachitsanzo ziro. Komabe, experimentally anatsimikizira kuti munda mphamvu kungakhale milandu onse oipa ndi abwino. Pali kungoganizira kuti chilengedwe adanyamuka mawu a zingalowe m'malo thupi okondwa.

Komabe mokwanira anaphunzira kapangidwe ka zingalowe m'malo thupi, ngakhale amadziwika ambiri a katundu. Malinga dzenje Dirac chiphunzitso m'munda kwadzidzidzi tichipeza kusuntha photons ndi mlandu wofananawo, zikuchokera amakhalabe bwinobwino okha masango quanta amene anasamukira mu mawonekedwe a yoweyula mitsinje.