Maphunziro apamwamba ku Russia: dongosolo, mbiri, kukula kwa

Sukulu ya maphunziro apamwamba ku Russia ndi dongosolo logwirizana ongokhala oposa 650 mayunivesite boma losadziwika. Iwo anaphunzitsidwa za naini miliyoni anthu pakati pawo ambiri a nzika za kumayiko ena. Maphunziro ikuchitika mbali zingapo: thanzi, zomangamanga, ndalama, chuma ndi anthu. amalanga alipo kulola maphunziro apamwamba mmunda uliwonse ndipo mwamtheradi aliyense amene ali ndi satifiketi akamaliza sekondale (sukulu) kapena wapadera bungwe maphunziro (sukulu ntchito).

maphunziro apamwamba ku Russia

Maziko a maphunziro Russian apamwamba zachokera sukulu otchuka a chidziwitso wapadera ndiponso zimene asayansi Russian, komanso cholinga yosalephera ya akalambula wathu mu sayansi ndi.

maphunziro apamwamba ku Russia - si mawu kanthu. Iwo pogwiritsa maluso othandiza aphunzitsi kwambiri oyenerera, ambiri amene ali ndi PhD, Doctor wa Science, ndi ena - kuvala mutu amanyadira pulofesa. Maphunziro School amapereka mwayi osati kudziwa zabwino, luso, luso la ntchito, komanso maphunziro yapamwamba ngati dipuloma ya nyemba Chirasha ofunika m'mayiko ambiri achilendo.

Russia - Dziko ndi zaka za mbiri, miyambo ndi cholowa chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe wosayerekezeka ndi ulemerero wake, ndi moyo wake, miyambo ndi makhalidwe dziko. Omaliza munthu mosadziwa akukhala gawo la mphamvu, zaikidwa zinachitikira mibadwo ya mbiri, wokhala nawo moyo Russian.

Dongosolo maphunziro apamwamba ku Russia

Lang'anani, mutu wa maphunziro apamwamba ndi inextricably zogwirizana ndi mbiriyakale. Makamaka, mbiri ya mapangidwe ake. dongosolo kuti, zomwe zachitika kwa tsiku, panalibe pomwepo. Iye analongosola zaka zambiri, akwaniritsa zaka.

Modern maphunziro akatswiri mu Russia ndi dongosolo Mipikisano mlingo, umene zimatulutsa milingo yosiyanasiyana ya maphunziro: zofunika akuti kupeza digiri akatenga zaka 5, kenako ophunzira kupereka ndi Choyenereza wa "katswiri". Ndiye mukhoza kupitiriza maphunziro awo ku sukulu maphunziro, izo umachitika kwa zaka zitatu. Komanso, n'zotheka kuti digiri "Bachelor ya Science" ndi "Mwini Science" kuphunzitsidwa nthawi ya zaka zinayi ndi awiri.

Vutolo ndi yosiyana ngati inu kusankha kuti alandire maphunziro apamwamba ku sukulu zachipatala. Pankhaniyi, kuphunzira pamapindikira zimadalira specialization ndawasankha: Diploma zamaganizo, pharmacist kapena mano wophunzira afika zaka zisanu. Pa mlingo wa Pediatrics, masewera mankhwala ndi mlandu achire ayenera titsiriza asanu. maphunziro Komanso m'masukulu mankhwala akhoza kupitiriza kulembetsa mu kuphunzira ntchito mukadali pasukulu (1 chaka). Malinga zapaderazi, ndi zofuna za dokotala akhoza anamaliza maphunziro matenda (2 mpaka 5 zaka). Kapena sukulu maphunziro, kuphunzira moyo kwa zaka zitatu.

Mfundo mu dongosolo MU

Chaka sukulu ku sukulu Russian mkulu chimakhala cha September 1 June 30. Iwo agawidwa telemu awiri, omwe umatha gawo (dzinja ndi chilimwe). Pa ophunzira lake mayesero ambiri, mayeso zapita amalanga kale. Kutchuthi ophunzira akulandira maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri. Ndipo iwo anayamba pambuyo gawoli. Zima kumatenga masabata awiri kapena atatu, chilimwe - miyezi iwiri. The mayeso ovuta kwambiri likuyesetsa wophunzirayo ali mu chaka chomaliza cha maphunziro awo. M'nyengo yozizira, Amachichitira mayeso boma, iwo ndi mafunso pa nkhani zonse kuphunzira. Ndipo m'chilimwe amateteza ake palokha nkhani yolembedwa.

Maphunziro ku mayunivesite Russian ikuchitika Russian ndi zachokera mitundu itatu ya maphunziro: wanthawi (tsiku), nthawi (kulola zikufanana ndi ntchito yophunzitsa) ndi madzulo (unachitikira ku madzulo kapena kumapeto kwa sabata). M'zaka zaposachedwapa, ambiri sukulu sanali boma apamwamba amachita kuphunzira mtunda, mu umene munthu amakhala mu mzinda wina (zigawo kwambiri) ndi atapeza ntchito ku nyumba, nthawi kubwera kwa gawoli. Dongosolo lino chomwecho ntchito akhoza kuchitika kudzera ndi skype, ngati Mwachitsanzo, kulankhula za kuphunzira zilankhulo.

Nditamaliza sukuluyi, ophunzirawo kulandira Russian boma dipuloma zikusonyeza oyenerera. Ndipo, monga ulamuliro, ulemu pepala ndi wofiira, koma nthawi zina - buluu. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti pa nthawi ino, madipuloma wathu amaonedwa chomveka m'mayiko onse a dziko.

dongosolo kuwunikira

Kulera nkhani ya ziyenera latsopano la Russia, tisaiwale kuti si wosiyana kwambiri kuchokera dongosolo sukulu kuwunikira. Chilemba apamwamba imatengedwa kukhala - "5" - kwambiri; otsatidwa ndi "4" - Good; "3" - zokhutiritsa; "2" - mtima. Ndi mawonekedwe a ziyenera "mayeso" ndi "yosalepera". Pa chiphaso cha "osagwira" kapena "Posachedwa" wophunzirayo ali ndi mwayi retake phunziro, anavomera pasadakhale ndi mphunzitsi. Pa njirayi kwapatsidwa Mayesero atatu. Ngati pa nthawi iyi wophunzirayo sanathe kupeza chizindikiro wamakhalidwe, akanatha kulimbana anamuponya kunja kwa yunivesite.

Makamaka ophunzira osasamalira sangathe anavomereza gawoli konse. chifukwa nthawi zambiri ndi akulumphalumpha nkhani semina kulibe. Vuto limeneli lingathetsedwe, ngati pali zifukwa zabwino, ndi chiyambi cha phunziro ndi kuika zofunika zochepa. Pankhaniyi, "vuzovets" angakhalebe anavomereza kuti mayeso a.

Kuwonjezera pa njira zoipa ziyenera, maphunziro apamwamba ku Russia ndi amapereka zokoma chitsimikizo. Wophunzira A mukhoza kutenga "mayeso" kapena kalasi zabwino basi ( "zodziwikiratu") popanda pochitika nkhaniyi, malinga teremu lonse amapita magulu onse, ntchito wathunthu ndi kutsatira zofunikira za mphunzitsi.

Monga maphunziro apamwamba ali kusanduka

Iyi ndi nkhani mwachilungamo lalikulu. Izo zikhoza kupatula mu buku lapadera, kapena buku, koma yesani Kusunga malire a m'gawo limodzi nkhaniyo. Origin ndi chitukuko cha maphunziro apamwamba ku Russia anayamba za zaka XI-XII ndipo sadzadwalanso amadalira zinthu zingapo. Poyamba, malo osiyanasiyana amene anthu (sayansi ndi chikhalidwe, navigation, malonda ndi ena) Kodi chilili, ndipo osauka Choncho, anthu adzafunika antchito aluso. Kachiwiri, malo Russian kwambiri amafuna mapangidwe mopitirira mu nkhani za chitukuko cha sayansi, monga anali kufotokoza zokumana nazo ndi maiko ena akhala mwachangu zinenero. Makamaka noticeable zinaliri mu nthawi ya Peter I.

Sangathe amanyalanyaza mfundo yakuti chopereka chachikulu kutukula maphunziro apamwamba imene atsogoleri Russian, aphunzitsi, masamu, asayansi ofufuza nzeru, anzeru: Kovalevsky, Lomonosov, Radishchev, Lobachevsky, Pisarev, Belinsky, Herzen, Dobrolyubov, Timiryazev, Pirogov, Mendeleev, ndi zambiri -Many ena. Pa nthawi yomweyo, maphunziro apamwamba ku Russia kwambiri ndi ziphunzitso za Marx ndi Chichewa. Ndipo Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov Mwachitsanzo, kuposa wina aliyense, anafuna kuchotsa kuchuluka kwa ziphunzitso za maganizo ankaonetsetsa, woyikidwa ku mpingo uno, ndipo anayesera kupanga maphunziro kwambiri. Komanso anali kuphunzitsa mapulogalamu pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti ophunzira simulandira okha kudziwa ongolankhula, komanso ankaphunzitsa luso othandiza nawo zatsopano zasayansi ndi zatsopano. Ndipo mu 1755 anatsegula Moscow University dzina la Lomonosov (MSU), zomwe mwina Mwachitsanzo kwambiri powerenga za bungwe maphunziro, kumene ngakhale lero mukhoza kupeza maphunziro apamwamba ku Russia mu tanthauzo lake lonse.

A pang'ono mbiri ...

Development ndi mbiri ya maphunziro apamwamba ku Russia ndi zogwirizana kwambiri ndi zochitika zimene zonse zikuchitika mu dziko ndi kunja. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo mafakitale ku Ulaya, boma wathu amaloŵamo ake kusintha, makamaka, zachokera Leningrad Migodi Institute, amene anadzakhala kholo la apamwamba maphunziro luso mu Russia. Makamaka mu Sukulu ya Mines (anautcha masiku amenewo) anaphunzitsa amalanga masamu: ajebura, Masamu, zomangamanga, zitsulo, mineralogy, umagwirira, sayansi, zilankhulo zakunja zachilendo. zosiyanasiyana amenewa a sayansi ndipo kumathandiza kupeza wamakhalidwe maphunziro onse chonse. Russia, monganso mayiko ena, akuyesera kuti kuphunzira mosavuta theka wamkazi. Pomaliza, anthu kutheka pambuyo Wamkulu October Socialist utasintha. Pa nthawi yomweyo akukumana maphunziro apamwamba anayima zolinga zina ndi zolinga. Ndondomeko kuti amange anthu zatsopano maphunziro akulimbana achinyamata ndi kukhazikitsa kusintha lofunika kwambiri kuphunzira.

Pa nthawi Soviet, maphunziro apamwamba kunagwirizana kwambiri mapulani chitukuko cha anthu ndi m'magulu onse a chuma. Wokwanira kukumbukira kupitako kamodzi pachaka magulu wophunzira mbatata kapena kuvomerezedwa nawo mwakhama zokhudza ogwira ncthito. Pamaso m'sukulu za sekondale Cholinga chachikulu anali kuonjezera mlingo wa maphunziro a akatswiri m'tsogolo, komanso kukopa anthu ambiri a anthu kwa anthu maphunziro apamwamba. Pa nkhani imeneyi, nambala ya miyeso: kumayambiriro zolimbikitsa, kupereka ufulu ogona komanso anali kuphunzira okha salipidwa ndipo inali kuchitika m'zinenero 70. M'nthawi ya Soviet Union maphunziro apamwamba ku Russia ndi akuphunzitsa anthu onse amene ali ndi satifiketi maphunziro.

maphunziro apamwamba ku Russia zamakono

Dongosolo maphunziro apamwamba ku Russia kusiyana malinga ndi zosowa za anthu, komanso malingana ndi zomwe asayansi athu mu sayansi, mankhwala, sayansi, umagwirira, sayansi ya kompyuta ndi zina chidziwitso. Izi yomweyo anasankha mapulogalamu, zinthu, maonekedwe ndi njira kuphunzitsa maphunziro apamwamba.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, funso pachimake kufunika generalists: .. A kapangidwe injiniya, dokotala, ndi yanga, wachilamulo ndi zachuma, zomangamanga, mapulogalamu, etc. The ndondomeko yophunzitsa Russia ano Chili ndi njira Integrated wa kuphunzira, mwachitsanzo, nkhani ina .. ndi ntchito zosiyana, kuphatikizapo othandiza. Njira imeneyi kuphunzira walola kuti yambitsa maganizo, kanthu, khama, udindo ophunzira. Mwadongosolo Dipatimenti ya kafukufuku wa sayansi amalola kuchita dera wophunzira ntchito experimental chotero kuwonjezera mlingo wa maphunziro. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, ku mayunivesite ambiri a dzikoli, bungwe ndi Laboratories odziwa, malo computer, mabungwe kafukufuku, kumene anaphunzitsidwa, mavuto mwamsanga masiku ano anthu.

Apamwamba Mavuto Education

Kumene, Russia lero sangathe kulingalira popanda kukanikiza nkhani mwayi kukonzekera mu maphunziro apamwamba. Mwa mavuto odziwika, mwina mungatchule nkhani ya maphunziro analipira. Mwatsoka, popeza malemu '90s kupeza maphunziro m'dziko lino akhoza kukhala ndi thandizo la ndalama. Pa dzanja limodzi, izi ndi zina mwayi kwa ena Magulu a nzika ina - ndi limathetseratu vuto lina lililonse weniweni, kubereka kwambiri nkhani yovutayi.

The choyamba chimalongosola chakuti mlingo wa maphunziro wagwa zikuchepa, monga onse, kugulidwa kuyambira kuwunika ndi kumalizitsa digiri. Motero, tidzapeza vuto chachiwiri - ziphuphu kwambiri sukulu. Ndipo zisakuyenda kuyenera yaikulu kwambiri. mavuto maphunziro apamwamba ku Russia ndi pachimake ndipo anatsimikiza pang'onopang'ono. Komabe, uthenga wosangalatsa ndi kuti limeneli pali zina kuyenda.

Ngati ife kulankhula za ziyembekezo zathu mdziko lathu, chitukuko za maphunziro apamwamba ndondomeko izi amathandiza kwambiri kuti chigonjetso chathu mwa sayansi. Development wa nano ndi umisiri mwapadera posachedwapa zidzayambitsa zikamera wa kudzinenera latsopano. Ndipo ndi izo, ndi mapulogalamu atsopano, njira ndi mawonekedwe a maphunziro.