Mayina osadziwika: Russian ndi America

Mawu akuti "dzina lachibwana" amachokera ku liwu lachilatini banja ndipo limatanthawuza dzina lachibadwa, limene lalandira ndipo limasonyeza mtundu wa munthu yemwe ali wake. Dzina lachibadwidwe, monga lamulo, limasonyeza kukhala munthu wa banja limodzi ndi kholo lofanana.

Tiyeni tipyole mbiri

Chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti ku Roma wakale mawu akuti "dzina lachibwana" amatanthauza gulu lonse, lomwe linali ndi banja la eni eni komanso lawo, nthawi zina ambiri, akapolo. Mwa njira, zofanana zomwezo zinali ku Russia. Kotero, mwachitsanzo, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, antchito adalandira dzina la mbuye wawo , polemba "mfulu". Mpaka pano, dzina lanu lachibwana ndilo dzina, lomwe lawonjezeredwa payekha, dzina la munthu aliyense.

Kodi maina achokera kuti?

Maina ambiri ali ndi mizu (stem), yomwe inali ndi tanthawuzo lina lakale m'mbuyomo. Dzina lopangidwa kale likhoza kukhala ndi zizindikiro, zilembo, mapeto. Chokhachokha cha dzina lirilonse limadziwika dzina la dzina la kholo lomwe linayamba kukhalako. Mayina ena achilendo omwe amatha kuwatsatira angakhale ovuta. Komabe, ndi chikhumbo cholimba chochotseratu chofunikira cha mgwirizano wotchedwa dzina lake ndizotheka. Kulipo kuti mukhale ndi deta yamapemphero osiyanasiyana omwe amagwira ntchito pophunzira pedigrees ya makasitomala, idzakuthandizani kumvetsetsa chiyambi cha dzina lanu. Ntchito yopweteka yotereyi imapezeka podzifufuza payekha, koma zidzakufunsani kuti muphunzire zambiri za mbiri yakale, kutembenuzirani zikalata zolemba, kumasulira ndi kuyerekezera, ndi kuleza mtima komanso nthawi yaulere.

M'chinenero choyambirira, kusamalidwa kwa banja ndi mapeto nthawi zambiri kumatanthauza mawu akuti "mwana" kapena "mwana". Zinenero zina zamakono zimakhalabe ndi mayina ofanana (mwachitsanzo, chiyankhulo cha Azerbaijani). Komabe, mafuko ambiri ali ndi mayina awo otsiriza omwe apanga kale mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Kawirikawiri dzina lachilendo ndi chizindikiro chodziwika bwino cha mtundu, mtundu kapena mtundu wina.

Kodi malamulo a morphological amagwira ntchito bwanji popanga mayina?

Chifukwa cha malamulo amtundu wa zinenero zina (mwachitsanzo, Slavic), mayina a amuna ndi amuna amasiyana mofanana. Ndipo m'zilankhulo zina, monga Chi Lithuania, mayina osiyanasiyana safotokoza osati amuna ndi akazi okha, komanso amasiyanitsa mkazi wokwatiwa kuchokera kwa mkazi wosakwatiwa.
Chosowa chofunika kuti kutchulidwa dzina lachidziwitso (mmasiku ano) chachitika chifukwa cha kufunikira kolamulira momwe chiwerengero cha anthu chikuyendera komanso pokhudzana ndi kuwonjezereka mgwirizano wachuma wa mayiko.

Van (anthu oposa 100 miliyoni amavala dzina ili), Van (oposa 93 miliyoni anasangalala ndi dzina la banja lino), Garcia (anthu mamiliyoni 10), Smith (anthu mamiliyoni 4) ndi Smirnov (Pafupi anthu 3 miliyoni).

Zithunzi Zosasintha

Mayina oyambirira otchulidwawo anaonekera m'zaka za zana la 10 ndi 11 kumpoto kwa Italy, kenako ku France, England, Germany, Denmark. Ku Russia kunali mayina aulemu, mwachitsanzo, Bychok, Kozel, Nenasha. Pang'onopang'ono anayamba kusintha mayina awo. Zina zapamwamba zolemba mayina zidagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa munthu monga munthu wina, koma zinakhala zachizolowezi kumapeto kwa zaka za XIV. Kale m'zaka za m'ma 1600 ku Russia, lamulo linayambitsidwa, molingana ndi dzina limene poyamba linali loyenera kwa akalonga ndi anyamata, ndiyeno kwa anthu olemekezeka komanso mabanja olemera amalonda. Kwa magawo osauka kwambiri a anthu - olima - mayina anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'zaka za zana la 18. Koma kumaliza kwa maina kwa anthu osauka kunachitika kokha atatha kuthetsa serfdom.

Mayina achi Russia

Kwenikweni, mu Chirasha mayina awo apangidwa kuchokera ku mayina a tchalitchi kapena osakhala achipembedzo kapena, monga tanena kale, kuchokera ku maina ake. Mwachitsanzo, m'malo mwa Peter, pali dzina lake la Petrov ( mwana wa Petrov ), ndipo kuchokera pa dzina lake dzina lake Zayats, pali dzina lotchedwa Zaitsev (Zaitsev mwana). Kawirikawiri, muzu wa dzina lachidziwitso ukhoza kukhala mayina a zinthu zomwe zili m'deralo, mwachitsanzo, Belozersky (kuchokera ku White Lake), etc. Pali ndondomeko malinga ndi dzina limene limatchulidwa ndi mtundu wina wa ntchito kapena chizindikiro cha munthu amene akuyamba naye. Mwachitsanzo, n'kotheka kufotokoza kutuluka kwa maina monga Melnikov kapena Portnov. N'zotheka kuti chiwembu choterechi chimapereka umboni wakuti nthawi zambiri m'dziko lathu mukhoza kupeza mayina osadziwika.

Malinga ndi miyambo yotengedwa ku Russia, mkazi, pokwatiwa, amatenga dzina la mwamuna wake. Komabe, zochitika izi sizolangizidwa, mukhoza kusiya dzina la mtsikana wanu kapena mutengere nokha kawiri. Ana obadwa muukwati kawirikawiri amatenga dzina la abambo. Komabe, izi sizovomerezeka, chifukwa pempho la makolo, mwanayo akhoza kukhala ndi dzina la mayi ake.

Maina achi Russia osadziŵika

Mayina achilendo achi Russia angatchulidwe kwa nthawi yaitali kwambiri. Izi ziyenera kuzindikiridwa kwachilankhulidwe, chomwe chili ndi kalata imodzi: O, E, Y. Komanso zachilendo kwa dziko lathu ndi njira yatsopano yopangira mayina kuchokera ku syllable imodzi: Kuti, Do, An. Maina a pamwamba, omwe anganene kuti ali ndi mayina odabwitsa kwambiri - awa ndi Kamchatka, Saransk, Moscow. Pakadali pano, ochepa chabe olemba mayina, monga Gagarin, Crusoe, Chatsky, Onegin, Karenin. Mwina, tiyenera kunena za omwe ali ndi mizu iwiri: Hvataimukha, Golokhvostov, Shchiborshch. N'zotheka kulemba mayina achilendo ngati awa: Nthawi zina, Nekhay, Pokusai, Razdobudko, Chizh, Stove, Water. Ndipo maina ambiri ochititsa chidwi amenewa. Mosakayikira, mayina osamveketsa mndandanda akhoza kukhala osatha. Koma ngakhale mndandanda wotere, zozizwitsa zimatiyembekezera ife. Mwinamwake dzina losazolowereka kwambiri kwa mtsikana yemwe ali mu Russian ndi dzina lakuti Muzhik.

Mayina a America

United States of America ndi dziko lokhalamo ndi anthu ochokera kudziko lina. Pachifukwa ichi, mayina a Amereka amachokera ku miyambo, zikhalidwe ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana. Chitukuko chachikulu cha anthu a US ndicho chiyambi cha Chingelezi, Chifalansa, Chijeremani, Chi Irish, mayina a Scottish. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono kusakanikirana ndi Amwenye, Spanish, Polish, Norwegian, Jewish, Indian, African ndi ena, mayina a America adakali njira yawo yopangidwira.

Maphunziro a mayina amakono

Analemba mayina a masiku ano a America m'njira zambiri. Zowonjezereka zingagawidwe mwa mitundu zotsatirazi ndi chiyambi cha:

• Zizindikiro za izi kapena malo amodzi (Kasupe, Phiri, Thanthwe);
• Mtundu wa ntchito kapena ntchito (Smith, Forester);
• Maina a mayina (Bush, Young, Rose);
• Dzina la Atate (Peterson, Williams, Watson, Johnson);
• Maina a malo (Lancaster, England).

Poganizira kusintha kwakukulu kwa mayina ndi mayina awo mu chikhalidwe cha America, mwina akhoza kunena kuti mayina achilendo achilendo amodzi ndi omwe amapezeka mchikhalidwe cha Chirasha. Ndikufuna kuti ndizindikire zochitika zochititsa chidwi pakukula kwa maina ku America. Ndikusintha kwachikhalidwe cha America kuti apange mayina achilendo achilendo, mwachitsanzo, ndi African-American.