The njira ya kupatsidwa ulemu mu mfundo

Kupatsidwa ulemu - njira amachitsimikizira, limene udindo wamba kubwera kwa mseri. Kukambirana kudzera masamu, maganizo ndi yoona ulaliki analemba prerequisites angapo. Njira imeneyi zachokera amakhulupirira kuti chikhalidwe cha zochitika zonse mwamtheradi osadalira pa wina ndi mzake.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba mawu akuti "kupatsidwa ulemu" akadali amapezeka Socrates, koma phindu lake ndi zimasiyana kwambiri masiku ano. Iye ankaona kuti tikayerekezera zina makamaka, kupatulapo onyenga, amatilola kupereka tanthauzo ambiri zosiyana. Aristotle linaposa: iye anatchula kusiyana kupatsidwa ulemu wathunthu ndi chosakwanira, osati koma kufotokoza chilamulo ndi maziko a masika. Iye ankakhulupirira Maganizo amenewa amasiyana kotheratu syllogism.

Pamene nzeru ena a Kubadwa Kwatsopano anayamba mwachangu kupandukira maganizo a Aristotle, analengeza njira kupatsidwa ulemu yodalirika m'masayansi zachilengedwe. Anayamba zikuchepa akusiyanitsa syllogistic njira wakale Greek nzeru za anthu.

Akukhulupirira kuti njira kupatsidwa ulemu pafupifupi mu mawonekedwe yomwe alandirika ku sayansi yamakono, iye asankha ndi Francis Bacon. Ngakhale iye anali kale akalambula monga Leonardo da Vinci ndi ena anzeru ena. Mu mawu, Bacon sanali angagwirizanitse aliyense syllogism kufunika. Komabe si popanda kupatsidwa ulemu wa mfundo imeneyi. Bacon ankakhulupirira kuti generalization ayenera pang'onopang'ono ndipo ganizirani malamulo atatu, ankaona kusonyeza katundu makamaka kumbali zitatu:

1) Unikani milandu ya zoipa;

2) A review milandu zabwino;

3) mubwereze milandu imene katundu kumaonekeranso amakhala osiyana, ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana. Ndipo kuyambira zonsezi, n'zotheka tikuona ndi generalization.

Motero malinga Bacon likukhalira kuti popanda syllogism, kuti popanda mwachidule nkhani yomwe anafufuza, pansi pa deduction ambiri, inu simungakhoze kubweretsa mfundo yatsopano. Izi zikutanthauza kuti asayansi sanathe kumvetsa kusukulutsa inductive njira deductive, amene patsogolo Descartes. Koma Bacon sikunalekere pamenepo. Pozindikira kuti njira wake ali ndi zovuta zake, anatiuza njira kuwalaka. Mwachitsanzo, iye ankakhulupirira kuti chikhalidwe probabilistic njira iyi, izo adzatha pang'onopang'ono kuthetsa incompleteness a chidziwitso anasonkhanitsa ndi anthu azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana m'moyo.

njira kupatsidwa ulemu angakhale mitundu iwiri: wathunthu ndi chosakwanira. Mbali yoyamba, kunenanso adzakhala anatsimikizira kuti nkhani yomaliza wapadera sanayambebe wotopa njira zonse. Kutsiliza analandira kwambiri ndithu. Njira imeneyi ndi wosatsutsika. Komanso zambiri nzeru za anthu pankhani zina.

chosakwanira njira kupatsidwa ulemu, m'malo mwake, ananena yeniyeni, milandu munthu kumabweretsa amanena kuti ndiye zofunika komanso kutsimikizira. Ku maganizo a maganizo zokopa mfundo zokwanira, mapeto atapereka nazo, mukhoza kusokeretsedwa. Njira imeneyi kupatsidwa ulemu kufunika ngakhale ena umboni, ndi probabilistic m'chilengedwe. Komabe, zolakwitsa ndi zotheka milandu onse. Zidzachitika chifukwa chakuti kufufuza, amene kuthana kufufuza nkhani, inu mukhoza kutenga zifukwa zambiri, zomwe Komanso, zikugwirizana panyengo zosiyanasiyana nthawi.

Maganizo kwambiri wangwiro wa kupatsidwa ulemu sayansi ndi kupatsidwa ulemu. Pomaliza ake za katundu wa zinthu za thupi m'kalasi lomwelo, chopangidwa pambuyo Kufufuza zowongolera awo mkati. Izi zimasiyanitsa kupatsidwa ulemu ochiritsira, imene katundu wa chinthu akuphunziridwa amaonedwa lachibadwa, mosintha.

Mwa njira, njira kuti inferences khalidwe osati maganizo. Njira za sayansi ya kupatsidwa ulemu wamba nzeru za anthu, sayansi, mankhwala, zachuma ndi lamulo.