Makolo a Asilavo: iwo ali, komwe ankakhala, chipembedzo, mabuku ndi chikhalidwe

Modern anthu Asilavo inakhazikitsidwa kwa nthawi yaitali. Iwo anali ambiri a makolo awo. Zikuphatikizapo Asilavo lenileni ndi anansi awo, zinakhudza moyo, chikhalidwe ndi chipembedzo cha mafuko awa pamene iwo anali adakali ndi moyo monga mwa maziko a m'dera mafuko.

Antes ndi sklaviny

Kufikira tsopano, mbiri yakale komanso ofukula atapereka zosiyanasiyana ziphunzitso za amene angakhale makolo a Asilavo. Ethnogenesis anthu zinachitika mu nyengo kumene pafupifupi munthu magwero olembedwa. Akatswiri anayenera angakwanitse mbiri yoyambirira ya Asilavo pa nyenyeswa zazing'ono. wapatali kutchula za m'masiku Byzantine. Ilo linali kum'mawa Roma anali kupirira mavuto mafuko, kenako anapanga mtundu Asilavo.

Umboni oyamba a m'zaka VI. Makolo a Asilavo magwero Byzantine otchedwa Antes. Za iwo analemba wotchuka mbiri Prokopiy Kesariysky. Poyamba, Nyerere M'dera pakati pa Dniester ndi Dnieper Mtsinje m'dera la Ukraine ano. Pachimake, iwo ankakhala m'chigawo ku Don ku Balkans.

Ngati Antes a gulu kum'mawa kwa Asilavo, ndiye kumadzulo kwa iwo zokhudzana ndi iwo sklaviny moyo. Kutchula koyamba za iwo anachoka mu buku la Yorodano "Getik" zinalembedwa pakati pa VI atumwi. Sklaviny nthawi zina amatchedwanso Veneti. m'mafuko amenewa ankakhala tsopano ndi Czech Republic.

zinthu zokhudza

Anthu a Byzantium ankakhulupirira kuti makolo a Asilavo - amene sanadziwe akunjawo wa chitukuko. Iwo kwenikweni anali. Ndipo sklaviny, Antes nakhala pansi demokarase. Iwo analibe wolamulira limodzi ndi boma. Kumayambiriro Asilavo anthu inkakhala zosiyanasiyana m'madera, pachimake pa aliyense amene anali mtundu winawake. Zimenezi zikupezeka magwero Byzantine nawalimbikitsa ndi zomwe anapeza archeologists ano. Midzi inkakhala nyumba yaikulu imene ankakhala mabanja akuluakulu. M'mudzi wina akhoza kukhala pafupifupi 20 nyumba. Mu sklaviny anawagawira moto, mu Antes - uvuni. Mu kumpoto Asilavo anamanga chipika cabins.

Customs zizigwirizana mores wa umutu wankhanza. Mwachitsanzo, ankachita mwambo kupha akazi ku manda mwamuna wake. Makolo a Asilavo ankachita ulimi, umene unali gwero waukulu n'zodalirika. Tirigu, mapira, balere, Mapila, rye. Ng'ombe, nkhosa, nkhumba, abakha, nkhuku. Ufiti anali bwino anayamba poyerekeza ndi Byzantium chomwecho. Kwenikweni, ali zofuna amamwa banja.

Army ndi ukapolo

Pang'onopang'ono, dera anatulukira stratum chikhalidwe asilikali. Nthawi zambiri bungwe anawazunza Byzantium komanso m'mayiko ena oyandikana nawo. cholinga wakhala chomwecho - zolanda ndi akapolo. Old Asilavo squads kungakhale monga anthu zikwi zingapo. Zikuoneka abwanamkubwa ndi akalonga mu malo a asilikali. Makolo woyamba wa Asilavo anamenyana ndi nthungo (kawirikawiri malupanga). Sulitsa - komanso kuponya zida anagawanika. Icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito osati nkhondo komanso kusakasaka lapansi.

Amadziwika kuti ukapolo ankakonda Antes. Chiwerengero cha akapolo akafuna zikwizikwi anthu. Iwo ambiri anali akaidi anagwidwa pankhondo. N'chifukwa chake mwa akapolo antskih anali ambiri Byzantines. Monga ulamuliro, Antes anali akapolo, kuti dipo. Komabe, ena mwa iwo ankachita ulimi ndi zamanja.

Nkhondo ya Avars

Mu pakati pa VI m'ma Nyerere nthaka anali pansi ngozi kuukira. Awa anali woyendayendawu mafuko, amene olamulira anali Kagan mutu. mtundu awo amakhalabe mapiri ena amawaona Turkey, munthu - ndi zinenero aku Iran. Makolo a Asilavo akale ngakhalenso anaonekera mu malo wochepa kwambiri adadzizunzira Avars chiwerengero. chiŵerengero Zimenezi zinachititsa chisokonezo. The Byzantines (mwachitsanzo, Ioann Efessky ndi Konstantin Bagryanorodny) ndi kuzindikiridwa onse Asilavo ndi Avars, ngakhale ziyenera izi anali kulakwitsa.

Kuwukira ku East zinachititsa kuti kusamuka chidwi cha anthu, makamaka kwa nthawi yaitali anakhala mu malo omwewo. Pamodzi ndi Avars Antes woyamba anasamukira ku Pannonia (ano Hungary), ndipo kenako anayamba kugonjetsa Balkan ndiwe wa Byzantine.

Asilavo chinadzakhala maziko Khanate asilikali. Zomwe zinachitika wotchuka wa kulimbana ndi ufumu anakhala kuzinga Constantinople mu 626. Mbiri ya Asilavo wakale amadziwika nkhani mwachidule mmene zikuyendera mogwirizana ndi Ahelene. Kuzinga Constantinople anakhala zoterezi chitsanzo. Ngakhale akanthe, ndi Asilavo ndi Avars chiyani sakwanitsa kutenga mzinda.

Komabe achikunja alimbane anapitiriza m'tsogolo. Back mu 602 ya Lombard mfumuyo inatumiza kwa Asilavo wa ambuye awo shipbuilding. Anakakhala ku Dubrovnik. Doko, panali woyamba Asilavo zombo (monoksily). Iwo anatenga mbali mu kale kulanda mzinda wa Constantinople. Kumapeto kwa VI m'ma Asilavo woyamba anazungulira Thessaloníki. Posachedwa zikwi achikunja anasamukira ku Thrace. Pa nthawi yomweyo Asilavo anaonekera pa dera la Croatia ano ndi Serbia.

East Asilavo

Atalephera kuzinga Constantinople m'chaka 626 chinasokoneza mphamvu ya Avar Khanate. Asilavo kulikonse anayamba kuchotsa goli la alendo. Mu Moravia, kupanduka anakweza yokha. Iye anakhala woyamba amadziwika ndi dzina la Asilavo kalonga. Ndiye anthu ake unayamba kuwonjezeka awo kum'mawa. Mu VII la colonizers m'ma anakhala pafupi ndi Khazars. Iwo anakwanitsa kudutsa ngakhale kwa Crimea ndi Caucasus kuwafika. Kodi makolo a Asilavo ndi tawuni yawo linaperekedwa, ine ndikutsimikiza panali mtsinje kapena nyanja, komanso olimapo moyo.

Zikuoneka pa mzinda Dnieper Kyiv, dzina lake polemekeza Prince Kyi. Apa iye anapanga latsopano mafuko minda mgwirizano omwe mapangano angapo ngati m'malo Antes. M'zaka VII-VIII potsiriza anapanga magulu atatu a anthu Asilavo kuti alipo lero (ku Western, Southern ndi East). Last anakhazikika m'dera la makono Ukraine, Belarus, ndi pakati pa Volga ndi Oka midzi anali m'kati mwamalire a Russia.

Mu Byzantium, nthawi zambiri kuzindikiridwa Asilavo ndi Asikuti. Ichi chinali tchimo kwa Greek. Asikuti a mafuko aku Iran ndi ankalankhula zinenero aku Iran. Pachimake izo kunkakhala anthu kuphatikizapo Dnieper steppe ndi Crimea. Pamene ine ndinafika uko Asilavo kulamulira, mikangano zonse kunabuka pakati pa anansi latsopano. Mavuto aakulu ankaimira apakavalo, amene ziwanda Asikuti. Makolo a Asilavo kwa zaka zambiri angaletsedwe kuwukira wake, mpaka, potsiriza, wongosamukasamuka sizinachitike kutengeka ndi a Goths.

Tribal migwirizano ndi mzinda wa East Asilavo

Mu kumpoto, ndi Asilavo ankakhala pafupi yambiri ya Finno-Ugric mafuko, kuphatikizapo zonse ndi Meria. Panali midzi Rostov Beloozero ndi Staraya Ladoga. mzinda wina wa Novgorod anali wofunika kwambiri pakati ndale. Mu 862 anayamba kulamulira Scandinavia Rurik. Chochitika ichi chinali chiyambi cha statehood Russian.

mzinda wa Asilavo kum'mawa anaonekera makamaka m'madera njira anathamangira ku Scandinavia kwa Agiriki. Izi mtsempha wamagazi malonda kutsogolera ku Nyanja Baltic kuti Byzantium. M'njiramo amalonda anali yonyamula katundu wofunika: .. Ambergris, chinsomba khungu, Amber, tsitsi, martens ndi sables, uchi, phula, etc. katundu The anamasulidwa mabwato. zombo Way kugona pa mitsinje. Mbali ya njira limayenda pamodzi pansi. Pa malo amenewa, bwato kusamutsidwa portage, kuti munda anaonekera Perevolok mzinda Toropets ndi Smolensk.

Kum'mawa mafuko Asilavo akhala moyo popanda wina ndi mzake, ndipo nthawi zambiri chiyani feuded ndi kumenyana pakati pawo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti atenge kwa anthu oyandikana nawo. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma IX, ena East Asilavo mabungwe mafuko anayamba kupereka msonkho kwa Khazars. Other kwambiri amadalira Scandinavia. "Nthano ya makedzana Zaka" umatchula ambiri mapangano mafuko: Burza, volynyan, Dregovichi, Drevlyane, Krivichy, glades, Polotsk, northerners, Radimichi Tivertsy, White Croatia ndi Ulichi. United Asilavo kulemba ndi chikhalidwe onse a iwo, alipo yekha mu zaka XI-XII. pambuyo mapangidwe Kievan Lazaro ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity. Kenako gulu mitundu unagawidwa Russian, Ukrainians ndi Belarusians. Izi ndi yankho ku funso la amene makolo ali kum'mawa Asilavo.

South Asilavo

Asilavo okhala Balkans, ndinayamba olekanitsidwa atsogoleri anzake, n'kukafika South Asilavo mafuko. Lero, ana awo ndi Serbia, Bulgarians, Croatians, Bosnians, Makedoniya, Montenegro ndi Slovenia. Ngati makolo a kum'mawa Asilavo anakhazikika m'dziko makamaka wopanda, ndiye abale awo a kum'mwera anapita ku mphepete komwe kunali midzi ambiri linakhazikitsidwa ndi Aroma. Kuyambira chitukuko wakale, ndipo anasiya njira imene akunja kwa kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga pa Balkans. Pamaso pawo chilumba anali Byzantium. Komabe, ufumu ankafunika kupereka m'mphepete kwa akunja chifukwa cha nkhondo zonse kummawa ndi Aperisiya ndi nkhwidzi mkati.

Mayiko latsopano South Asilavo makolo wosanganiza ndi autochthonous (wamba) anthu Greek. Mu kumapiri, colonizers anayenera kukana wa Vlachs ndi anthuwa. Monga alendo zosemphana ndi Akhristu Greek. The resettlement wa Asilavo mu Balkans idatha 620-m.

The moyandikana Akhristu ndi kundiimbira ndi iwo anali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa eni latsopano Balkans. Chikunja Asilavo m'dera lino lakhala adzathetsedwa yachangu. Zachikunja anali zachilengedwe ndi kulimbikitsidwa Byzantium. Choyamba Ahelene, kuyesera kuti muganize amene Asilavo, anam'tumizira la ofesiyo, ndipo anatsatira pambuyo alaliki. Mafumu nthawi zonse anatumiza kwa anansi oopsa amishonale, poganizira potero kwambiri kukhala awo pa akunjawo lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, ubatizo wa Serbia anayamba pansi Heraclius, amene analamulira zaka 610-641. ndondomeko wakhala pang'onopang'ono. Chipembedzo chatsopano wakhazikitsa pakati pa South Asilavo mu theka lachiwiri la m'zaka IX. Ndiye obatizidwa akalonga Raska, ndiye angatembenuke chikhulupiriro cha Akhristu anthu.

N'zochititsa chidwi ngati Serbia anayamba nkhosa East Church ku Constantinople, abale awo Croatia adza kumadzulo. Iwo anali olumikizidwa ndi chakuti mu chaka 812 ndi Wachifulanki Mfumu Karl Veliky anachita pangano ndi mfumu ya Byzantium Michael Ine Rangave, monga mbali ya Adriatic gombe la Balkans anali mu malo yozungulira wa Afulanki. Iwo anali Akatolika, ndipo mu ulamuliro wake mwachidule m'chigawo anabatizidwa Croatia miyambo la kumadzulo. Ndipo ngakhale m'zaka za m'ma IX, mpingo wachikristu amaona kuti kukhala wosakwatiwa, chachikulu magawano wa 1054 kwambiri ubwenzi wathu ndi Akatolika mzake ndi Orthodox.

Asilavo Western

Gulu kumadzulo kwa mafuko Asilavo asezare gawo lalikulu ku Elbe kwa Carpathians. Ndi kukhazikitsa mu Polish, Czech ndi Slovak anthu. West onse ankakhala bodrichi, lutici, Sorbs ndi pomoryane. M'zaka za m'ma VI, gulu la Polabian Asilavo wotanganidwa pafupifupi hafu ya dera la masiku ano Germany. Mikangano pakati pa mafuko osiyanasiyana Chalk anali nthawi zonse. The colonizers latsopano anakankhira kuchokera kugombe la Baltic Nyanja Lombards, Varin ndi Rugova (kulankhula pa zilankhulo ku Germany).

Limasonyeza chidwi cha kukhalapo Asilavo m'nthaka panopa German dzina la Berlin. Akatswiri apeza chikhalidwe cha chiyambi cha mawu. The chinenero Polabian Asilavo "Burlin" amatanthauza damu. Ambiri a iwo mu kumpoto cha kum'mawa kwa Germany. Umo ndi momwe kuposa Asilavo atagonjetsa makolo. Back mu 623, izi atsamunda chomwecho anagwirizana kalonga akupita mu kuukira kwa Avars. Nthawi pansi pa kuloŵedwa Karla Velikogo Polabian Asilavo anagwirizana ndi Afulanki yokopa awo motsutsa Khanate.

German ang'onoang'ono ambuye unkatchedwa amanyansidwa ndi ongobweramo m'zaka IX. Pang'onopang'ono, Asilavo amene ankakhala pa magombe a Elbe, anawamvera. Masiku ano, iwo panali magulu a akutali, monga anthu zikwi zingapo kusunga awo wapadera chilankhulo, mosiyana ngakhale Polish. Mu Middle Ages, dziko la Germany wotchedwa onse oyandikana kumadzulo Asilavo Wendy.

Language ndi Kulemba

Kuti timvetse amene Asilavo, ndi bwino kuyang'ana pa mbiriyakale ya chinenero. Kamodzi, dziko linali limodzi, iye anali kulankhula chimodzi. Iwo ankatchedwa chinenero Proto-Asilavo. Palibe cholembedwa cha patsalanso. Amadziwika yekha kuti ali wa kwa ambiri m'mayiko a European banja la zilankhulo, zomwe zimachititsa zikufanana ndi zinenero zina zambiri .. Germany, Romance, etc. Akatswiri ena a zinenero akhala kuika patsogolo, ndiponso mfundo zina za chiyambi chake. Malinga ndi ganizo loperekedwa mmodzi, chinenero Proto-Asilavo pa ina chitukuko anali gawo la chinenero Proto-Balto-Asilavo, pamene zinenero Baltic ali zosonyeza okha mu gulu lawo.

Pang'onopang'ono, mtundu uliwonse kuonekera mu chinenero chathu. Pamaziko a mmodzi wa m'zilembo awa, analankhula za Asilavo amene ankakhala pafupi ndi mzinda wa Tesalonika, abale Kirill Ine Mefody m'zaka IX analenga mabuku Asilavo Mkhristu. The Chenicheni anazipanga izo mwa dongosolo la mfumu Byzantine. Kulemba kunali koyenera kuti mabuku achikhristu ndi kulalikira kwa Amitundu. M'kupita kwa nthawi, inali kudziŵika kuti zilembo za Chisililiki. zilembo Izi lero maziko a Chibelarusi, Chibugariya, Chimakedoniya, Russian, Chisebiya, Chiyukireniya ndi Chimontenegirini zinenero. Otsala Asilavo, Catholic anatenga ntchito zilembo Roma.

Mu XX atumwi, akatswiri anayamba kupeza zinthu zakale zambiri zimene azikhala monga zipilala za alifabeti wakale Chisililiki. Mfundo yofunika kwambiri kwa zofukulidwa amenewa anakhala Novgorod. Ndiyamika kufufuza mu madera ozungulira, akatswiri aphunzira zambiri za kodi wakale Asilavo Literature ndi Culture.

Mwachitsanzo, Asia zakale Asilavo Chisililiki malemba ndi otchedwa Gnezdovo lolembedwa pa mtsuko wa dothi pakati pa X atumwi. bokosilo anapeza mu 1949 ndi katswiriyo Daniilom Avdusinym. Zikwi makilomita kumeneko 1912 mu mpingo wakale wa Kiev anapeza chidindo kutsogolera ndi Chisililiki lolembedwa. Akatswiriwa kuwerenga izo, ndipo anaganiza kuti dzina la Prince Svyatoslav, amene analamulira zaka 945-972. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pa nthawi imeneyo ku Russia anali chipembedzo chachikulu cha chikunja, Christianity, ngakhale chomwecho Chisililiki zilembo wakhala Bulgaria. maina Asilavo ngati zolemba zakale kuthandiza molondola kwambiri kudziwa bokosilo.

Funso ngati Asilavo mwini kulemba pamaso pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity, wotseguka. powatsimikizira otalikirana ndi akupezeka ena a olemba a m'nthawi imeneyo, koma izi umboni zolakwika sikokwanira kukafola chithunzi zonse. N'kotheka, Asilavo kwa kufala kwa mfundo kupyolera zithunzi ntchito mabala ndi mbali. Makalata amenewa akhoza kuvala khalidwe miyambo ndi ntchito poombeza.

Chipembedzo ndiponso chikhalidwe

Pre-Christian achikunja Asilavo kusanduka zaka mazana angapo ndipo yakhala mbali palokha wapadera. Chikhulupiriro chimenechi chinali spiritualization zachilengedwe, animism, animatism mpatuko mphamvu zauzimu, kupembedza mizimu ya makolo ndi matsenga. Malemba oyambirira m'nthano amene angandithandize kuchotsa chophimba mwachinsinsi pa chikunja Asilavo, kuti lero ayi waliteteza. Azambiriyakale aweruze kuti chikhulupiriro chokha mu mbiri ya, mbiri, maumboni alendo ndi zina sekondale.

Mu nthano za Asilavo unkagwiritsidwa mbali chibadidwe ena zipembedzo a m'mayiko a ku Ulaya. Mwachitsanzo, mu gulu pali mulungu wa mabingu ndi nkhondo (Perun), mulungu wa nthaka ndi ng'ombe (Velez), ndi chifanizo cha mulungu, ndi Sky Atate (Stribog). Zonsezi zosiyanasiyana ndipo pali aku Iran, Baltic ndi German nthano.

Milungu ya Asilavo anali wapamwamba anthu wopatulika. wonyalanyaza awo ankadalira tsogolo la munthu aliyense. chofunika kwambiri, udindo ndi oopsa mphindi, fuko lililonse amatanthauza ogula ake zauzimu. The Asilavo ziboliboli milungu (mafano) anagawanika. Iwo anali opangidwa ndi mitengo ndi miyala. Zomwe zinachitika wotchuka zokhudza mafano otchulidwa mbiri mogwirizana ndi Ubatizo wa Russia. Prince Vladimir kusaina kukhazikitsidwa kwa chikhulupiriro chatsopano analamula kutaya mafano a milungu yakale mu Dnieper. Zimenezi n'zimene zinasonyeza bwino chiyambi cha nyengo yatsopano. Ngakhale zachikunja, umene unayamba pa mapeto a X atumwi, chikunja anapitiriza kukhala, makamaka mu ngodya akumidzi a Russia ndi chimbalangondo. Ena mwa zochititsa ziziwayendera pa mpingo Orthodox ndipo anasunga mu mawonekedwe a miyambo wowerengeka (mwachitsanzo, kalendala maholide). N'zochititsa chidwi kuti maina Asilavo anaonekera pafupipafupi amafotokoza chipembedzo (mwachitsanzo, Bogdan - "mulungu anapatsidwa" etc ...).

Kulambira mizimu achikunja opatulika mwapadera zinakhala kuti ankatchedwa akachisi. Moyo wa makolo a Asilavo wakhala akugwira ndi malo opatulika awa. Kachisi malo okha analiko mafuko kumadzulo (Zitsulo, Czechs), pamene a anzawo East nyumba zimenezi kunalibe. Old Russian opatulika ndi munda lotseguka. Pa nyumba ya kulambira milungu miyambo bungwe.

Kupatula mafano, ndi Asilavo, ngati mafuko Baltic anali wopatulika miyala boulders. Mwina, mwambo umenewu inalandidwa ndi Finno-Ugric anthu. kupembedza mizimu ya makolo anali kugwirizana ndi Asilavo mwambo wa maliro. Pa maliro, anakonza kuvina miyambo ndi amalonda (maliro Phwando). Thupi la wakufa sanachite ku dziko lapansi, ndipo anamuwotcha pamtengo. Phulusa ndi mafupa zotsala pamodzi chotengera wapadera, amene anasiya pa positi panjira.

Mbiri ya Asilavo wakale zikanakhala osiyana ngati mitundu yonse ndi sankalola Chikhristu. Ndipo Orthodoxy, Chikatolika ndi monga iwo wamba European chitukuko akale.