Maphunzilo ku Russia

Nkhani pa nkhaniyi: "Vuto la maphunziro ku Russia masiku ano."

Education - ndi cholinga chidziwitso ntchito za anthu pa kupeza nzeru kapena luso kusintha iwo. Mawu a wotchuka French wolemba Denis Diderot: "Education amapereka munthu ulemu, ndi wantchito akadziwa kuti sanabadwire ukapolo." Maphunziro ndi mbali imodzi yofunika kwambiri moyo wa munthu. Intelligence, ndicho chimene amatilekanitsa kaamba ndi zolengedwa zina, luso yosanthula, kuzindikira, kudziunjikira zambiri ndi zambiri za dziko. Kupeza osadziwika kumanga osati akanakhalapo, nthawi zambiri zimapangitsa kugunda mtima asanatulukire kuti malamulo atsopano sayansi, kupanga miyoyo yathu chidwi kwambiri ndi kusangalatsa anthu. Kumatithandiza kuthawa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku ndipo agwera mu nyanja ya anapeza ndi kufufuza. Mu mawu a Chigiriki nzeru zapamwamba Mark Tuly Cicero: "Kuti moyo - njira kuganiza." Popanda kuganiza maganizo munthu - izi ndi nyama kuti alibe moyo; kutsatira malamulo a chilengedwe, motsogozedwa ndi zilakolako, achibadwidwe ndi bongo. Mukane nzeru zonse, mabuku sayansi mabuku kwa zaka kulenga okonda amene amakhulupirira mphamvu zopanda malire a chidziwitso, ndi kuti m'tsogolo dziko ikani opusa ndi blockheads; kuti kuwonongeka anthu ku misa ikutha, monga kamodzi zinyamazi anakhala zinatha. Koma imfa sadzabwera mwa chifuniro cha Mulungu, koma mwa kupusa kwa mtundu wa anthu.

Mu ulamuliro wa Mfumu Nicholas lolemba chachiwiri cha anthu mu Russian unali wochepa kwambiri kwa dziko kuti wachita kale kupita mu chi mafakitale. Popeza chilengedwe wa USSR ndi kusintha kwa 1917, maphunziro umalingaliridwa, monga kumangira sosholisimu, chikominisi, muyenera anzeru ndi ophunzira anthu. Monga V. I. Lenin anati: "... sukulu yathu ndi kupatsa achinyamata chikhazikitso cha chidziwitso, kubereka maganizo chikominisi yokha ayenera kupanga anthu ophunzira. Ziyenera kukhala, koma malingana ngati anthu kuphunzira, kuwapanga iwo gulu yolimbirana Kumasuka ku exploiters lapansi. Sitepe yoyamba ya akuluakulu - ali kulenga anawalamula kuti kulimbana umbuli mu Russia. pulogalamuyi m'gulu: yomanga sukulu ya galamala ndi nkhope mfundo kumene ophunzitsidwa anthu osaphunzira ndi theka kulemba ndi kuwerenga amisinkhu yonse ndi magulu a anthu; kukhazikitsidwa kwa maphunziro apadera mokakamizidwa aphunzitsi kamodzi pachaka. Ndipotu kulenga wamphamvu chuma, ndale, chikhalidwe anayamba boma popanda kuchedwa kuthamanga a dongosolo maphunziro, izo sangathe. Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha 1923, izo analengedwa ndi anthu onse-Russian zaufulu "Pansi ndi Kulemba ndi Kuwerenga". The vuto lalikulu, lomwe anakumana boma, anali vuto otchedwa ana msewu amene ataya banja ndipo anali ndi malo ake okhala. akayanjana ndi kupanga komiti anadzipereka patsogolo miyoyo ya ana ndi kulemba awo. Pofika chaka cha 1935 alibe pokhala misa yathetsedwa. Kuyambira pamenepo, dziko waphimba malungo maphunziro. Anthu pafupi chidziwitso, makamaka popeza dziko lisanalengedwe zinthu zonse zabwino ndi Chofunika, maphunziro apamwamba. Ngakhale m'gawo la ndife ntchito nambala yaikulu sukulu oyamba, makoleji ndi mayunivesite. Malinga ndi chiwerengero cha ana ndi kwambiri kuposa Soviet Union, mayiko monga UK, Germany, France, Japan. Kalembera, anachititsa mu 1959, anthu anasonyeza kuti umbuli pakati pa anthu a dziko wakhala pafupifupi mwathunthu kutheratu. Mofulumira osauka sayansi, ndi kuti, makampani ndi chuma, pamene kukula lankhondo lamphamvu ndi kutchuka Soviet Union m'bwalo lonse. Zinali m'nyengo Soviet ankadziwika kuti mayina ndi maina ngati Landau P. A. Tamm IE, Kapitsa A. N., Semenov N. N., Keldysh M. V., Tupolev AN, Korolyov Kuchokera . P., Kurchatov IV, amene pikhabuluka m'munda wa sayansi, umagwirira, masamu, ndege ndi kupanga chombo. Chotero adzatumpha yaikulu pa chitukuko cha sayansi, walola Russia kukhazikitsa wokha ngati dziko ophunzira kwambiri mu dziko. Chinsinsi bwino uyu anali 1977 malamulo, enshrining lamanja la nzika za USSR kuti amasule maphunziro pa mulingo uliwonse kuchokera ku mbali ukachenjede.

Chinthu chachikulu kumbuyo napanga boma dongosolo maphunziro, pambuyo kusaina pangano Bialowieza Yeltsin mu 1991. Ngati mu Soviet Union, ufumu wathu ukukula pakati pa khumi m'mayiko ambiri ophunzira mu dziko, izo ziri tsopano pa 71 banga, pafupi Saint Lucia, Albania ndi ku Makedoniya. Moona mtima, lero maphunziro athu chitsogolo kupyola zaka zovuta. Kodi mavuto ambiri amene sangathe kuthetsedwa ano boma ndalama kulemba mu Russia kwa zaka 9 mpaka 49 ali 99,8% kuposa mu United States ndi ku United Kingdom. Koma Ndipotu kwambiri bwino anthu Chirasha wotsimikizira za kusakhulupirika ziwerengero. Dziko ali achinyamata mamiliyoni awiri okha ndi osaphunzira, amene 700 000 ana amasiye, ndi ena kukhala ndi chowawa. Kusaphunzira chaka chilichonse umakhala ponseponse, kuwonjezeka ndi 8-10%. A ambiri a ku Russia amakhulupirira kuti sukulu ndi mtengo tsopano. Onse chifukwa chakuti boma allocates ndalama zochepa kwambiri kupita makonzedwe kunja kwa nyumba sukulu, makolo sindikufuna ana awo kuti aphunzire makalasi zauve ndi zonyansa, motero amapanga kwambiri amapereka mokomera zosowa za sukulu. Komanso mu kugulitsa wa maphunziro, anapanga Russian sekondale ndi apamwamba monga mmodzi wa mtengo kwambiri mu dziko. Vuto lina n'kofunika mlingo wochepa wa maphunziro mphunzitsi. Ambiri a iwo sadziwa mmene kupeza njira ufulu wophunzira, sangakhale ndi chidwi pankhani ake, nchifukwa chake Kusukulu zambiri mukakhala mikangano; pedagogical luso pafupifupi kwina. Palibe kuzindikira mayiko wa Russian miyezo ya sekondale Choncho, omaliza masukulu athu m'banja akhoza mwachindunji kulembetsa ku mayunivesite yachilendo. maphunziro wathu wakhala uncompetitive kwambiri, sangathe kupereka mphamvu mbadwa anzeru ndi ophunzira anthu. Poyamba, ife anali onyadira ndi momwe ife anayamba ndi kuphunzitsa masamu, sayansi ndi zimapangidwira. Koma tsopano sitikhalanso atsogoleri, kutalika kwa Netherlands ndi Sweden, kodi mwachindunji nkhawa masamu ndi sayansi zimapangidwira, chimene chimafuna ndalama yaikulu zakuthupi: kugula atsopano, zida zodula ndi reagents yosowa kum'tenga achinyamata ndi luso ogwira, mwatsoka, pang'ono kwambiri. Khalidwe la maphunziro akupita pansi, Falls ife posachedwapa tikuyandikira mfundo zowawitsa ndipo pamene chuma akuyamba kutha, ndipo sakhala patali ndi kusakhulupirika kuti akhoza ndithu posachedwapa anagamula kuti ndife. Pakumala boma akawinduka, isanathe, yesani china kusintha, amathera ochepa kusintha mopupuluma n'kudzanong'oneza, koma tisachedwe.

Pali mitundu iwiri ya zifukwa kuchepa kwa maphunziro m'dzikolo. Choyamba - ichi ndi munthu. Asukulu chidwi pang'ono kuwerenga mabuku, kulemba homuweki, osanenapo kudziletsa maphunziro. Apa osachepera kukwaniritsa malamulo yaikulu ya khalidwe sukulu. Onse chifukwa cha zikamera zimene zingatisokoneze misa monga makompyuta, kenako ana atakhala kwa maola; Chikondwerero ndi abwenzi usiku pamaso; uchidakwa, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, achinyamata uhule. Inde, analipo kale, koma masiku ano zinthu zimenezi ndi yankho lonse ndithu. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, chilakolako chimodzimodzi masewera si maganizo amathandiza munthu. Tsopano masewera ndi otchuka, zakhala pafupifupi kotala alionse, ku pali zotsatira zoipa, ndi, ndithudi, ndi nkhani ya boma ya maphunziro ndi kulemba za moyo ambiri mu Russia. Malinga ndi ophunzira ambiri, pambuyo sukulu iwo sadzakhala zinthu zopindulitsa, ndipo popanda iwo akhoza bwino (by bwinobwino anapeza anatanthauza ndalama zambiri likulu). Koma mfundo ndi yakuti kukhala bizinesi ndi kulinganiza zochita zawo, sangakhale popanda maphunziro apamwamba. Kodi inu kutsindikiza anthu, ngati iye sangakhoze kupirira izo - kupanga nokha kamodzi pa moyo wake kuwerenga buku lochokera kwa izi ndi chodziwikiratu kuti amakhala oipa. Kuti malonda anu, shopu kapena mu Restaurant, muli ndi kumvetsa kwabwino izo. Ndipo si abum: Ndikufuna kuyitanitsa china chake kuti chinachake, koma ndiribe lingaliro chomwe zinthu izi ziri. Anthu ambiri amaganiza za m'tsogolo, zimene zidzachitike izi free, moyo zosavuta; otetezedwa kudziwa kuti makolo awo angawathandize kuthetsa m'tsogolo malangizo, ndipo ngati inu simungathe ngakhale kupeza ntchito, ndiye pali nthawizonse kwawo komwe amakukondani ndipo nthawizonse olandiridwa, koma sizinathandize akuganiza tero. Chabwino, ndi pa zikachitika chabe nokha pa msewu wopanda nyumba ndi ndalama, popanda kuthandizidwa ndi okondedwa, chifukwa aliyense adzakhala pa inu mata mu chaka abwenzi ena abwino amene munali kusangalala, ndipo mwina anapulumutsa mu kamphindi kovuta, iwalani za moyo wanu, pamsonkhano nawo budish amagwa kovuta, kukumbutsa ena vagrant kapena "Wopempha", kaduka iwo tsoka lake potchula kunyoza Mulungu, tsoka, kusakanikirana zosasangalatsa zinthu. mumtima mwanga podziwa amene anapanga yaikulu, oopsa, fateful mukulakwa sinditi sukulu, kumutukwana masiku truant, kapena sanapite makalasi sukulu. Ngati inu mukumvetsa izi ndiye, munthu wina akubwera kwa anthu.

Mtundu wachiwiri wa zifukwa - oyendetsera dziko kapena boma. The vuto lalikulu si zofanana ndi nkhani yakuti "ufulu ndi kumasulika kwa nzika" ndi chilamulo "Pa Education", umene umati iliyonse wophunzira ayenera kukwaniritsa enaake a maphunziro, kaya mphamvu, ndi chikhumbo, si woyenera kuposa anauyamba Article. Chofunika kwambiri chifukwa cholephera amafuna oyendetsera dziko a sekondale si chakudya udindo. Ndi chilema izi malamulo, ndi ophunzira, kulembetsa sukulu, kuphunzira mmene chilakolako chake. Aliyense adzasankhe, kuphunzira kapena ayi. Mwatsoka, Russia lero ophunzira kuzindikira mfundo imeneyi. Ku maganizo a zachuma, ndalama chuma Kungoti pachabe. Njira yothetsera vutoli - ndi kuunikanso malamulo oyendetsera dziko, ndi kuwonjezera ndime pa utsogoleri, ndi ngakhale mu nkhani zina, udindo pa milandu osati kukwaniritsa mfundo yophunzitsa dziko. No zochepa mabvuto zili ndi ndalama uwu, maphunziro apamwamba ndi sekondale. Ndalama sukulu ya sekondale ikuchitika, amasulidwe chuma zikutanthauza kuti chisanadze anakonza chiwerengero cha ophunzira. Ngati gawo la ophunzira kuphonya masiku sukulu, ndalama allocated kuti maphunziro awo kukhala zosafunika ndi lamulo ayenera anabwerera, ndipo chifukwa cha ichi bajeti yafupika sukulu, yafupika chiphunzitso ndodo, yafupika maphunziro a ophunzira, ndi zina zotero. Etc .. Choncho, onse masukulu ndi mchitidwe manyazi pa zizindikiro mpweya kusiya ndalama ndalama zofunikira kusukulu. njira imodzi vutoli - chilengedwe cha ntchito kutsimikizira kudziwa zenizeni dziko ndi maluso a ophunzira ndi kuwayang'anira wonse maphunziro ulendo. Ndipo ngati sukulu adzapitiriza tisalembe wounikira wa ana, utsogoleli wa m'banja ayenera kulipira chindapusa. Latsopano la Russia pali mpata waukulu kupeza maphunziro okwanira ndi khalidwe kuposa sekondale ndi apamwamba. Koma ngati anthu sakufuna kuti agwiritse ntchito mphatso izi, ndiye iwo sayenera kukakamizidwa, anakakamizika kuwaphunzitsa kapena kupita ku sukulu. Pamenepa wonse sasintha, ndi n'kudzuka yekha kukula. Ichi ndi chifukwa chenicheni, alipo lero, mavuto.

Mavuto kwambiri kuonekera, ife tikudziwa zimayambitsa awo ndi zotsatira zake zoipa, koma kodi mphamvu ano. Kodi kusintha kapena ntchito yophunzitsa kudzachitika ndi amene ali kale panopa kulibe. Phunziroli mabvuto ndikufuna kukhudza zoona, ndi surfactant. Chinthu choyamba chimene muyenera kulemba - ichi ndi Njira Bologna. Amene sichichokera mu zinsinsi za "kena kachipembedzo kotchedwa Freemasons", ndi zina - njira kulenga limodzi, zolimba dongosolo la maphunziro pakati pa maiko a ku Ulaya, mu chimango cha pangano Bologna. Cholinga chake ndi chiyanjo cha olowa lachilendo Maphunziro Apamwamba alimbikitse ndi. Tsopano pang'ono nkhani yakale. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 20, panali vuto la chitukuko cha sayansi (cha mizimu), ndi supernatant kwa kulekana kwa maphunziro a ku yunivesite, amene anakankhira kukhazikitsidwa ndi kusaina mayiko makumi awiri ndi anayi a Bologna Declaration mu 1999, ku nyumba ya Utumiki wa mzinda eponymous Italy. Mgwirizano akutsimikiza nawo zaufulu wa mayiko onse a ku Ulaya. Russia nawonso anayamba patsogolo pang'ono, mu September 2003, pa msonkhano Berlin. Gulu ndondomeko izi pafupifupi mayiko onse, maufumu ndi maukulu mu gawo European m'dzikoli, kupatula San Marino ndi Monaco. Mu expanses zedi la Russia, kutsatira inalowa ku Njira Bologna, vuto zosasangalatsa: osauka, kupanda kuzindikira akuluakulu pa zinthu zofunika pa dziko ndi maphunziro European ndi cholinga cha ndondomeko Bologna ambiri ophunzira sindikumvetsa; pali chisokonezo za maphunziro, ambiri mayunitsi maphunziro, monga "mbuye", "Doctor wa Science", "Bachelor". Tangoganizirani mwachitsanzo, ngati masatifiketi Russian mabungwe apamwamba yophunzitsa kuzindikira ku Ulaya, ndiye, ndithudi, ophunzira athu kudzakhala kosavuta kupeza ntchito, koma kungachititse kuti outflow antchito kwambiri aluso ku dziko lakwawo, ndipo patapita antchito aluso m'munda. Inde, khalidwe lina kuti tili zochepa Ndipotu kupita kudziko lina wanzeru ndi luso mamembala a sukulu athu apamwamba dziko. Koma mfundo Kupirira Bologna wapereka dziko mphamvu kuti chitukuko olondola a maphunziro, ndi kusintha dongosolo.

Zikuoneka kwa ine Kalanga ndi zotupa ndi dongosolo la Utumiki wa Education anavomera mu 2009, kuchepetsa malo bajeti mabungwe ' ". Boma amakhulupirira dziko lathu kwambiri kupereka ophunzira amene amaliza sekondale 1.2. Izi ndi maloto onse ndi zinyengo, mabodza ndi makolo pobornichestva amene oversupply, koma anthu ophunzira ife nthawizonse muyenera. subjectivity amenewa amadula kumbuyo ufulu wathu malamulo, kupita ku maphunziro aulere.

Izi ndi zimene zimadetsa nkhawa kusintha kwa maphunziro apamwamba, komanso m'masukulu, ndi ndandanda si zofunika kwenikweni, ntchito yapadera kukonzanso dongosolo lawo lonse. Ndiyeno mmodzi mwa kusintha chofunika kwambiri ndi kulanda sekondale pa amalipiritsa maziko. Zolinga boma, koma mwinamwake makalasi onse sadzapulumuka kulipira zinthu zitatu zokha m'mawa. Ndi zotheka, maphunziro Organization kwa ulaliki ndi kukambirana za tsogolo la kudzinenera mu dera la ogwira ntchito amene wotsogolera zinasaina pangano, koma zinthu zimenezi kuti ndalama zolipirira pa 30%, tikudziwa kuti iperekedwe kwa chuma sukulu, umene uli kale "pa matabwa a akuphulikira pa ndalama mkati iye. " Koma chidwi kwambiri ndi kuti pafupifupi theka la ana sangathe kulandira maphunziro zonse, chifukwa cha kusowa njira chuma cha makolo awo. Ndipo mafunde basi theka imeneyi ikukamba kwambiri mphatso, anzeru, wofunitsitsa kuphunzira, ndi ana. Choncho, maphunziro abwino ana kulandira olemera ndi zigawenga achinyengo komanso wachiwawa. Tiyerekezenso kuti m'tsogolo mayiko onse kusamalira ana awo, amene ali bwino. Komabe, pafupifupi zinthu zomwezo mu dziko tsopano, koma osati yaikulu.

Mu nthawi posachedwapa, odziwika bwino analemekeza Nduna ya Maphunziro a Russia, Andrei Fursenko, pa msonkhano wa gulu, akufuna kukhazikitsa mayeso nditamaliza maphunziro a digiri yoyamba. Mu ulemerero wake, ndi wabwino, wopindulitsa kwambiri kwa boma. Cholinga cha kuyesera ndi kuulula khalidwe lenileni la maphunziro ku yunivesite. Malinga ndi mayesero amenewa ziwoneka kuphunzitsa makoleji mu Russia. Zolaula mbali mtumiki ananena zabwino za zaluso adalowa, koma ophunzirawo ndi rector wa Institute saona kufunika ndi phindu pa mfundo imeneyi.

Pamene Russia sadzakhalanso oopsa pansi, mayesero caustic ndi zatsopano. Pamene dziko abwera nthawi zachikhalire, izi alowererepo kwambiri Adzatsenulira mafuta pa nyumba anagwira moto, kosamalira maphunziro.