Minofu ndi mafupa dongosolo: ntchito ndi dongosolo. Kukula kwa anthu minofu ndi mafupa zida

Ziwalo zonse zoyenda, kupereka thupi akusuntha mu malo amaphatikizidwa mu dongosolo limodzi. Izi zikuphatikizapo mafupa, mafupa, minofu ndi Mitsemphayi. Minofu ndi mafupa dongosolo la munthu amagwira ntchito zina chifukwa peculiarities mapangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka ziwalo ayende maulendo.

kutanthauza locomotor

mafupa anthu amagwira ntchito zingapo zofunika:

• kuchirikiza;
• chitetezo
• Imakhala gulu;
• nawo mu kagayidwe mchere ndi hematopoiesis.

Kuphwanya dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa amachititsa njira pathological mu kachitidwe ambiri a thupi. Minofu Ufumuyo mafupa ikuchitika kayendedwe poyerekezera ndi mzake, umene kayendedwe ka thupi ndipo anapereka danga. dongosolo akulu lili ndi zinthu zake zinchito:

• Iwo lozungulira thupi M'mimbamo, kuwateteza zisaonongeke mawotchi;
• kugwira thandizo ntchito chothandiza thupi mu malo ena.

Mu chitukuko cha locomotor zida wa munthu zolimbikitsa chapakati mantha dongosolo chitukuko. Kukula kwa ena a minofu ndi mitsempha - amadalira njira wina ndi mzake. Podziwa chimene mbali ya dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa ndi koyenera kuti uziyenda wabwinobwino wa thupi, Ndizachidziwikire kuti mafupa n'kofunika dongosolo thupi.

Pa embryogenesis, pamene thupi pafupifupi osati anakhudzidwa ndi zimene zikuchitika kulikonse, yoopsa kayendedwe mtima zolandilira minofu. Kuyambira nyemba awa kupita chapakati mantha dongosolo, zolimbikitsa chitukuko cha manyuroni. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ubongo kumapangitsa kukula ndi chitukuko cha dongosolo akulu.

chigoba thunthu

Mafupa - akonzedwa a mafupa amene amachita akundithandiza, galimoto ndi ntchito yoteteza. Minofu ndi mafupa dongosolo la munthu lili 200 mafupa (malingana ndi msinkhu), onse amene ali wapamwamba kuposa aliyense dayisi 33-34. Kusiyanitsa centerline (thorax, Chigaza, vertebrae), ndipo powunikiridwa m'chiphiphiritso (ufulu nthambi) mafupa.

Mafupa anapanga fupa minofu, zokhudzana zosiyanasiyana minofu connective. Iwo wapangidwa ndi maselo ndi wandiweyani extracellular masanjidwewo, imene ili ndi kuchuluka kwa kolajeni ndi mchere zigawo kuti amapereka elasticity.

Mafupa ndi zapamwamba kuti ziwalo zofunika kwambiri anthu: chigaza ndi ubongo, mu ngalande msana - msana, chifuwa amatiteteza ya kum'mero, mapapo mtima, wolumikizira lalikulu makungwa venous, ndi mafupa a chiuno amateteza kuwonongeka kwa ziwalo dongosolo urogenital. Kuphwanya dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa kungawononge kwa ziwalo, nthawi zina atakwatirana ndi moyo.

kapangidwe fupa

The olekanitsidwa chofewa ngati siponji fupa ndi mankhwala yaying'ono. Chiŵerengero imasiyana malingana ndi malo ndi ntchito ya gawo lina la kachitidwe minofu ndi mafupa.

Thunthu yaying'ono isanafalikire mu kutsinde mafupa yaitali, zimene zimapereka thandizo ndi locomotor ntchito. zakuthupi chofewa ngati siponji aikidwa mu mafupa mosabisa ndi waufupi. Padziko lonse la fupa (kupatula olowa) ali ndi periosteum (periosteum).

mapangidwe fupa

The ontogeny la mapangidwe a dongosolo la dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa mwa magawo angapo - Ngati a Bakha, chichereŵechereŵe ndi fupa. Kuyambira sabata yachiwiri itatha pakati pa mesenchyme a mafupa membranous aumbike mwa mbalizo chichereŵechereŵe. Pofika sabata 8 la chichereŵechereŵe minofu ndi pang'onopang'ono m'malo ndi fupa.

M'malo cartilaginous fupa angakhale okhudza mu njira zingapo:

• perihondrialnoe ossification - fupa mapangidwe chichereŵechereŵe wozungulira;
• periosteal ossification - yopanga osteocytes wamng'ono anapanga periosteum;
• enchondral ossification - fupa mapangidwe mkati chichereŵechereŵe lapansi.

The ndondomeko ya mapangidwe fupa kumera ziwiya ndi connective minofu kuchokera chichereŵechereŵe mu periosteum (mu malo awa chiwonongeko chichereŵechereŵe amapezeka). Part maselo osteogenic kenako kukhala cancellous fupa.

Pa chitukuko yoopsa amapezeka diaphyseal ossification mafupa yaitali (otchedwa chachikulu kufika ossification), ndiye pambuyo pa kubadwa kumachitika ossification epiphysis mafupa yaitali (mfundo yachiwiri ya ossification). Mpaka zaka 16-24 pakati pa epiphyses ndi diaphysis anapitiriza cartilaginous epiphyseal mbale.

Zikomo pamaso ake amafikira ziwalo dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa. Kamodzi chichereŵechereŵe ndi m'malo mwa fupa maphatikizidwe amapezeka diaphysis ndi epiphysis mafupa yaitali, kukula anthu mabasi.

Kapangidwe ka ndime vertebral

Danga msana ndi sequentially superimposed vertebrae amene ogwirizana ndi zimbale intervertebral, mfundo ndi Mitsemphayi, ozikidwa dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa. Ntchito msana si thandizo kokha, komanso podziteteza popewa kuwonongeka makina a ziwalo ndi msana, kudutsa mu ngalande msana.

Ndi mbali zisanu msana - coccygeal, sacral, lumbar, thoracic ndi khomo lachiberekero. Aliyense dipatimenti ali pamlingo winawake zoyendayenda, kwathunthu immobile ndi kokha sacral msana.

kayendedwe ka msana kapena m'madipatimenti ake anaonetsetsa ndi minofu chigoba. Yoyenera chitukuko cha dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa mu nthawi neonatal amapereka thandizo koyenera kuti ziwalo mkati ndi machitidwe ndi chitetezo chawo.

Kapangidwe ka chifuwa

Thorax - osteochondral mapangidwe wopangidwa mwa sternum ndi nthiti 12 thoracic vertebrae. Mawonekedwe a chifuwa akufanana osasamba truncated phirilo. The nthiti makoma anai:

• kutsogolo - anapanga sternum ndi nthiti chichereŵechereŵe;
• kumbuyo - aumbike vertebrae a msana thoracic ndi malekezero kumbuyo kwa nthiti;
• 2 mbali - anapanga mwachindunji nthiti.

Komanso olekanitsidwa mabowo awiri thorax - chapamwamba ndi kabowo m'munsi. Kudutsa kutsegula kumtunda kwa ziwalo kupuma ndi dongosolo m'mimba (kum'mero, trachea, mitsempha ndi mitsempha). Kabowo m'munsi yotsekedwa ndi zakulera, amene ali dzenje kwa ndime ya wolumikizira lalikulu makungwa venous (msempha wochepa vena cava), ndi kum'mero.

Kapangidwe Chibade cha

Chigaza ndi imodzi mwa nyumba zofunika mafupa ofananira, imene imagwiritsidwa dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa. Chibade ntchito - kuteteza ubongo, ziwalo chipangizo, ndi kuthandiza magulu yoyamba ya kachitidwe kupuma ndi m'mimba. Amakhala ndi mafupa wophatikizidwa ndi unpaired ndi lagawidwa ubongo ndi madipatimenti nkhope.

Chigawo kutsogolo a Chigaza ndi:

• wa maxillary ndi mafupa mandibular;
• awiri m'mphuno mafupa;
• zygomatic fupa.

Kapangidwe neurocranium zikuphatikizapo:

• ndi mazunzo fupa ;
• wophatikizidwa fupa kanthawi;
• nthunzi sphenoid fupa;
• nthunzi parietal fupa ;
• occipital fupa.

Brain dipatimenti ndi ntchito yake zoteteza ubongo ndi cholandirira ake. ofesi Front amatithandiza ku dipatimenti yaikulu ya dongosolo kupuma ndi m'mimba ndi ziwalo imalandira.

dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa: ntchito ndi dongosolo la nthambi

Mu zamoyo wa nthambi mafupa amamuonera sayenda yaikulu chifukwa articular articulation mafupa (makamaka zozungulira ndi mfundo carpal). Kuonetsetsa thoracic ndi malamba m'chiuno.

Lamba chapamwamba (chifuwa) awiri tsamba ndi clavicle fupa, ndi pansi (m'chiuno) popangidwa ndi awiri a m'chiuno fupa. The ufulu gawo la nthambi chapamwamba ndi mabungwe otsatirawa:

• proximal - lili humerus;
• pafupifupi - ankaimira ulna ndi utali wozungulira;
• wapotalikira - Monga mafupa dzanja, mafupa metacarpal ndi mafupa chala.

Mbali ufulu wa nthambi m'munsi tichipeza mabungwe otsatirawa:

• proximal - lili femur;
• Wapakatikati - zikuphatikizapo tibia ndi fibula;
• wapotalikira - mafupa tarsal, mafupa metatarsal ndi mafupa a zala.

nthambi mafupa amalola osiyanasiyana ntchito ndi n'kofunika kuti ntchito bwinobwino, amene amathandiza dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa. chigoba ntchito ya nthambi ufulu n'zovuta Musaone, chifukwa ndi thandizo anthu kuchita pafupifupi onse zochita.

Kapangidwe ka dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa

minofu chigoba amagwira mafupa ndi kuchepetsa ndi kupereka kayendedwe ka thupi kapena mbali yake m'malere. Pa mtima wa minofu chigoba ali striated ulusi minofu. Kuwonjezera thandizo ndi galimoto ntchito za minofu kupereka ntchito ya kupuma, Pomeza, kutafuna, ndi nawo nkhope, kutentha m'badwo ndi articulation wa kulankhula.

The katundu waukulu minofu chigoba ndi:

• excitability - ntchito ulusi minofu ikuchitika mchikakamizo cha zikhumbo mitsempha;
• madutsidwe - kuchokera molekezera mitsempha kuti chapakati mantha dongosolo mofulumira mopupuluma conduction;
• contractility - chifukwa cha mitsempha kugula magalimoto anagwira contractility minofu chigoba.

Minofu wapangidwa malekezero a tendon ndi (tendons, minofu amagwira mafupa) ndi mimba (wopangidwa ulusi minofu striated). Mgwirizano ntchito ya mapeto a minofu ndi mafupa ikuchitika uziyenda bwino minofu ndi koyenera kuti lamulo limeneli ubongo ulusi minofu.