Mapulani a St. Petersburg - ndi amene iwo?

World wotchuka chikhalidwe likulu la Russia - Saint Petersburg - captivates osati m'deralo, komanso zikwi alendo amene mukufuna kukaona mzinda wa milatho ndi White usiku. Kodi chokopa St. Petersburg ndi amene anachita izo mwanjira ife tikudziwa izo tsopano?

Yambani wa yomanga St. Petersburg

Anayambitsa mzinda anali wokonzanso kwambiri ndi Tsar Peter I. chidwi ndi mamangidwe ndi chitukuko cha mayiko a azungu anapita, Peter Ine abverana kuti amange nzinda mu Russia, si wochepa ndi kukongola ndi kukongola unali wa European. Choncho anayamba kumanga St. Petersburg.

Mfumu sanali othandiza an'kanthunthumira ya kumadzulo lonse, koma iye anatha kuchotsa zofunika kwambiri zimene inu mukuona kusintha kwa zinthu Russian. Mapulani a St. Petersburg, amene analemba ganyu ochokera m'mayiko akhala ambuye odziwika a luso ili ku maiko a ku Ulaya.

Pakati pawo, Jean-Baptiste Leblond ku France ndi Domenico Trezzini ku Italy. Ntchito yawo inali osati kamangidwe ka nyumba malinga ndi zokonda ndi zofuna za anthu a mzinda, komanso maphunziro a mapulani Ufumu luso limeneli kovuta. Kulimbikitsa alendo Peter Ine analipira iwo mphoto kuposa olamulira Russian.

Mapulani a St. Petersburg

Chimodzi mwa mapulani oyamba mu St. Petersburg mu nthawi kuchokera 1703 mpaka 1716 anali Domenico Trezzini - woimira oyambirira Baroque. Pa ntchito yake - yomanga Kronshlot (zida zankhondo linga chitetezo asilikali a Sweden); woyamba dongosolo ambiri a mzinda; dongosolo chitukuko cha Vasilyevsky Island; inakonza zoti amangire Cathedral Petro ndi Paulo linga, ndi Chilimwe Palace, nyumba wa khumi ndi awiriwo koleji. Kalembedwe wamanga zinasintha mchikakamizo cha chowonadi ozungulira. The ntchito choyamba (makamaka, belu nsanja ya Cathedral wa SS Petro ndi Paulo) kutchula opweteka Scandinavia kalembedwe pa zomangamanga. Komabe, mchikakamizo cha miyambo ndi kalembedwe ambuye Russian mitundu mapulani Trezzini anatenga mawonekedwe lililonse limatisokoneza.

Pansi zotsatira chomwecho ndi amisiri ena a St. Petersburg: makamaka Russian mzimu ndi mmene moyo wa anthu a ku Russia Ufumu kusintha kwambiri pa ndondomeko kulenga ndi maganizo zokongoletsa za mapulani.

No chopereka zosafuni- chitukuko m'tawuni yotentha ndi Johann Georg Mattarnovi, German wamanga, anafika ku St. Petersburg mu 1714. Iye anatsogolera pomanga nyumba zingapo - wachiwiri wa Zima Palace, milimo ya Kunstkamera, Cathedral St. Isake. Koma atamwalira mwadzidzidzi 1719 anali atayamba malizitsani wamanga Nikolaus Gerbel.

Wina wamanga apadera amene ankagwira ntchito ku likulu la kumpoto - ku France Jean-Baptiste Leblond. Iye anali mlembi woyamba dongosolo ambiri a mzinda. Komanso, wamanga walenga mawonekedwe a pa Chilimwe Garden, komanso m'mapaki ndi minda mu Strelna ndi Peterhof (makamaka, anamanga Hermitage, Monplaisir, m'nyumba yachifumu ndi pavilions Marley).

Imodzi mwa ntchito woyamba anali yaikulu Menshikov Palace, amene yomanga inayamba mu 1710 pa zomwe Giovanni Maria Fontana, ndipo linamalizidwa mu 1720 kale Johann Schedel. Nyumbayo makamaka kwa mphaka wa mfumu - Prince Alexander Menshikov.

Amisiri wakumanga St. Petersburg, ntchito mibadwo. Choncho, mu 1716 mumzinda ndi banja lake ndi athandizi anafika Bartolomeo Karlo Rastrelli, inachita zaka zitatu pangano ndi mfumu. katswiri wa zomangamanga ankachita nawo chilengedwe cha gulu lonse la ziboliboli kwa Grand kugwa pa Peterhof; Ine analenga chipilala Kukwera Akavalo kwa Peter I (anaika pamaso pa Mikhailovsky Palace), komanso zithunzi zingapo za mfumu komanso "phula chithunzi".

The wamanga mkulu wa St. Petersburg

Mwana wa Bartholomew Sr. - Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli - anadza ku mudzi ndi atate wake pa zaka 15. Education adakhalabe mu mapulani yabwino kwambiri monga Domenico Trezzini, N. Michetti, M. Zemtsov ndi A. Shlyutter. Rastrelli Jr. ntchito ku St. Petersburg, pafupi zaka makumi asanu, kupanga pa nthawi imeneyi nyumba otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse: The Catherine Palace mu Tsarskoye Selo, werengani Stroganov nyumba ndi Vorontsov, Grand Peterhof Palace. The wamanga wa Zima Palace ku St. Petersburg - wotchedwa Bartolomeo Rastrelli, zopezeka lamavutoli luso lake onse. Yomanga unakhala kuchokera 1754 mpaka 1762. Akamaliza ake, nyumba yachifumu anali zogona waukulu wa ufumu yozizira. nyumbayi ndi kalembedwe Baroque. Ndi otsiriza yaikulu yomanga, ophatikizapo kalembedwe amisiri amene ankagwira ntchito malangizowo.

Izo zinachitika choncho chifukwa theka lachiwiri la m'zaka XVIII amakhala ndi kusintha mwadzidzidzi timakhala zachuma ndi zokonda za anthu, zomwe zinachititsa kuti ikutha mofulumira Baroque Pop.

The wamanga wa Zima Palace ku St. Petersburg waona tsoka kwenikweni chifukwa cha imfa lakuthwa chidwi kalembedwe mapulani a moyo wake anagwetsa classicism. N'kovuta mbuye anapulumuka nthawi ya otaya, limene ntchito. Rastrelli pakuti zinandipweteka weniweni.

Miyoyo ya zomangamanga yachilendo Russian

Zoyambirira za m'ma XVIII anakhala chosaiwalika m'mbiri ya zomangamanga Russian. Ngakhale kuti mapulani wotchuka wa St. Petersburg anali alendo, iwo kwakukulukulu anatsimikiza chitukuko cha zomangamanga mu Russian Ufumu, n'kumupatsa ena mumaganiza Western. Pa yemweyo ambuye nthawi zonse mchikakamizo cha chilengedwe, chikhalidwe ndi miyambo ya anthu Russian ndi dziko ake anasintha kalembedwe cha ntchito yawo, kusinthasintha kwa zokonda ndi zokonda za makasitomala.