Mawu mawu a chiyambi. Dongosolo lexical la chinenero chamakono Russian. mawu atsopano

Chirasha, ngati wina aliyense, ali dongosolo lawo lexical amene kusanduka pa osati zaka chabe, ndipo ngakhale zaka. mawu zikuchokera ali ndi chiyambi osiyana. Iwo n'kopanda ndi mawu mbadwa Russian ndi yobwereka. Mawu ndi kalembedwe chiyambi cha mawu kuphunzira m'kalasi, komanso mphamvu philological.

mfundo zofunika

Chirasha ali wolemera lexical dongosolo, mapangidwe yomwe inayamba mu Neolithic ndipo akupitiriza lero. Ena mawu mbisoweka ku chinenero cha mawu a yogwira, kukhala archaisms, pamene ena kudutsa mu zolankhula zathu, kukhala mbali ya izo.

Mu lotanthauzira mawu a dongosolo chinenero mawu a anayambira lagawidwa anabwereka ndi mbadwa Russian. Primordially mawu Russian ndi 90% ya kapangidwe lexical. mpumulo ali kubwereka. Komanso, chaka chilichonse dictionary wathu kusinthidwa ndi mawu atsopano ndi malingaliro uka chifukwa cha patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi luso.

mawu Primordially Russian

The mosungiramo chachikulu ndi primordially mawu Russian. Mu gulu ili ndi subgroups zotsatirazi chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi magawo chitukuko, osati chinenero komanso a anthu;

1. M'mayiko a European lexicon.
2. Common Asilavo.
3. Old Russia.
4. Kwenikweni Russian.

Anakhumudwitsa mu nthawi izi kupanga maziko a mawu, msana wa mawu athu. Zinali wake ndipo ayenera kuonedwa choyamba.

M'mayiko a European nthawi

Primordially mawu Russian mawu a chiyambi kunayamba nthawi Neolithic. Yodziwika ndi pamaso pa nthawi imodzi, chiwerengero Proto - m'mayiko, zomwe amagwira ntchito pafupifupi II Millennium BC. Ndi mawu a gulu maina a nyama, lingaliro kuti amatchula zimakhalira pachibale, chakudya. Mwachitsanzo: mayi, mwana wamkazi, ng'ombe, ng'ombe, nyama ndi ena. Iwo onse ndi correspondences consonant mu zinenero zina. Mwachitsanzo, mawu mayi ali ndi phokoso ofanana mu English (amayi), ndi German (mutter).

Common siteji Asilavo

mawu Common Asilavo zayamba kuzungulira BC VI atumwi. Iwo anali tinatengera kwa mafuko osiyana tikukhala mu dera la Balkans, Central ndi Eastern Europe.

The lotanthauzira nyengo amatanthauza lexical-zamalankhulidwe magulu omwe ntchito pofotokoza mbali ya maina thupi, nyama, zochitika zachilengedwe, nthaŵi zina, zomera ndi maluwa, maina a mabuku a nyumba, zipangizo. Chitsanzo chapadera cha mawu, zisungidwe pa nthawiyi: thundu, linden, nkhalango spruce, mtengo, tsamba, mapira, balere, makungwa, khasu, nyumba, khonde, denga, nkhuku, tsekwe, kvass, odzola. Plast izi chibadidwe kayankhulidwe anthu makamaka Asilavo.

Old nthawi

Old Russian (kapena East Asilavo) mawu analowa lotanthauzira wathu mu nthawi Asilavo kuthetsa pa dera la ku Ulaya ano, za XI-IX zaka. Iyi ndi nthawi ya mapangidwe mapangidwe a boma la Kievan Lazaro, ie, IX-XIV atumwi. Ndi mawu monga zabwino, nkhunda, amalume, zingwe, finch mapulotini, makumi anai, makumi asanu ndi anayi lero.

mawu awa komanso yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa prefixes ti, Ndinu, zi- vz-. Mwachitsanzo: ndi platoon, kugogoda, mapeto, kuti andipeze.

Pezani mawu aumbike mwa nthawi imeneyi, n'zotheka okha Chirasha, Chiyukireniya ndi Chibelarusi zinenero.

Pa mapangidwe Russian dziko

Kuchokera XIV m'ma chinenero cha Chirasha wayamba kutuluka latsopano galamala mawu. mawu amenewa amapezeka pambuyo kugwa kwa chinenero Chisilavo Chakale ku Russian, Chiyukireniya ndi Chibelarusi zinenero. Kwenikweni mawu Russian ndi monga kuimba, wallpaper modzaza kabichi kwambiri.

Izi zikuphatikizapo manauni onse anapanga ndi suffixes -schik, -ovschik, -telstvo, -w (a). Mwachitsanzo: chida moto, chipani, mtundu, checkered. Izi zikuphatikizapo adverbs ndi wamba, mu autumn, kasewenzetsedwe ka mau mwamantha, anagwa nkhawa.

Podziwa zinthu izi, inu mosavuta kuwerengera mau anapanga panthawi imeneyi chitukuko.

Nthawiyi ndi otsiriza mu mapangidwe wosanjikiza chachikulu makamaka mphatso Russian.

loanwords

Kuyambira kale, anthu Russian kukhala osati malonda ndiponso kugwirizana chikhalidwe, komanso ndale ndi pa nkhondo. Zonsezi zapangitsa kuti sankakhala chinenero. Kamodzi mu Russian mawu mu dongosolo lexical anasintha imawalamulira ndipo anakhala mbali ya mawu ake. Loanwords kwambiri Polemeretsedwa Chirasha, napita naye kwambiri atsopano.

Mawu ena anali anabwereka kwathunthu, monga ena zayambika - poyamba analandira suffixes Russian kapena prefixes, zomwe zinachititsa kuti pakhale watsopano, womwe wakhala chiyambi cha mawu Russian. Mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti "kompyuta" analowa lotanthauzira mawu athu bwinobwino, koma mawu oti "nyukiliya wasayansi" imatengedwa kuti ndi mbadwa Russian, chifukwa unakhazikitsidwa ku anabwereka mawu "atomu" zitsanzo mbadwa Russian mawu mapangidwe.

Kuonetsetsa ngongole kwa Asilavo ndi Turkey, Latin, Greek, German ndipo Romance zinenero, kuphatikizapo English, German, Italy, Spanish, Dutch.

staroslavyanizmy

Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity kumapeto kwa X atumwi ku chinenero cha Chirasha wabwera kwambiri mawu. Iwo anali wolumikizana ndi zikamera ku Russia wa Church Chisilavo mabuku. Chisilavo Chakale cha Tchalitchi kapena Old Chibugariya, Mpingo Chisilavo, chinenero ntchito ndi mayiko Asilavo monga chinenero mabuku olembedwa, zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito kumasulira mabuku Greek mpingo.

Kuyambira chinenero wake Russian anadza mawu kachipembedzo, mawu kwa mfundo chabe. Zikuphatikizapo wansembe, mtanda, mphamvu, zoyipa, mogwirizana ndi ena ambiri. Poyamba, mawu deta akugwiritsidwa kokha mu kulemba, kulankhula buku, koma atagonjetsa mu m'kamwa pa nthawi.

Mpingo Chisilavo lotanthauzira mawu a chiyambi ali mbali zotsatirazi:

1. Otchedwa nepolnoglasie mawu mizu. Mwachitsanzo: zipata kapena analandidwa. Pankhaniyi, pali zambiri zimene mungachite polnoglasnymi zitseko ndi zonse.
2. Kuphatikiza sitima ku mawu muzu. A chitsanzo chapadera ndi kufalitsa mawu.
3. Pamaso pa mawu consonant u, mwachitsanzo mu kuwala mawu.
4. Za mawu mauthenga m'chiyambi cha mawu ndi pamaso zilembo molimbika: chimodzi.
5. La syllables, ndi PA ndi chiyambi cha mawu. Mwachitsanzo: ndi Rook ofanana.
6. Pamaso pa mabokosi WHO pamwamba, chrez-. Mwachitsanzo: kulipira, amaika.
7. Suffixes -stvi-, -usch-, -yusch-, -asch-, -yasch-: kuchepetsa, kuwotchedwa kusungunuka.
Mbali mawu oyamba Mulungu chosaopsa, zilonda, greho-, dushe-, athanzi: woopa Mulungu, zlonravie dalitso.

mawu awa ali lero ntchito chinenero cha Chirasha. Pa nthawi yomweyo, anthu ochepa amaganiziridwa kuti kwenikweni otchedwa chizindikiro alibe mbadwa Russian ndi achilendo mizu. Nthawi zambiri angapezeke mu malemba a m'Baibulo, ntchito za upamwamba mabuku Russian.

mphatso Polish

Poona funso, kodi mawu mawu a chiyambi, sitingathe kuyiwala za pobwereka ku chinenero Polish, umene unayamba mu zaka XVII-XVIII. M'zinenero West Asilavo ife atagonjetsa mu mawu athu monga katundu wa m'nyumba, daub, kalulu, periwinkle, kupanikizana. Dziwani kuti restock, osati Russian komanso Chiyukireniya zinenero, Chibelarusi.

Chigiriki sankakhala

A thupi kwambiri a loanwords Greek. Kudutsa mu chinenero chathu, anayamba mu nthawi zonse Asilavo umodzi. Kwambiri zaka lexical "mphatso" ndi mawu monga Komiti ya Zamalonda, bedi kukatentha.

Mu nthawi kuchokera IX kuti XI m'ma mawu awa akhala anabwereka: anathema, mngelo, masamu, nyali, mbiri, nzeru, kope, anthunzi otulutsirako thukuta, nyali. Kenako nthawi anabwereka mawu zosagwirizana ndi mawu a zaluso ndi sayansi: Comedy, anapaest, logic, kufanizira, ndi mfundo zina zambiri kuti akhazikika mu zida terminological ambiri a sayansi amakono.

Dziwani kuti chifukwa chikoka cha mawu Greek ndi Byzantine ndi phraseology wa Chirasha unalemeretsa kwambiri. Komabe, m'mayiko amenewa amadza okha anamva osati sayansi, monga philology, komanso masamu, sayansi, umagwirira ndi luso.

Latin

Mu nthawi ya ku XVI VXIII atumwi Chirasha tichipeza mawu Latin kuti Polemeretsedwa ndi thumba lexical m'munda wa mawu sayansi, luso, ndiponso ndale. Zikuphatikizapo makamaka kudzera Chiyukireniya ndi Polish. Chachikulu kwambiri ichi chinachititsa kuti maphunziro ndi sayansi, komanso asapita mbiri yakale ndiponso zachikhalidwe m'mayiko amenewa.

Ku chinenero Latin anabwera kwa ife mfundo kale bwino monga maholide, malo, wotsogolera, omvera, sukulu, ndondomeko, anthu, ulimi, ndi ena.

chilankhulo Turkic

Iwo kalekale tinadzakumananso ndi Chitata, Turkey. A chinenero Turkic mawu Russian kudutsa monga ngale, mikanda, apaulendo, msika ndalama, vembe, bathrobe, chifunga, thalauza, Cholinga akavalo maina: roan, Bay, buckskin.

Advantageously kubwereka zinachitika ku Chitata. Chifukwa ubwenzi malonda, chikhalidwe ndi asilikali umene wakhalapo pakati pa mafuko athu zaka mazana angapo.

Scandinavia

sankakhala Zochepa pa zilankhulo Scandinavia - Swedish, Norway. Analowa nthawi kale chifukwa cha asapita zamalonda zimene zinali pakati pa anthu athu ngakhale mu nthawi Chikristu chisanayambe.

Mawu chidwi kwambiri atagonjetsa mu dongosolo Russian lexical: maina, Igor ndi Oleg, maina mankhwala - hering'i, pud, mbedza, ndi Posakhalitsa, ndi Amazemba.

zinenero European Western

Magwero a mawu a chinenero chamakono Russian, chitukuko kumagwirizana ndi zinenero European. Pambuyo kukonza a Peter Ine, m'zaka XVII-XVIII m'chilankhulo cha Russian zikuphatikizapo zizindikiro za zinenero Western European.

The German analowa chinenero chathu angapo mawu a asilikali, mawu malonda ndi ogula sayansi ndi luso: a promissory cholemba, ndodo, ndi logwirika, tayi, easel, achisangalalo malo.

Dutch "adagawa" ndi mawu Russian kuyendetsa sitima zapamadzi: dockyard padoko, woyendetsa, m'nyanja, yapamadzi. M'madzi ndi mawu nawonso anabwera kuchokera m'Chichewa: Midshipman, Brig.

Tinalowa ku England mu dongosolo lathu ndi mawu lexical monga kunyanyala, mumphangayo, mpira, masewera, mapeto, mkate, pudding.

M'zaka za m'ma XX ndi zikuphatikizapo mawu a mitundu luso ndi zamasewera, chuma ndi malonda, luso. mawu atsopano, pamene owonjezera m'thupi mwathu lexical: kompyuta, wapamwamba, mamvekedwe, yowonjezera, ziwongola dzanja zaogulitsa, kubwereketsa, nkhani mapulogalamu, yonthunthumilitsa, briefing iyenera kukonzedwa.

Mu XVIII-XIX zaka chinenero Russian kudutsa mawu a Chifalansa - chibangili, zovala, jekete, odula, msuzi, nkhuku, chimbudzi, battalion asilikali, wosewera, play, wotsogolera.

La Italy ndi Spanish ku mawu Russian nyimbo, mawu a chigawo cha luso: aria ndondomeko Choral nyimbo, Sonata, zikondwerero, mpandadenga serenade, gitala.

Onse a iwo zikukangalika ntchito mwa dongosolo lathu lexical, ndi za kumene ndi mmene iwo abwera, tingaphunzire kuchokera mawu.

neologisms

Pa gawo panopa Chirasha lexical dongosolo kusinthidwa ndi mawu atsopano. Iwo ali gawo la chinenero ndi zikamera mfundo mwatsopano ndi zochitika. Nkhani ya mwambo kapena zinthu uka ndi mawu atsopano udindo iwo. Iwo sanali yomweyo m'gulu mawu a yogwira.

Kwa kanthawi, mawu akuti kukhala neologism, ndiye kukhala ofanana kwambiri ndi mwamphamvu anapatsa chinenero. Poyamba mawu, neologisms akhala membala mpainiya wa Komsomol, ndi wokayenda pamwezi, Khrushchev ndi ena. Tsopano palibe amene akuganiza iwo neologisms.

otanthauzira

Kuti muone zomwe mawu mawu a chiyambi ntchito pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana, mukhoza kusanduliza kuti otanthauzira etymological. Iwo mwatsatanetsatane za chiyambi cha mawu, etymology koyamba. Mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito kusukulu ndi mwachidule otanthauzira etymological , lolembedwa ndi H. Shang, "Russian etymological dictionary" A. E. Anikina kapena "etymological dictionary» P. A. Krylova, ndi ena.

Tanthauzo la mawu achilendo amene anabwera kwa ife kuchokera zilankhulo, n'zotheka, ntchito zodabwitsa "Dictionary Mawu okhonda" lolembedwa Ozhegova.

Kuphunzira pa sukulu

Mawu mawu chiyambi ndi ntchito zambiri anaphunzira Maphunziro a Chirasha mu gawo "Lexicology ndi phraseology." Kwambiri chidwi nkhani imeneyi kulipira 5-6 sukulu TH, komanso 10. Ophunzira aphunzire za chiyambi cha mawu ndi collocations, tanthauzo lake, kuphunzira kusiyanitsa pakati pawo, ntchito ndi otanthauzira osiyana.

Nthawi zina, aphunzitsi lizikhala electives zonse zochitika zapadera-curricular zoyenera kuphunzira za chiyambi cha mawu.

Kodi zipangizo angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuphunzira nkhaniyi "Lexis mawu a chiyambi"? Table ndi gulu ndi zitsanzo za malemba a zinenero zosiyanasiyana okhala chinenero anabwereka mawu Russian, ndi otanthauzira.

Kuphunzira pa yunivesite

Makamaka mwatsatanetsatane kuphunzira mawu kuchokera amazionera za chiyambi cha University, mphamvu ya Philology. phunziro wapatsidwa maphunziro angapo mu Inde "Lexicology ndi phraseology la chinenero chamakono Russian." Pa zokambirana ndi, ophunzira disassemble zosiyanasiyana malemba, kupeza mawu mbadwa Russian kukabwereka mwa iwo, m'kagulu, ntchito ndi otanthauzira. Kutanthauzira ndi mwayi stylistic abwereka, mawu achikale.

Pa nkhani semina mwatsatanetsatane gulu la mawu choyambiriracho, ntchito ndi ntchito chinenero chamakono Russian. Njira imeneyi zimathandiza chidwi ophunzira amaphunzira chidziwitso cha kwambiri ndi bungwe la nkhani yophunzira.

anapezazo

mawu alionse m'dzikoli lexical lili ndi mbiri yake ndi chiyambi chake. Mawu ena akhala kugwira ntchito mu chinenero chathu, kuyambira nthawi imene unathandizira umodzi, ndi chinenero m'mayiko a ku Ulaya, ena abwera kwa ife mu nyengo zosiyanasiyana za Asilavo ndi zilankhulo za ku Ulaya, ndiponso ena chikanachitika pa chitukuko cha sayansi yamakono zambiri.

Kumvetsa mbiri za chiyambi cha mawu ena kungatithandize kumvetsa tanthauzo lozama, komanso zinayambira chikhalidwe m'dziko lathu pa nthawi ina.