Kodi polymerization mu umagwirira organic

Polymerization - ndondomeko ya kulandira kuchokera mtundu wina wa kuyambira monomers mamolekyulu lalikulu. The polima chifukwa ndi macromolecule kuti imakhala nambala okwanira chobwereza mayunitsi.

The mitundu ikuluikulu ya polymerization

Tsatirani funso mmene umagwirira polymerization, tiona kuti anachita izi zikuchitika pa nthawi ya kukhalapo kwa chothandizira (ndondomeko accelerator).

Homopolymer - mkulu maselo pawiri, amene analandira kucheza ndi monomers zofanana poyambira.

Heteropolymer - zimene mankhwala a mogwirizana zinthu zosiyanasiyana poyambira.

Kapangidwe ka polima ndi

Popeza kuti polymerization - ndi zovuta mankhwala ndondomeko, kulemera maselo wa polima opangidwa angakhale ndi mlingo wosiyana. The mankhwala apamwamba maselo ndi "mapeto magulu" zimasiyana ndi kubwereza mayunitsi. magulu ali kapangidwe polima mu pang'ono, kotero iwo osaganizira khalidwe la kusanthula katundu mankhwala ndi thupi la chifukwa mankhwala polymeric.

cationic polymerization

ndi cationic polymerization zotani? ndondomeko izi zikuchitika mchikakamizo cha asidi Lewis (chisakanizo cha mankhwala enaake zotayidwa, boron fluoride, acid) ndi limagwirira ndi omwe ndi ofanana ndi ndondomeko Kuwonjezera electrophilic kwa awiri (awiri) kumangigwa.

Pa gawo loyamba, purotoni Kuwonjezera alkenes, potero kupanga carbocation.

Komanso, chifukwa kulankhulana pakompyuta, izo zifika ku kukhudzana molekyulu ina alkene ndi, chifukwa ndi carbocation aumbike ndi unyolo yaitali.

Kubwereza ndondomeko kumachitika, potero kupanga carbocation ndi mkulu maselo kulemera.

A Mwina mkulu wa kulephera kwa malo cationic, sipangakhalenso amayamba ndi kulekana ndi pulotoni wa molekyulu ndi.

zitsanzo

Tiyeni tikambirane funso la chimene umagwirira polymerization. Zitsanzo za ndondomeko zaperekedwa zochokera isobutylene polymerization. Dongosololi atuluka kudzera ndi limagwirira cationic, popeza zinthu zosiyanasiyana za mwiniwake kudzapereka alkyl gulu.

Mapangidwe polyisobutylene unyolo zikachitika, kotero kuti aumbike kumapeto kwa pazipita khola carbocation. Chifukwa, pali mwadongosolo analanda dziko "mutu mchira".

Kuchititsa mogwirizana mankhwala, pafupifupi popanda pamaso pa madzi, pali mapangidwe polima ndi unyolo yaitali.

polymerization wa kalasi nthumwi Kodi a chimasanduka unsaturated? Ngati chothandizira anasankha , moyikirapo sulfuric asidi, unkachitika pambuyo mapangidwe wa polymerization osakaniza dimers awiri. Pambuyo ali cholukanalukana ndi tinthu awiri isobutylene, ndi dera lotseguka amapezeka. Mu ichi wapakatikati zovuta (carbo) amapereka mpaka purotoni ake madzi asanafike amalowa mogwirizana ndi molekyulu wina alkene unsaturated.

The polymerization anionic

ndi polymerization anionic a mitundu iti? limagwirira Izi kumaphatikizapo alkene polymerization chakumapeto kwa mgwirizano angapo. Polymerization n'zotheka Gogi ndi alkene molekyulu ena nucleophilic reagents.

Mwachitsanzo, amide-anion amachitira ndi akrilonitratom chomangira awiri, chifukwa carbanion anapanga imene mlandu zoipa isanafalikire pakati cyanide ndi mpweya atomu. Ngati zovuta ndi wolimba analandira, iwo anati zotsatirazi inalowa alkene molekyulu.

Breakage n'zotheka kukula unyolo anachita wopita ku Kupha mapeto pa mlandu zoipa unyolo mpweya.

Free kwakukulu polymerization

The ndondomeko ethylene polymerization zichitike pamaso pa peroxides (pa kuthamanga ndi kutentha). Unyolo kuchotsa amalimbikitsa recombination kapena disproportionation ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira.

The hydrocarbon unyolo wa polyethylene ndi ethylene angapo mayunitsi structural. Ndi dongosolo lino amadziwika ndi katundu wapatali mankhwala mkulu maselo kulemera zimathandiza kuti tanthauzo lake lonse mu kupanga mu mafakitale lonse ma CD filimu. Komanso, polyethylene chofunika kulenga zinthu ndi akamaumba, ndi kuponyera.

Mu mitundu ufulu kwakukulu mu polymerization kukula mapeto alkene akamakonda izo Adzaperekedwa ku mawonekedwe khola kwakukulu, ndi ndondomeko ukufanizidwa ndi mtundu "mutu mchira".

Mu isobutylene ndi propylene polymerization sichorandirika kwakukulu limagwirira. Onse ma polima ndi opangidwa mu makampani mankhwala, kodi ntchito mu nthambi zosiyanasiyana za ukachenjede, mankhwala ndi mankhwala. The ma polima ambiri anakonza kuchokera ethylene mndandanda unsaturated chimasanduka ndi polyethylene wokha, komanso homologue ake - propylene.