Chiphunzitso cha boma: tebulo. Ubwino ndi demerits za mfundo za boma. ufulu m'dera chiphunzitso cha boma. Chiphunzitso cha dualism wa boma

mfundo zosiyanasiyana za boma - akonzedwa maganizo ndi malingaliro, ndi anafotokoza chikhalidwe ndi gulu la boma oyang'anira tauni. amalanga awa anatuluka apeza zochokera chidziwitso cha zaka zinachitikira m'mbiri ya anthu. Pali maganizo ambiri oterewa. Amasiyana mzake - ena pang'ono, ena kwambiri.

Mbiri ya zosayembekezereka wa wodzilamulira

machitidwe amakono maboma oyang'anira tauni m'mayiko ambiri ku Ulaya, US ndi Japan inakhazikitsidwa pambuyo kukonza za m'ma XIX. Komabe, m'mene ankachitira - ammudzi ndi demokalase polis - anatuluka mu nthawi yakale.

Mawu akuti "boma" chaonekera Roma, pamene analipo dongosolo Republican. Chotero anaitana kasamalidwe m'tawuni dera, amene anatenga udindo kuthetsa mavuto azachuma (kuphatikizapo Kugawilidwa kwanthaka ndalama msonkho) pa yokha. Mu mwambo panopa mayiko a boma likhoza kukhala ndi akumidzi midzi.

Chiphunzitso woyamba wa boma unachokera mu la Republic Roma. Choyamba, malinga ndi chigamulo cha mtsogoleri wa boma mwachindunji mzinda waung'ono pa Tiber moyo. Komabe, mmene ndi kukula kwa Rome unakula. Yuliy Tsezar mu 45 BC. e. Ndinaganiza kupatsa ena a mphamvu yake makonsolo. Ambiri, amathera miyezi nkhondo m'madera akutali, panalibe nthawi kuthana ndi mavuto a zachuma a likulu.

Local wodzilamulira mudzi ufulu

Pali ena yosayambitsa kuti maganizo osiyana a boma. Mukhoza kusankha zofunika kwambiri ndi lofunika awa: mmene kulenga mabungwe, kuchuluka ndi khalidwe la ulamuliro wa milandu, komanso ubale mwapamwamba boma ulamuliro.

German sukulu sayansi, zochokera kusanthula makhalidwe amenewa, kuyesa chiphunzitso cha ufulu ammudzi. Anayambitsa chiphunzitso chimenechi - ndi ofufuza Ahrens, Gerber, Meyer, Ressler ndi Laband. Mfundo yaikulu, umene iwo anali, chinali chifukwa chakuti anthu am'dera ali ndi ufulu paokha woweruza okha. Izi wagawo ka anthu ndi yofunika kwambiri kuposa boma wonse. Choncho, boma lili ndi kulemekeza zofuna za boma la.

Free chiphunzitso gulu la boma anatuluka monga kuyankha kwa zachuma, umene unali chifukwa cha inept kasamalidwe ka boma akuluakulu. Choncho, dongosolo latsopano limene anatuluka mu Germany m'zaka za m'ma XIX, anali pansi chenicheni kwambiri, chifukwa achabe, ndi chowaloleza.

mizinda yambiri ntchito mfundo

Komabe, otsatira a chiphunzitso chatsopano kunali kofunika kukhalabe iye, ndipo kuchokera mfundo ongolankhula maganizo. Popeza asayansi German anazindikira kuti anthu ammudzi anabwera pamaso boma, chotero, ndicho chimayambitsa. Ndiko kuti, ufulu wodzilamulira auka kwa chilengedwe cha anthu.

M'zaka za m'ma XIX Germany sanali boma logwirizana. Iwo unagawidwa mu maukulu ambiri ndi maufumu, ang'onoang'ono Middle Ages kwaiye dongosolo. ufulu m'dera chiphunzitso cha boma anasonyeza chitsanzo mbiri ku German mayiko mzinda. Amasangalala ufulu kupyolera malonda opindulitsa ndi anansi awo. Ubwino wa anthu okhala m'mizinda imeneyi kuposa kuposa pafupifupi anthu. Gululi ndi chiphunzitso cha boma chitsanzo cha chitsanzo cha Ages Middle.

Choncho anali kukonza zambiri mwa mfundo imene nzika za boma ndi amoyo. Choyamba, ndi kusankha kwa mamembala a m'boma. The ufulu kuti azivota pa dongosolo umenewu ndi membala aliyense ammudzi. Kachiwiri, milandu onse, amene amalowerera boma, anawagawa m'magulu ziwiri zazikulu. Izi malangizo operekedwa ndi boma, ndipo mavuto awo kuti kuthetsa m'boma.

Chachitatu, boma alibe ufulu kulowerera pa zosankha watenga ndi boma la. Iwo okha ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti anthu ammudzi si kudzalamulira yamtunduwu ake.

Ntchito ndi chiphunzitso cha ufulu ammudzi

Pamwamba ubwino ndi kuipa mfundo boma takambirana mbali pa anthu Loona za zoyambirira za m'ma XIX. Mu 1830-1840-ntchentche. Zina mwa mfundo izi anatengedwa mu malamulo Belgium. M'malamulo a dziko lino kwa nthawi yoyamba akuluakulu oyang'anira tauni kuzindikira "chachinayi" mphamvu pa ndime ndi nthambi za, malamulo ndi zachiweruzo. Zimene zinachitikazi yojambula kwa malingaliro wonse wa m'boma. Ngakhale anthu masiku ano, ndi nkhani yolembedwa ya "mphamvu chachinayi" si yokhala enshrined m'mayiko ambiri. Choncho, monga kusintha ndi chidwi mu zoyambirira za m'ma XIX.

Komabe, kumapeto kwa zakazi, chiphunzitso ufulu m'dera anali untenable. N'chifukwa chiyani? Large Kupititsa mayunitsi anali federated mu chikhalidwe, mwachitsanzo amadalira pakati. Zikatere kunali kovuta kutsimikizira ufulu ammudzi.

chiphunzitso chikhalidwe

Pamene chiphunzitso ufulu m'dera anakhalabe m'mbuyomu, mu malo ake anabwera watsopano, amene anatchedwa chikhalidwe kapena umoyo ndi zachuma. Kodi kusiyana maganizo awiri chiyani? Poyamba ankaganiza kuti ufulu boma anali zachilengedwe ndi wosachoka. Othandiza chiphunzitso chikhalidwe ndinayang'ana pa chinthu ichi mosiyana. Malinga ndi mbalume zawo, ufulu akuwuka ku zochita za chuma cha boma ya. Ndipo iye adzakhala patsogolo.

Chiphunzitso chuma boma anazindikira nkhani dera lamulo, popanda kudalira boma. Kiyi inali ntchito khalidwe la oyang'anira tauni iye. Boma anayenera kusankha yekha nkhani za boma. maganizo osiyanasiyana a boma, komanso anthu, zochokera chakuti anthu ammudzi anaikidwa ngakhale mphamvu zonse za makina chapakati. Othandiza lingaliro la ufulu wa mizinda yambiri bwino delineates mphamvu pakati pa kachitidwe awiri.

Nkofunika kudziwa kuti chiphunzitso anthu a boma ali ndi zovuta zake. Pogona chakuti mizinda yambiri ali osokonezeka ndi maiwe payekha, amene zikugwira ntchito zachuma. Ngati anthu kugwirizana pa kanthu chake, mwachitsanzo, kuti alime nthaka, lingasankhe kusiya gulu. mayunitsi Kupititsa (ie mizinda yambiri) kuti disband nokha mungathe awo. Iwo mosamalitsa kugamulidwa ndi lamulo. malire awo ndi dongosolo mkati, ngakhale zonse, zimadalira boma.

mu Russia

Chitsanzo cha ntchito chiphunzitso anthu a boma angapezeke mu mbiri za dziko. Mu 1860 Mfumu Alexander II unachitikira kusintha wake wotchuka. Choyamba anamasula serfs. Izi kwambiri kugubuduza kapangidwe ka anthu zigawo, makamaka m'madera a kumidzi.

Pakuti osauka kusintha anatsatira zemskaja. Zinangokhala kusintha boma. The Malamulo mabungwe zemstvo mu 1864 mwadala anatsindika mfundo yakuti ntchito zachuma zemstvos analipo mosiyana zochita loyang'anira mphamvu.

Pa kusintha oyang'anira tauni ndi zolembedwa Slavophile publicists. Mwachitsanzo, Basil Leshkov ankakhulupirira kuti dera ufulu ndi boma anabwera kuchokera kalekale Russian mwambo analipo m'nthawi kalonga.

Ankachitika ndi kusintha wodzilamulira ankatsutsa ndi inefficient ndi wosakwiya bureaucracy. "Top" chigamulo cha ali nthawi zonse. Official okha kutsatira dongosolo limene adamupatsa mutu. Mtima disinterested ndi kupanda udindo wa a boma ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi ntchito za Zemstvos. The boma anapereka am'deralo chida kukhazikitsa njira zawo. bungwe District - njira angakwanitse chuma likhale aluso.

Kukonza kugwiridwa ndi Alexander II mu mzimu wa chiphunzitso boma onse, wabereka zipatso mu zaka zingapo. Yachokera latsopano chuma ndi antchito omwe siaboma. M'chigawo cha ndalama unali kudutsa mu malonda. Zemstva kukhala yisiti amene kuchuluka Russian bizinesi, anapanga Russian Ufumu imodzi chuma waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse.

chiphunzitso boma

Pa nthawi yomweyo (mu XIX m'ma) chiphunzitso akhala anyozedwa, ndi cm. adani ake sindimakonda chakuti boma ndi mbali ya boma. Mwa anzeru awa anatuluka boma chiphunzitso cha boma. kamba Aika amenewa anayamba ndi ofufuza German Lorenz Von Stein ndi Rudolf Rudolf Von Gneist. "Statists" kuja n'kukakhala ku Russia, komwe maganizo anthu ambiri ali mbali ya dongosolo ndiwofatsa, osati anakonda mlendo liberalism. Chiphunzitsochi anayamba kupanga mu chisanadze chosintha nyengo maloya Nikolai Lazarev, Alexander ndi Vladimir Gradovsky manyazi.

Iwo ndi owatsatira awo ankakhulupirira kuti boma lili ndi mizu wamba ndi dongosolo la boma, nchifukwa chake kunali kofunika kusunga mizinda yambiri mu mabungwe a boma la dongosolo. Pa nthawi yomweyo, akuluakulu sakanatha kugwira ntchito mu zemstvos ndi mabungwe ofanana. Pali anayenera kubwera kokha kwa anthu a m'deralo amene ali ndi chidwi mkulu-ntchito misonkhano oyang'anira tauni. The makina boma ndi chachikulu ndi zovuta kusamalira bwino, mwachitsanzo, ndi ntchito zapakhomo. Kotero iye angauze ena kuti asamalire ena a mphamvu yake zemstvos.

Political ndi malamulo chiphunzitso

Anayambitsa boma la chiphunzitso Lorenz Von Stein ndi Rudolf Gneyst osiyana mfundozo angapo ofunika. Choncho, monga mbali ya chiphunzitso chawo chonse anaonekera mbali ziwiri zosiyana. Rudolf Von Gneist anakhala Mlengi wa zamoyo ndale ndi Stein anayamba malamulo. Kodi zosiyana? Rudolf Von Gneist ananena kuti chisankho cha m'dera wodzilamulira sizitanthauza paokha. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti munthu amapita ku ofesi ya boma, iye akukhala amadalira boma chifukwa cha malipiro a. Kuti boma oimira kusankhidwa boma la, si wodziimira chithunzi. zosankha zake zingakhudze boma. Ndi kutsutsana umenewu umatipatsa peculiarities wa dongosolo la ndale.

Kodi zinatheka bwanji kuti oimira osankhidwa awo? Rudolf Von Gneist zoperekedwa kwa reformat malo awo mu bezvozmednye. Imeneyi idzathandiza mamembala a boma ufulu ku ulamuliro, chifukwa matupi akanabwera anthu okhawo amene anapita kumeneko mwa awo omwe ndi zikhulupiriro. Rudolf Von Gneist ankakhulupirira kuti malo amenewa anali kuika oimira wolemekezeka a m'deralo. Komabe, maganizo ake sanapezeke thandizo kwambiri.

Lorenz Von Stein anakonza lingaliro lina chiphunzitso malamulo a boma. Kodi amasiyana maganizo ndi Rudolf Von Gneist anthu ake ochepa? Stein ankaganiza kuti mizinda yambiri ayenera kukhalira padera ku boma. Nthumwi boma gawo la mphamvu zake kwa iwo. Choncho, maboma a m'mayikowo kuthetsa ena ntchito yoyang'anira popanda kukhala mbali ya makina malamulo. Awa ndi boma chiphunzitso cha boma. Tebulo limasonyeza maonekedwe a iwo.

dualism

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti chiphunzitso amakono a boma ndi mbali zina za ziphunzitso zimene anatuluka mu XIX atumwi. Asayansi kudziwa mizinda yambiri panopa monga matupi decentralized mwa dongosolo boma. Pali matanthauzo ena. Mwachitsanzo, mu Denmark, la boma amatchedwa "boma mkati boma."

Chotero dongosolo la mgwirizano pakati pa akuluakulu a boma ndi mizinda yambiri amasonyeza mfundo wapawiri cha zinthu zimenezi. Ndi kutithandiza kuona dongosolo kukhulupirira "chiphunzitso cha dualism a boma."

Mfundo zikuluzikulu za izo ndi kopanda zotsatirazi. Ngati oimira osankhidwa a ochita ntchito boma, iwo amakhala mbali ya makina boma. Pankhaniyi, maboma a m'mayikowo kuti sizikukhudzana ndi mavuto ntchitoyi, osathandiza ndi achabechabe. Mwachitsanzo, kuthetsa mavuto azachuma, popanda okhudza mzinda, ndi povuta kuti bajeti. Choncho, mizinda yambiri amakhala Integrated mu boma, kuti zimakhudza zochitika watsopano wa gawo amene ali ndi udindo.

Modern zoweta wodzilamulira

Mu Russian dongosolo la makono a boma oyang'anira tauni anali amathandiza kwambiri chabe chiphunzitso cha dualism a boma. ubwenzi Zimenezi zimaonekera chakuti matupi osankhidwa a ntchito pa onse pagulu ndipo pa maziko a Boma zogwirizana ndi mzake.

Ngati nkhaniyo ndi nkhani zofunika m'deralo, ndi mizinda yambiri zoweta angadalire ufulu yake ku likulu. zochita zawo zidzakhala maziko makamaka maganizo "m'munsi", chifukwa mu njira iyi zonse moyo m'tawuni bwino kwambiri. Komabe, pamene Makonsolo kuganizira ntchito zokhudzana ndi malamulo onse, iwo kuphatikiza ndi boma ndi kugwirizana ndi malo ake. Chotero dongosolo anali chifukwa cha kukondera mwagwirizana pakati pa mabungwe osiyana onse. Iwo zimaonekera onsewo kapena wapawiri dualistic chiphunzitso cha boma.

Ngati inu kuyitana mizinda yambiri yekha chodabwitsa chikhalidwe, mawu amenewa ndi kanthu koposa atchedwe mokweza. Today osankhidwa matupi pa mlingo zigawo mu njira imodzi kapena wina ndi kucheza ndi boma mosavuta kuthandiza anthu kuti adzakhale abwino ndiponso osangalala. Ndipo imeneyi si Russia.