Mfundo limatsogolera mankhwala enaake oopsa. Amafotokozera Mercury

zinthu zonse mankhwala tebulo nthawi salembedwa anagawa opendekera B - Pa pa zitsulo ndi nonmetals. Ndi yamasika owerengeka, ili pamwamba ndi malire bwino. Zitsulo achindunji kachulukidwe ubwino chomwecho kwa zinthu zodziwika 118 amkulira 80.

Iwo onse ali ofanana thupi katundu ophatikizana boma akaphatikiza. Komabe, pali zosiyana - amafotokozera Mercury. Za iye, ndipo kulankhula.

Mercury: malo dongosolo zodziwitsa

mchitidwe uwu ali cell ake tebulo pansi nambala 80. Iyi ndi gulu lachiwiri, mosayembekezera subgroup chimodzi lalikulu lothandiza. Ilinso ndi kulemera atomiki wa 200,59. Pali zisanu ndi ziwiri isotopes khola: 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204.

Zimatanthauza D-banja la zinthu, koma osati kusintha, kuyambira yotsirizira valence ma elekitironi mudzaze m-yozungulira. Mercury zili m'gulu la subgroup zitsulo nthaka, cadmium ndi Copernicium.

General maonekedwe a mchitidwe wa

Zinthu mankhwala tebulo zodziwitsa ndi mosamalitsa analamula dongosolo, ndipo aliyense ali elekitironi kasinthidwe ake atomu, akuyankhula za katundu wake. Mercury yotero. Kapangidwe ndi akunja elekitironi chigoba chake predvneshney motere: 5s 5p ^{2 6 10} 5d 6s ^2.

N'zotheka makutidwe ndi okosijeni limati: 1, +2. Okusayidi ndi hydroxide wa Mercury - ndi ofooka zofunika, nthawi zina ndi khalidwe la pawiri amphoteric. Chizindikiro mankhwala kwa mchitidwe wa №80 - Hg, Latin katchulidwe "gidrargirum". dzina Russian lachokera ku chinenero Proto-Asilavo yomwe likumasuliridwa kuti "anagubuduza". Pakati pa anthu ena, matchulidwe ndi dzina ndi osiyana. Nthawi zambiri zinthu palokha ndipo Anawasandutsa zinthu yosavuta zovuta otchedwa merkuratami Mercury. Dzina limeneli likuchokera ku nthawi zakale, poyerekeza ndi Hg (chinthu) ndi siliva, nampatsa phindu lachiwiri kuchokera golide. Sun - chizindikiro cha aurum Au, Mercury - chizindikiro gidrargirum Hg.

Anthu wakale chikhulupiriro chakuti pali zitsulo zisanu ndi ziwiri zazikulu, kuphatikizapo mankhwala enaake. Gulu la iwo zikugwirizananso mu zakuthambo. Ndiko kuti, golide kugwirizana ndi dzuwa, zitsulo - Mars, Mercury - Mercury ndi zina zotero.

History of anapeza

Mercury wakhala amadziwika 1500 zaka BC. Ngakhale ndiye, izo monga "madzi siliva", zikusuntha, zachilendo ndi zitsulo chachinsinsi anafotokoza. Tingafinye nalonso anaphunzira kalelo.

Kumene, kuphunzira katundu sikunali kotheka, chifukwa sichinayambe kupangidwa ngati umagwirira amenewa. Mercury waphimbika chotchinga cha chinsinsi ndi matsenga sankaona kuti kunali chinthu chachilendo pafupi siliva, ndi luso kuwasandutsa golide, ngati inu zovuta. Komabe, njira kupeza mankhwala enaake oyera boma olimba sanali, ndi researches alchemical analephera.

M'mayiko Major, kumene nthawi zambiri wakale ntchito ndi yotengedwa Mercury ndi:

• China;
• Mesopotamia;
• India;
• Egypt.

Komabe, kupeza zitsulo izi ndi mu maonekedwe ake angwiro anali kokha m'zaka XVIII, anachita Swedish sayansi Brandt. Komabe, iwo kapena kuti mfundo imeneyi sanakuchitireni umboni metallicity zinthu. nkhani imeneyi anaimveketsa M. V. Lomonosov ndi Brown. Ndi asayansi awa woyamba anakwanitsa amaundana ndi Mercury ndipo motero kutsimikizira kuti amakhala ndi katundu onse zitsulo - luster, madutsidwe, malleability ndi ductility, chitsulo latisi krustalo.

Today analandira zosiyanasiyana mankhwala mankhwala enaake, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu madera osiyana a ulimi luso.

The Mercury mankhwala

Monga chinthu chophweka ndi madzi (pa zinthu zachilendo) zasiliva woyera, mafoni, oyaka. Chitsanzo chabwino kumene Mercury madzi ntchito mu mawonekedwe woyera, - ndi thermometer, thermometers kuona kutentha.

Ngati ife atembenuke ndi Mercury mu boma olimba, adzakhala ndi timibulu translucent, odorless. Nthuzi ndi colorless woopsa kwambiri.

thupi katundu

The thupi katundu wa zitsulo - yekha woimira amene m'mikhalidwe zimaikidwa kulibe ngati madzi. Pakuti zina zonse, kwathunthu zimagwirizana ndi makhalidwe ambiri a mamembala ena a gulu.

mbali zofunikira zili motere.

1. Maonekedwe: zachilendo zinthu - madzi, timibulu olimba - pamwamba kuposa 352 ^{° C,} banjali - oposa 79 K.
2. Kusungunuka benzene, dioxane, ndi makhiristo mu madzi. Amatha kuti kunyowetsa galasi.
3. Nyamayi katundu diamagnetic.
4. Matenthedwe madutsidwe.

Mercury limatsogolera limapezekanso pa kutentha zoipa -38,83 ° ^C. Choncho, mankhwala ndi wa gulu la zachiwawa pamene mkangano. Internal kugwirizana kotunga mphamvu udzakhala wautali mwa kangapo.

Otentha Mercury kumayamba pa ^za 356,73 C. Pa nthawi imeneyi, iwo amayamba pochitika mu boma nthunzi, zomwe kwathunthu maso a molekyulu, ndi zolumikizana ndi covalent chomangira nonpolar.

Mercury limatsogolera kutentha limasonyeza kuti katundu wa zitsulo zikuoneka zachilendo. nkhaniyi akuyamba asanduke nthunzi, akusuntha mu molekyulu wosaoneka boma gaseous pa wamba firiji, zomwe zimachititsa makamaka woopsawo thanzi anthu ndi nyama.

katundu mankhwala

Mumadziwika gulu la mankhwala zochokera Mercury zimatiyika makutidwe ndi okosijeni:

• sulfates, sulfides;
• chlorides;
• ku feteleza;
• hydroxides;
• oxides;
• zovuta mankhwala;
• organometallic mankhwala,
• intermetallic;
• kasakaniza wazitsulo ndi zitsulo zina - mapaziwo apangidwa.

Mercury limatsogolera mfundo chololera kupanga onse madzi ndi olimba mapaziwo apangidwa. Mu zitsulo ngati kasakaniza wazitsulo kutaya ntchito yawo, likupitirirabe inert.

Chisoni Mercury mogwirizana ndi mpweya ndi zotheka pa kutentha mokwanira mkulu, ngakhale amphamvu oxidizing mphamvu ya nonmetal. Mu zinthu pa 380 ^{° C} chifukwa cha kaphatikizidwe wa okusayidi zitsulo aumbike ndi digiri ya makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa yotsirizira awiri.

zitsulo samalowa mu mogwirizana mankhwala, otsala mu mkhalidwe madzi ndi zidulo, alkalis, si zitsulo mawonekedwe ufulu.

Ndi halogens amachitira m'malo pang'onopang'ono yekha mu ozizira, ndi kutsimikizira mfundo limatsogolera mankhwala enaake oopsa. Good oxidant kuti ndi potaziyamu permanganate.

Kukhala chikhalidwe

Iwo uli mu matanthwe a pansi padziko, ndi m'nyanja, ores ndi mchere. Ngati ife kulankhula za kuchuluka okwana Mercury m'chikondi cha dziko lapansi, ndi za 0.000001%. Ambiri tinganene kuti mchitidwe kufufuza. Major mchere ndi ores, yomwe ndi zitsulo, zotsatirazi:

• cinnabar;
• khwatsi;
• kalikedo;
• Mica;
• carbonates;
• kutsogolera-nthaka ores.

Mu chikhalidwe, Mercury nthawi zonse amapanga mkombero ndi kumatanthauza kagayidwe wa zigawo zonse za Earth.

kupeza Mercury

Njira yaikulu kupeza - ndi processing wa cinnabar mchere. N'zothekanso zitsulo njira ntchito wothandizila kuchepetsa. Pamene ntchito njira choyamba, mchere ndi amaloŵamo kuyeza wokazinga mu mpweya. Ici ulikubala awiri zitsulo. Popeza Mercury ndi otsika limatsogolera mfundo, ndi mfundo kuwira, mosiyana, ndi mkulu mlandu ndi condensation nthunzi yokonza sayambitsa kuwombera mavuto. Njira amachitira Mercury sulfide m'masiku akale kwa kutulutsa zitsulo mu mawonekedwe woyera.

Yachiwiri njira zachokera m'zigawo za Mercury monga sulphide ndi ntchito yolimba kuchepetsa wothandizila. Monga chitsulo. mankhwala ali pamodzi mofanana pa nkhani yapita.

Zotsatira Tizilombo pa zamoyo

Mercury kutentha ayenera otsika zokwanira pochitika mu boma nthunzi. ndondomeko limayamba pa 25 ° ^{C, mwachitsanzo,} panthawi yachibadwa firiji. Pankhaniyi, kupeza zamoyo mu chipinda amakhala ngozi thanzi.

Choncho, zitsulo akhoza kulowa mkati anthu kupyolera:

• khungu, bwinobwino, kwathunthu integers;
• mucosa;
• kupuma thirakiti;
• m'mimba ziwalo.

Akalowa, ndi nthunzi ya mankhwala enaake ali m'gulu m'magazi, ndipo ndiye kulowa kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni ndi mamolekyulu, n'kupanga mankhwala nawo. Choncho pali kudzikundikira zitsulo zoipa chiwindi ndi fupa. Chifukwa malo osungira zitsulo kuti abwerere m'gulu la kagayidwe, kaphatikizidwe ndi chipasuko, kuchititsa akuchedwa kuledzera, limodzi ndi zotsatira aakulu.

Anachokera ku ziwalo m'malo pang'onopang'ono mchikakamizo cha catalysts, adsorbents. Mwachitsanzo, mkaka. Main madzi imene zitsulo linanena bungwe chilengedwe:

• malovu;
• ya ndulu;
• mkodzo;
• Zamgululi pa mundawo m'mimba.

Pali njira ziwiri zikuluzikulu za izi poizoni mankhwala: pachimake ndi aakulu. Aliyense ali ndi makhalidwe yake ndi zizindikiro.

Zizindikiro ndi mankhwala

Mawonekedwe pachimake Ndi mmene kwa milandu kumene Mercury litulukira amapezeka kupanga, mwachitsanzo, panthawi imene pali yaikulu amasulidwe zinthu m'mlengalenga. Zikatero, anthu chiopsezo amayamba kuwonongeka lakuthwa thanzi, kuti chiphe. Zizindikiro monga:

1. Chofuna kupuma dongosolo, mapapo, ndi nembanemba mucous m'kamwa ndi kukhosi.
2. Kuchuluka thupi kutentha.
3. Anapanga zilonda m'kamwa, iwo magazi, pathupi komanso kuzindikira kwambiri. Nthawi zina mankhwala enaake aumbike felemu.
4. Manja a chiwindi ndi impso.
5. Kuzizira, kunyansidwa ndi kusanza, chizungulire.
6. Mantha dongosolo zimakhudza kwambiri - kulankhula kutanganidwa ndi mgwirizano kayendedwe, kugwedeza wa malekezero zimawonedwa.
7. Poizoni limodzi ndi mutu ndi kutsekula m'mimba ndi inclusions magazi.

Ngati chotupa Mercury nthuzi zinachitika pang'onopang'ono, matenda adzatenga khalidwe aakulu. Pankhaniyi, kuwonetsera kwa sadzakhala monga lakuthwa, koma kuwonongeka kwa thanzi adzakhala accrue tsiku ndi tsiku, kutenga patsogolo zonse zazikulu.

1. nthambi kugwedeza.
2. m'kamwa matenda (gingivitis, stomatitis, etc.).
3. Oopsa ndi tachycardia.
4. Thukuta.
5. Jitters.
6. Mutu.
7. Zikavuta, aakulu matenda okhudza ubongo, mpaka akuchita misala amayamba.

Onse zotsatira angayambe ngakhale chifukwa pang'ono amasulidwe Mercury m'mlengalenga. Ngati nthawi sationanso demercurization malo, mukhoza kwambiri amawononga thanzi lanu.

Chithandizo mu milandu nthawi anagwirizira mankhwala zotsatirazi:

• mavitamini;
• mankhwala;
• barbiturates;
• "Chlorpromazine".

ntchito anthu

Malo ambiri ntchito ndi kusunga mankhwala enaake zachitsulo - izo thermometers ndi thermometers. Zipangizo munthu wotero kuti 3 ga zitsulo. Komanso, inu mukhoza kusankha malo angapo zochita za anthu, limene Mercury ntchito ambiri:

• Medicine (calomel, merkuzal, chlormerodrin, antiseptics ambiri);
• ntchito luso - magwero panopa, incandescent nyali, mapampu, barometers, detonator, ndi zina zotero;
• Zitsulo - kupopera kalirole, ulemerero wa golide ndi siliva amalgams, kupeza zitsulo kasakaniza wazitsulo, zinthu zoyera;
• makampani mankhwala;
• ulimi.

Pakali pano, chifukwa malo komanso mosavutikira Mercury mankhwala pafupifupi amakakamizidwa mwa mankhwala.