Kodi n'chiyani chinachititsa mapangidwe landforms aeolian? The ndondomeko ya kupanga zolimbikitsa

Mu mpumulo kumvetsa kupanga padziko lathuli, zimene ankaona poyerekezera enaake. M'mawu ena, ndi monyanyira onse a dziko lapansi, nyanja ndi pansi pa madzi. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chithandizo ndi kusiyana ndi kukula, zaka, ndi mbiri za chitukuko.

Ndikofunikira kuti Nganizilani ichi mu gawo kapangidwe ndi pomanga msewu, njanji ndi kulumikiza ena. Khalidwe mpumulo (lamapiri, mapiri, kuphwa ndi zina zotero. D.) Zayamba bwanji kuchuluka kwa ntchito ndi mtengo.

Movement wa landforms

monyanyira onse m'dziko anawagawa:

1. Phiri. Izi phirilo zooneka landform, ataliatali pamwamba mtunda ozungulira. The chimbuzi cha phiri amatchedwa pamwamba, zimenezi mwina pachimake kapena kutenga maonekedwe a malo (malo okwera). Pamwamba lateral wa okwera ngati zigwirizana skates. Mzere, lomwe limasonyeza maphatikizidwe mapiri ndi mtunda ozungulira, m'munsi kapena yekha.

2. zafukulidwa. Izi mawonekedwe a mpumulo zosiyana phiri ndi chatsekedwa maganizo. Mfundo kunsi kwa dzenje otchedwa pansi. kali mbali monga landforms adzaponyedwa, ndi mzere wa pophatikizana ndi madera ozungulira - pamwamba.
3. zitunda. Si kanthu koma phiri, anatambasula kwina kulikonse, ndipo pang'onopang'ono amachepetsa mu msinkhu. ranges onse ali otsetsereka awiri, kuphatikiza pa pamwamba, kupanga mzere wa okulira pa.
4. Dell. landforms amenewa zosiyana zitunda. Iwo elongated, zonse akuponya zamkati amene ali otsegula pa mapeto amodzi. Dell ali awiri limbikitsa kulumikiza kwa mzere okulira, zikuyenda pansi pa maphunziro. Chitsanzo cha amenewa mawonekedwe angathe kutumikira chigwa ndi chigwa. Mbali yoyamba tinganene dzenje chachikulu, ndi mosabisa, kuwaika lokutidwa otsetsereka. Chigwa ndi mwapadera kwa mapangidwe oterowo. Ndi chigwa yopapatiza, yomwe otsetsereka ndi phompho ndipo alibe kuwaika.
5. chishalo. Malowa kuyambira mu mabacteria kuphatikiza skates ndi kugona pakati zoyandikana phiri. Nthawi zina chishalo ndi ili pa malo pophatikizana okulira zitunda. Pa m'gawo lake, monga ulamuliro, anthu amaika mumsewu tinjira ta kokayenda kapena misewu, kuwayitana iwo akudutsa. Kuyambira chishalo ndi kuwonjezera mu zosiyana malangizo otuwira.

Onse a mitundu pamwamba mpumulo ndi waukulu.

Njira maphunziro

Thandizo pamwamba - osiyana otukukira kunja kapena concave monyanyira, zomwe zingaoneke pansi. mtundu uliwonse zimasiyana-siyana ukulu ndi chiyambi. Motero, analipo padzikoli mtunda wathu m'goli a Mega, yaying'ono, meso ndi nano-mpumulo. Komanso, mapangidwe awo chifukwa cha njira madzi erosive kapena mapiri, glacial kapena karst, tectonic kapena aeolian. Aliyense wa njira izi ndi mtundu wina wa gulu la mphamvu ndi vuto mu kuya kapena pamwamba pa matanthwe a.

Zosiyanasiyana njira yothandiza kupanga

zinthu zonse zimene zimakhudza mapangidwe padziko lathuli, anawagawa amkati ndi exogenous. Ngakhale kusiyanako, nthawi zonse pamodzi. Komabe, mosavuta ntchito ya mmodzi wa iwo zimadalira khalidwe la mpumulo m'madera ena.

Ponena za zinthu exogenous, nthawi zonse zimachitika padziko Lapansi. Kuphunzira njira zoterozo - mbali ya ulemu wa nthaka. Izi mapangidwe mpumulo zinthu monga kukokoloka ndi weathering, kumva kuwawa ndi denudation, mmene oundana ndipo T. D. Amachititsa kuchita chimodzimodzi ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya zamoyo, yokoka, komaso cheza dzuwa mphamvu. zinthu Exogenous zokhudza pa wosanjikiza chapamwamba kutumphuka padziko lapansi kupanga, monga ulamuliro, meso- ndi microforms pamwamba. Ichi ndi chifukwa zimakhudza awo zosapindulitsa kapangidwe Geological dzikoli.

landforms Large anapanga chifukwa cha kukhudzana ndi zinthu amkati. Ndi njira kunachitika matumbo a dziko lapansi, amene amayamba ndi mphamvu yokoka ndi mphamvu mkati. landforms Major uka chifukwa zinthu zina akuwuka chifukwa cha kasinthasintha wa lathuli. Kodi angasonyeze njira amkati? pamaso pawo zikusonyeza kuti ife ntchito ya mapiri matope, magmatism, kayendedwe tectonic, ndi zina zotero. D. Ndipo onse zizindikiro izi amayamba ndi kukopa mphamvu matenthedwe wa dziko chifukwa kuwola nyukiliya kunachitika pakhoma. M'pofunikanso kuti njira amkati kwa matanthwe a pansi padziko ogaŵikana mitundu iwiri - ndi zikuluzikulu ndi chokhala.
Mmene kutentha mphamvu mkati amachititsa kayendedwe ka lithosphere lapansi. Izi kwambiri chimasintha mapu mpumulo. Anapanga zolakwa ndi makutu, mapiri ndi matendawa, a wosanjikiza chapamwamba kutumphuka lapansi.

Zitsanzo za mpumulo popangidwa ndi zochita za njira amkati chiyani? Choyamba, ndi zolakwa za matanthwe a pansi padziko. Iwo amasiyana kukula ndi mawonekedwe, komanso nthawi ya mapangidwe. Kuya kwa zolakwa awa - chipika lalikulu kuona yopingasa ndi ofukula kusamutsidwa. Nthawi zambiri kumatanthauza maphunziro a dziko lonselo. midadada yaikulu ya matanthwe a pansi padziko kwenikweni lodzala ndi Timachimo tating'onoting'ono. Nthawi zambiri ndi mtsinje zigwa, mapiri ndi otsika. Ndipo onse a mitundu awa, monga ulamuliro, kupanga ano ofukula kayendedwe mbali zonsezonse. Choncho, zomwe zili m'menemo anakonza Kurskaia, Voronezh Belgorodskaia dera ndipo ali ndi zonse zochotsa liwiro millimeters 4 mpaka 6 pa chaka. Koma Oka-Don m'zigwa M'malo mwake, mulibe. Mlingo wa ndondomeko imeneyi chimachititsa 2 mm. Kuyenera ananena kuti zimachititsa chilumbachi ndi nthaka ya matanthwe a pansi padziko n'zogwirizana. kayendedwe wakale wa dziko midadada wathu zikugwirizananso ndi chikhalidwe cha yatsoka ndi kukhala mu miyala.

Chibwenzi, imodzi mwa zinthu zokhudza kusintha okwera, ndi anthu ntchito zachuma. Pali zimakhudza mwachindunji pa matanthwe a pansi padziko pa migodi, pa pomanga, komanso chitukuko cha minda chifukwa kulima ulimi.

kanthu mphepo

Ndinakumana otaya mpweya misa chilengedwe ndi ubiquitous. mphepo ndi yothandiza ntchito ndi chimene amakhudza makamaka lalikulu m'dera la chipululu mchenga. Various lapansi padziko roughness Pankhaniyi chichitike mogwirizana ndi ntchito ndondomeko deflation. Izi ikuwomba ya misa mchenga.

Komanso, kulanda awo amapezeka ndi mafunsidwe zina (kudzikundikira). Anthu landforms kuti anapanga chifukwa cha mphepo, amatchedwa aeolian. Ndipo zimenezi si zodabwitsa, monga Aeolus - dzina la wakale Greek mulungu wa mphepo. ndicho chiyambi cha mtundu wa mtunda chiyani? Iwo anapanga mchikakamizo cha njira zotsatirazi:
- deflation - lotayirira dothi ikuwomba;
- dzimbiri - akupera ndi umapezeka macheka;
- kulanda nthaka mpweya mitsinje;
- kudzikundikira zipangizo.

liwiro mphepo mwachindunji ndi kulanda particles dothi, yomwe ili pa nthaka ya dziko. Choncho, pamene mpweya misa otaya lachiwiri lina pa mtunda wa mamita 4,5-6,7 akhoza kuyamba 0,25 mamilimita mbewu mchenga. Imathamanga apamwamba (11,4-13 m / s), kuchuluka kungakhale kwa 1.5 mm.

Ndipamene mpumulo deflationary

Njira kuwomba nthaka lotayirira amayambira pa olimapo zaperekedwa kwa minda. Kodi n'chiyani chinachititsa mapangidwe landforms aeolian mu nkhani iyi? Deflation zimachitika chifukwa imfa ya kapangidwe mu humus kaja akulima chifukwa mu nthawi yaitali. Nthaka akuyamba mosavuta lidzawombedwa, mmene zodabwitsazi kufika tonnes 125 pa mahekitala. njira Deflation ikuchitikira Russian Chigawo chapakati Black Lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1967 kum'mwera kwa Voronezh dera othamanga fumbi mkuntho anagwetsa tonnes 60 pa mahekitala dothi.

Kufotokozera za m'madera thandizo limene pali pang'ono mulibe zomera, ndi kusinthana kwa mabeseni deflation ndi pakati pa partitions. Izi otchedwa malo ma mchenga popangidwa ndi misa mpweya alternating malangizo pa deflation osasamba wa particles dothi. Pamene wolingalira mphepo beseni kukhala kachigawo zooneka ndi kukhala kuloza ena. Iwo amatchedwa motere: dzenje Inde aeolian mchenga. Yaikulu mitundu ina ali ku mamita makumi mozama. Iwo amapezeka Arabia, kumene amatchedwa fuldzhi.

Mafomu mpumulo zikuwononga

Zam'manja Unyinji wa mchenga zokula zambiri pogaya ndi pogaya kuchokera pamwamba zigawo mwa thanthwe, zimene zimapezeka mu njira ya m'gulu lawo. Pankhaniyi, mapangidwe:
- niches zikuwononga;
- "mizati mwala";
- aeolian "mwala bowa".

Pankhani niches dzimbiri, maphunziro awo chikuchitika, monga ulamuliro, mu miyala mosavuta destructible. Iwo Mwachitsanzo, marls ndi sandstones. Ngati lotayirira thanthwe yokutidwa ndi wandiweyani, ndiye pali mapangidwe "bowa mwala" kapena "mizati mwala". Ndi chodabwitsa kukongola landforms ake. Iwo amakhala ngati mizati nsanja ndi bowa.

Mmene pakhale zodabwitsa zachilengedwe? Air misa adatengedwa ndi mtsinje wake ting'onoting'ono weathering mankhwala, komanso kuthamanga kudzikundikira chuma lotayirira. Large akukhudza khwimbi la mchenga anakumana ndi thanthwe. Pankhaniyi particles dothi zinthu monga chuma ndi abrasive. Iwo pogaya ndi pogaya pamwamba miyala. The chifukwa cha zotsatira ngati ndipo achilendo eolian mawonekedwe ngati mizati ndi bowa.

Nthawi zina mphepo iwombela pa nkhani lotayirira beseni lonse. Izi chowulungika kapena kuzungulira mawonekedwe ndi makumi angapo mazana angapo mamita kudutsa. Nthawi zina deflation mabeseni ngati mizere ya. Ndiye iwo amatchedwa yardang. grooves izi nthawi zambiri anapanga pamodzi misewu kapena nyumba zina ndi miyeso elongated.

mitundu accumulative

Aliyense wa mpweya misa otaya ali mphamvu, mphamvu ndi machulukitsidwe. Chizindikiro choyamba uliri ndi muyezo wa mchenga ndi amasamukira ichi mphamvu mphepo. Mphamvu anatsimikiza ku chiwerengero chenicheni cha particles dothi ofalitsidwa. Ndipo kodi machulukitsidwe wa mphepo? Izi chiŵerengero mphamvu ndi Mpweya mphamvu. Pakuti mfundo ka chizindikiro zimenezi zikuchitika deflation, ndi lalikulu - accumulative. Taganizirani zimene otsiriza a iwo.

Kodi n'chiyani chinachititsa mapangidwe mitundu aeolian a mtundu accumulative mpumulo? Mulimonsemo ntchito mphepo kunyamula mchenga particles. Pamene njira imeneyi misa akukumana Chitsamba Choyaka kapena chopinga ina, ndiye mulu navevaniya. KUCHULUKA mchenga kwathunthu chimakwirira mbewu.

Pali zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana za mpumulo popangidwa ndi njira kudzikundikira. Koma mu mtundu uliwonse anawagawa mitundu iwiri:
- kotenga;
- mtanda.

Mwa njira kotenga monga mchenga zitunda, lomwe limatchedwanso mchenga ridged. mapangidwe awo chifukwa zochita za mphepo m'njira zonse. Zimenezi zimayambitsa mchenga kuwomba kuchokera nisin ndi munthawi yomweyo kutulutsidwa mu kupangidwa ndi okwera kapena zitunda. Imodzi, pali gulu la particles dothi kwa kayendedwe mphepo pamodzi lokwera, potero kutalikitsa mawonekedwe mosalekeza.

Pakati yopingasa accumulative formations eolian ndi milu, ndi unyolo barkhan milu. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

milu

M'zipululu Nthawi zambiri mapiri kachigawo mawonekedwe, nsonga za amene ananena ndi mwachindunji kwa zotsatira osakhala a misa mpweya. Izi ndi milu. Kodi n'chiyani chinachititsa mapangidwe landforms aeolian wa mtundu uwu? onse opareshoni womwewo wa mphepo. Milu ndi otsetsereka asymmetric. mbali lathyathyathya kulimbana ndi mbali mumawomba mphepo kwabasi, ndipo phompho - kuti leeward. Milu - mawonekedwe mafoni mpumulo mchenga. m'gulu lawo akuchedwa, koma modekha. Pa chaka, ndi mamita 50-60. Mu Karakums liwiro ichi ndi apamwamba kwambiri. Ndi mamita 12 mu mwezi watha.

Kodi n'chiyani chinachititsa mapangidwe landforms aeolian wa mtundu uwu? Kumene, ntchito ya pafupipafupi ndi amphamvu mphepo. Komabe, pali ena zinthu zina mutamwa omwe pali milu. Njirazi ndi monga:
- pang'ono mpweya;
- yogwira thupi weathering wa miyala dziko;
- ochepa kapena kusapezeka okwana zomera.

anapanga mpumulo ofanana mu zitani? Chipululu nyengo zotentha ndi M'madera a zitunda kotentha abwino kwambiri zikamera wa milu ya. Kutalika kwa dongosolo la mchenga, monga ulamuliro, palibe mamita oposa atatu. Koma ena a yaikulu imene mukhoza mbakwira 40 m.

barkhan unyolo

Izi landforms aeolian kuti apewe pamwamba pa zitunda lapansi payekha. Iwo akuyimira milu angapo zinaphatikizidwa. Kufotokozera za mpumulo wa mtundu uwu Nthawi zambiri limasonyeza kukhalapo kwa zizindikiro za nambwibwi, limene lili otsetsereka mumawomba mphepo kwabasi. Awa ndi ang'ono, kufanana imatsogoleredwa mchenga odzigudubuza, amene msinkhu ndi mu osiyanasiyana 2-5 cm. Maonekedwe a zizindikiro za nambwibwi chifukwa cha kugwedera kwa misa mpweya.

milu

Mu zipululu sanali otentha zambiri zotheka kusunga mapangidwe mitundu yopingasa aeolian. Iwo milu. Mu zochita za mphepo akhoza kutenga dongosolo amenewa ndi kotenga view. Nthawi zina milu amafanana ake maonekedwe milu malingaliro. Komabe, mosiyana, ndi "nyanga" ya dongosolo ngati ukuperekedwa mphepo. Mu contours ndondomeko ngati milu otchedwa parabolic.

Kodi aliyense ali landforms aeolian? Zikuphatikizapo milu iwo amene akutsamira ndi pyramidal. formations ofanana ndi waukulu wa Aeolian. Iwo Tingaone ku Central Asia ndi ku Sahara. milu Pyramidal anapanga pamene mphepo mu madera osiyana. Nthawi zina mitundu imeneyi kufika msinkhu wa mamita 150. Atatsamira pa milu ya anapanga pafupi ranges phiri. Izi ndi wapadera mchenga njira, motsogozedwa ndi misa mpweya pa otsetsereka a. Atatsamira pa milu nthawi zambiri ndi kutalika kwa 200 m.

Other maphunziro aeolian

Kawirikawiri sayenda nthaka particles malire zomera, yomwe ili m'malire a yogawa awo. Choncho, pamaso pa zigawo osowa zomera anapanga mchenga mapiri. Mu zigwa mchenga ndi pa gombe pali Kuchugury. Izi otchedwa cumulus Sands.

Pa gawo la mayiko louma kufalitsa osati mchenga, komanso miyala ndi dongo zipululu. Kodi mukhoza kusunga mapangidwe zosiyanasiyana deflation. Choncho, zolosera za miyala mu zipululu miyala kawirikawiri yokutidwa ndi otchedwa chipululu varnish. Ndi kutumphuka wanzeru anapanga chifukwa cha capillary zojambula njira mwala saline. Ambiri mwina nawo mbali iyi ndi yaying'ono-zamoyo, akupanga hydroxides ndi oxides chitsulo, manganese ndi zinthu zina.

Padziko zipululu dongo ndi loess zimasokoneza. N'chifukwa chake mpumulo m'dera ino ya matendawa, chatsekedwa osaya ndi lathyathyathya pansi. Takyrs kuitana mapangidwe amenewa. pamwamba ali ndi mudcake, lomwe limapanga malire a misewu lonse ming'alu. Mu yamvumbi osowa takyrs amasonkhana madzi, kusindikiza wosanjikiza chapamwamba.

Mpumulo ndi zigawo louma yodziwika ndi mabeseni ngalande. Anasonkhanitsa Madzi a mvula mwa iwo alibe malo kuchoka pa. cavities zofanana akakhale mazana makilomita, kufika akuya 200 m. formations amenewa Tingaone mu chipululu laku Libya. Iwo Qattara Depression, chizindikiro mtheradi amene ali opanda mamita 134. Mu mapangidwe mitundu ina zimafunika osati mphepo. A mbali yaikulu pano anatumizidwa zinthu lithological ndi structural-miyala. M'madera ena, monga maganizo litakwiliridwa pansi wosanjikiza mchenga.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti takyrs zonse chimakula. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti mphepo ndi kuwononga mkate kuteteza pamwamba. njira amenewa deflation kuyambitsa mapangidwe milu dongo. mitundu imeneyi angapezeke mu Mexico.

Malo a mabacteria ndi subtropical ndi otentha decorates m'madera relict kapena insular, komanso madambo denudation. akalumikidzidwa awa anapanga m'madera ena, koma iwo ali mmene kwambiri zipululu.

Mu mpumulo wa Central Asia pano denudation stratified zigwa, ndi kobvuta chodyera otsalira mapiri. Izi zitunda chilumba ndi nsonga athyathyathya ndipo otsetsereka ndi phompho. mitundu ina ku Central Asia ndi Turtkul dzina. mapangidwe awo poyambirira chinathandiza kukokoloka kwa madzi sanali okhazikika, ndipo pambuyo udindo waukulu anauzidwa kuti njira deflation chifukwa cha ntchito mphepo.