Mantha mtengo katundu ndi ntchito

Mantha nkhuni - zakuthupi yopangidwa kuchokera ku mitengo yomwe inakula m'mbuyomu nyengo miyala. Amenewa "curiosities" akhoza kundiuza kwambiri. Popeza zaka mitengo, ndi thandizo lawo n'zotheka mme- zamoyo za mtundu winawake wa mbewu mtengo, kuphunzira za nthawi ya kukula ndi nyengo ya zaka zapitazi.

Monga ndondomeko ya mitengo mantha

zake zinyalala awonongeke, iwo kukonzedwa tizilombo m'mikhalidwe achilengedwe. Izi zimachitika mu nkhani ya kumafika mpweya. Koma nthawi zina, mitengo akufa zinawonongekeratu. Izi zimachitika pamene litakwiliridwa pansi m'dambo ndi (chiphala phulusa, kugumuka, zigumukire, glacial moraine, etc.), Kupewa nthenda oxygen. The matabwa chifukwa si owonongedwa ndipo patapita nthawi chifukwa panafunika unayambira organic mchere kanthu. The thupi katundu wa mtengo zasintha, ndipo inasanduka zinthu yowirira kwambiri ndi cholimba.

Nthawi zambiri, organic nkhuni minofu m'malo ndi mchere, silika (silicified nkhuni). Kwenikweni ndi opal, ndi kalikedo kapena khwatsi. mafupawa amenewa kusunga dongosolo anatomical nkhuni. Pasanathe ambiri, mungapeze otchedwa marbleized nkhuni, makamaka m'malo mchere omwe ali dolomite, calcite kapena siderite. Komanso, kuchotsa zinthu zingakhale gypsum, barite, ndege ndi zina zotero. Pali zoposa 60 mchere nawo mapangidwe a mafupa zake.

The katundu zikuluzikulu za mitengo mantha

mchere The amakhala ndi galasi kapena waxy luster, conchoidal wovulala, kusowa pogawanikana pamawere. Kuuma kwa mtengo anaumitsa, malingana substituent mchere ndi mu osiyanasiyana 4 mpaka 6 pa za Mohs lonse. Munthu angathe kupeza anaona kudula mbali kwakukulukulu osiyana mu kapangidwe ndi mtundu.

Chifukwa alipo m'dambo kapena zosafunika za chuma madzi mantha akhoza kukhala yosiyanasiyana. Choncho, mpweya amapereka mtengo wakuda mtundu; chitsulo okusayidi - wofiira, wachikasu kapena zofiirira; mkuwa, chromium ndi cobalt - zobiriwira kapena buluu; Manganese - lalanje kapena pinki; manganese okusayidi - wakuda kapena wachikasu.

Pakati pa mitengo unayambira angapezeke, ndi conifers ndi hardwoods. Conifers zikuphatikizapo fossilization wa inclusions Amber.

Kusiyana textural

Wood kakusintha fossilization, mwina ndi kapangidwe osiyana. Chifukwa cha ichi ndi zifukwa zambiri. Tiyeni tione alipo textural zosiyanasiyana mantha nkhuni, komanso chifukwa chimene iwo inakhazikitsidwa.

mafupawa homogeneous

Zikuphatikizapo mitundu imene yodziwika ndi dongosolo zayamba yunifolomu ndi mumtundu. Stone ndi yasonyeza ndi magawidwe chifukwa si kusiyanitsa mtundu wa mphete mtengo, koma ndi kukhalapo kwa mizere amaloledwa. The odziwika bwino woimira gulu a mafupa ndi otchedwa opal nkhuni, zinapanga ndi woyererako kwambiri (akhoza kukhala pafupi woyera) ndi masitolo zambiri dongosolo yaikulu.

Mantha mtengo mandala kapangidwe

kapangidwe Izi akufotokozera m'kati kudzaza maselo lalikulu ndi pores nkhuni kalikedo, opal ndi chitsulo hydroxides. magalasi The yodziwika ndi lathu ndi liniya. Nthawi zina, iye anatsindika chitsulo hydroxide, kukhala pamodzi mizere chimodzimodzi.

mtengo Umboni Wopereŵera

Ndi mtundu ambiri nkhuni mantha. Yodziwika opal-kalikedo zikuchokera ndi kusakanizikana yokulirapo ya hydroxides chitsulo. Chiŵerengero cha zigawo zitatu izi ndi variable, ndipo izi anafotokoza m'goli akuda mitundu ndi kapangidwe mchere ndi. Nthawi zina zoonera chifukwa cha zotsalira nkhuni, zomwe m'malo kalikedo, kukhalabe mawonekedwe selo pa maziko a opal misa. Chotero coloration ndi chibadidwe mwala, kuphatikizapo mithunzi zosiyanasiyana bulauni.

Concentrically zoned nkhuni mantha

Chifukwa cha nkhani yodziŵika ndi kusinthana kwa opal kapena kalikedo, opal concentric magulu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Pa nthawi yomweyo iwo kutsindika chitsanzo cha mphete mtengo pachaka-gawo mtanda. gawo kotenga ali ndi liniya mkombero kapangidwe kuti bwino ndithu chionetsedwe.

Gagatovidnoe petrification

Izi nkhuni mantha ali kaboni kaboni opal kapena carbonate zikuchokera. Mizere mphete pachaka bwino lofotokozeredwa ndipo kupanga concentric (concentric undulating malo) chitsanzo. Malinga ndi makhalidwe kukongoletsa wa wakuda mantha nkhuni akuyerekezedwa ndi wakuda yade kapena gagate.

Kodi mafupa a mitengo

Nthawi zambiri mitengo mantha zimapezeka m'madera panali mapiri akaphulika. Malo otchuka kwambiri Kupezeka kwa zinthu wapadera - otchedwa "mantha Forest", yomwe ili m'chigawo cha Arizona ndipo mmodzi wa m'mapaki dziko mu United States (kuyambira 1962). Kutalika kwa migodi anaumitsa ukufika 65 m, awiri - 3 m.

Palinso angapo madipoziti zina za matabwa mantha, zomwe zili mu madera osiyana a dziko. Wotchuka kwambiri ndi zikuluzikulu nkhalango malasha zili ku Argentina, Brazil, Belgium, Greece, Canada, India, New Zealand, Russia, Ukraine, Czech Republic, Georgia, ku Armenia, ndipo ena. M'madera ambiri osungirako zachilengedwe kapena zipilala achilengedwe.

Mapulogalamu mantha nkhuni

Mantha nkhuni - mwala kuyambira nthawi yakale ntchito monga chuma yaiwisi kupanga zibangili. Kufunika kwa iwo amakhalabe mkulu ndi ino. mwala uwu kukongoletsa ndi bwino ankachitira. Bwino kudula, nthaka ndi opukutidwa, chifukwa akhale ngati luster kunyezimira. Mu processing nkhuni wotaya kapangidwe ake.

Zosiyanasiyana mantha nkhuni ndi chabwino chitsanzo zosiyana ntchito popanga oyika ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe zodzikongoletsera, monga mwachitsanzo monga mikanda, zibangili ndi zina zotero. Chofunika kwambiri ndi kukongoletsa mwala ndi osiyana pachaka mphete mizere. Mu kupanga zodzikongoletsera zitsanzo zimenezi nthawi pamodzi ndi zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, ndi miyala ina ndi galasi.

Komanso, mtengo mantha ntchito yopanga alendo osiyanasiyana ndi zinthu chokongoletsera mkati. Zimakhala zolembera, ashtrays, Miphika, mabokosi, maalumali, countertops ndi zambiri. Kupanga nkhani kambirimbiri zakuthupi ndi zochepa osiyana zonal ndi kukhala akuda kapena striated krupnopyatnisty zojambula. Stone chikuzika mwa okhometsa, anapatsidwa kuti m'badwo wa mitengo zaka mamiliyoni ambiri.

Tikumbukenso kuti nkhuni mantha akuti ndi zinthu zimene ali katundu wapadera mankhwala. Zimathandiza munthu kulimbana ndi mavuto ndi kuthana ndi nkhawa, wachulukitsa kulimba kwa thupi, amateteza matenda ndi kuvulala. Malinga ndi mankhwala, kufa ndi mtengo mantha, wokhoza kuti muchepetse ululu. Kuchita izi, inu basi ntchito kwa owawa. The mankhwala Mongolian kuyambira nthawi wakale nyamakazi matenda ofanana ndi zimfundo ndi ntchito nkhuni mantha (mu mawonekedwe a mbale) kuchokera Gobi chipululu.