Louvre Palace: mbiri ndi zithunzi

Louvre Palace (France) ndi owonetsera zakale ndi mapulani zovuta pakati pa Paris, anapanga patapita zaka zambiri. Poyamba izo linaikidwa linga chachikulu, pambuyo kumangidwanso mu kaso nyumba yachifumu. Lero, ndi m'nyumbayi lalikulu mu dziko ndi kusonkhanitsa chuma cha zosemasema.

mafotokozedwe

Europe yaikulu Nyumbayi mbiri, n'kukhala Museum, ili m'mphepete lamanja la khoka. Kwa zaka 800, zovuta anamangidwanso kangapo. Kumbali mapulani Louvre odzipereka zinthu za Kubadwa Kwatsopano, Baroque, Wachiwiri-Agiriki ndi Akasakaniza. Ena nyumba, Mayina mzake, monga lonse zimapanga dongosolo wamphamvu anamangidwa pa dongosolo la rectangle elongated. Kumene, mmodzi wa zowoneka wofunika kwambiri Paris ndi Louvre Palace.

dongosolo zovuta zikuphatikizapo:

• nyumba zazikulu, wopangidwa mwa magawo atatu tambirimbiri chikugwirizana;
• mobisa padzuwa, zomwe ndi mbali yapadziko lapansi ya Napoleon galasi piramidi pabwalo;
• kupambana Chipilala Carousel ndi Tuileries Gardens.

Zovuta nyumba ndi okwana m'dera 60 600 mamita ² owonetsera zakale ndi oposa 35 000 zosemasema. A cholowa dziko kumaphatikizapo zojambula, ziboliboli, zodzikongoletsera, zinthu tsiku ndi tsiku, zinthu kamangidwe, nthaŵi nthawi zakale kwa m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi. Pakati pa zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho chidali - Pamwalawo ndi Hammurabi a Code, ndi chosema wa Nike wa Samothrace, ndi kupenta "Mona Lisa" ndi Leonardo da Vinci ndi katswiri wina.

oyambirira Ages Middle

Louvre Palace, yomwe kunayamba m'ma XII, yemwe poyamba anali ngati ntchito mwangwiro kumbuyo. Pa nthawi ya Filipo Augustus II ulamuliro kunja kwa Paris inamangidwa tridtsatimetrovoy nsanja kumbuyo - imasunga. Anamangapo mozungulira icho 10 nsanja ang'onoang'ono chikugwirizana khoma.

Mu nthawi chipwirikiti chiopsezo chachikulu amachokera kumpoto ndi: panthawi iliyonse kuukira Scandinavia kapena pretenders mpando wachifumu French ku mibadwo Plantagenet ndi Capetian. Komanso, mgwirizano ndi mfumu ya England anali Duchy cha Normandy, yomwe ili m'dera.

The linga anatumikira monga ntchito kulondera-kumbuyo. Mbali payekha nsanja Tingaone mu m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba. Iwo ali ndi kufotokoza wodzipereka kwa mbiri ya Louvre, ndipo ananena ndi malo ofukula zinthu zakale. N'zotheka kuti mfumu anamanga citadel pa maziko a dongosolo oyambirira kumbuyo. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, mawu "Louvre" m'chilankhulo cha Afulanki amatanthauza "Watchtower".

mochedwa Ages Middle

Mu theka lachiwiri la m'nthawi ya chinayi ya Louvre Palace lasintha kwambiri. Pa nthawi imeneyo, Paris wakhala kukodzedwa kwambiri. Latsopano mzindawo ndi citadel akale anali mkati malire mzinda munaukitsidwa. Kufunika njira ya dongosolo kumbuyo womwenso anaimba. Charles V anzeru anamanganso kulinga ku nyumba yachifumu nthumwi ndipo anasamukira likulu lake.

Donjon anali ukasintha adzamangidwenso. Kamangidwe mkati anali kusinthidwa kwa zosowa zogona, panali denga ndi pinnacles. Mozungulira quadrangle anamanga zogona ndi malonda nyumba ya kutalika chomwecho. Pamwamba pa chipata chachikulu ananyamuka awiri turrets yaing'ono kaso, amene anapereka ntchito yomanga kukongola ena.

The mmunsi mwa makoma pang'ono anasunga lero. Zotsalira za nyumba zatenga kotala ya phiko kum'mawa kwa Louvre izi. Makamaka - ndi quadrangle kuzungulira bwalo lalikulu.

Kubadwa Kwatsopano

M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi, Francis ndinaganiza reinvent Louvre Palace. The wamanga Per Lesko akufuna kuti angakwanitse Nyumbayi kalembedwe wa French Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Ntchitoyi inayamba mu 1546 ndipo anapitiriza pansi Henry II.

Latsopano nyumba poyamba anali ndi amakona anayi mawonekedwe ndi lalikulu m'bwalo lamkati (Chur Kandachime) koma anasintha ndi mawonekedwe lalikulu. Pa moyo wa Pierre Lescot linamangidwa yekha gawo la mapiko kumadzulo kum'mwera. Ndi wamkulu nyumba kwathunthu osungidwa kwa Louvre izi.

Wazomangamanga ambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito zomangamanga chakale njira, kaphatikizidwe iwo ndi miyambo French sukulu (mkulu denga ndi attics). nyumbayi amakhala ndi articulation amafunika wapakamwa ndi mabacteria atatu a mipata mu mawonekedwe a mazenera amakona anayi aposa ndi pediments triangular, ankasiyana pilasters ndi arcades cha pansi. Wapakamwa wodzilemekeza ziboliboli zambiri. Louvre Palace mu woimira osachepera pamaso chidwi. Lesko, pamodzi ndi ziboliboli ndi Jean Goujon anamanga Great Hall ndi fano Atemi.

Chiwerengero cha kulinga

Mu ulamuliro wa Ekateriny Medichi linamangidwa pafupi ndi nyumba yachifumu ya Tuileries , ndipo anayamba mfundo ukugwirizana ndi nyumba yake alipo Louvre. Henry IV anali kugwiritsa ntchitoyo.

Choyamba Louvre Palace zotsalira anali mwayeretsa ndi loko akale bwereza bwalo. Kenako amisiri Jacques ndi Louis Métezeau Andrue anamaliza kumanga zomera tating'ono ndipo anayamba ntchito pa zomera chachikulu (Grand Gallerie), zomwe adalumikiza nkhani ya Louvre ndi Tuileries.

Kale pa siteji iyi ya zovuta ndi kumakhaladi Cholinga cha sayansi ndi chikhalidwe. Iwo munali nyumba yosindikizira, ndi timbewu. Ndiyeno mu imodzi ya nyumba analoledwa kuthetsa ndi ntchito Osema, amisiri, jewelers, watchmakers, opanga mikono, carvers, weavers.

XVII m'zaka

Louvre Palace anapitiriza kukula ndipo m'zaka za chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri. Louis XIII ali anatenga ndodo mwachangu, kutsogolera wa makolo ake. Pansi pake Zhak Lemerse yomanga hema anayamba maola 1624, ndi nyumba kumpoto anamangidwira - buku la zikutipatsa Pierre Lescot.

Louis XIV, anali wofooka ntchito odzitukumula, analamula agwetsedwe nyumba zakale ndipo malizitsani danga kuzungulira bwalo. Iwo onse analengedwa mu kalembedwe chomwecho. Koma chofunika kwambiri wofuna anali pomanga East zipilala.

Popeza gawo ili la nyumba yachifumu moyang'ana ku mudziwo, izo anaganiza makamaka zedi. zabwino mapulani Loona za nthawi anatiitana. The ntchito kwambiri wofuna anapereka Italy Giovanni Bernini. Iye akufuna kuti agwetsedwe chifumu, ndi kumanga ina yatsopano. Kambirana mmene kovuta ndi zovuta khama anamanga mfumu yapita, lingaliro anakanidwa. Klod Perro (mkulu m'bale wongonena Sharlya Perro) anayamba kukondera, amene zitsulo amaipidwa.

Paris nkhope

East zipilala kusandulika Louvre Palace. Kufotokozera 173-mita Akatswiri a zomangamanga zimaonetsa motere - ndiye chimake apamwamba maganizo a French classicism. Klod Perro anakana lalikulu pa nthawi yaikulu zomangamanga Roman, zinthu zimene zinali theka mizati ndi pilasters. Iwo m'malo ndi mizati panja kalembedwe Korinto, titatenga lathyathyathya (umene unalinso ndi luso).

Ndi zosadabwitsa kuti C. Perrault (makamaka kudziletsa anaphunzitsa) akanakhoza kupereka ulemerero kwa nyumba popanda ziboliboli amange ndi "zokongoletsa", wotchuka m'zaka za m'ma XVII. maganizo ake chimphona zogwirizana kuti, moyang'anizana ndi chachikulu nthaka pansi, anatola ndi mapulani mu Europe. Similar mitundu ya nyumba kumeneko ndi ku St. Petersburg. Ganizo kuika awiriawiri ndime pakati pa mawindo, pa dzanja limodzi, anathandiza kusunga airiness wa zipilala, pa zina - kuonjezera chiwerengero cha kuwala kulowa zipinda.

VXIII-XX atumwi

Pa nthawi iyi Louvre Palace wotaya udindo wa nyumba yachifumu. Mu 1682 Korol Lyudovik ndi anamuperekeza ake anasamukira ku Versailles. zipinda Ambiri amakhala yosatha. Pamene Napoleon Bonaparte yomanga anapitiriza. Malinga polojekiti Visconti anawonjezera kumtunda phiko kumpoto. Fontaine ndi Percier - tambirimbiri latsopano zinamangidwa.

Mu XX m'ma (zaka 1985-1989), ndi mmisiri wotchuka IM Pei anaganiza kapangidwe molimba mtima komanso yokongola ya m'nyumbayi mobisa. Pankhaniyi ndi athandizira zina ku Louvre ikuchitika kudzera pagalasi piramidi imodzi m'tchalitchi cha holo mobisa.

mapangidwe zopereka

Wapadera zopereka za Louvre anayamba kupanga Kuyambira nthawi ya Mfumu Francis Ine, admirer Italy luso. Iye anasonkhanitsa ntchito m'dziko lake zogona Fontainebleau ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano, ndipo kenako anasamukira ku Paris.

Pa msonkhano wa Francis ine zojambula za Raphael, Michelangelo, Kutolere ngale. Komanso, mfumu anaitanidwa ku Apennines yabwino Italy mapulani, amisiri, jewelers, Osema. Yotchuka kwambiri mlendo anali Leonardo da Vinci, zotsatira za omwe anapita ku Louvre kupenta "Mona Lisa."

Mu ulamuliro wa mfumu Henry IV Louvre Palace ku Paris unali likulu luso la France. The Grand Gallery anali ambiri ambuye odziwika bwino, amene ntchito inakhala maziko a m'nyumbayi m'tsogolo. Louis XIV anakonda onse okongola. Mu ofesi yake yachifumu, panali zojambula mazana khumi ndi asanu, French, Flemish, Italy ndi amisiri Dutch.

The French kuukira boma anathandiza kuti chitukuko cha m'nyumbayi ndipo kusinthika ake mu bungwe pagulu. Zosonkhanitsa ya mafumu, olemekezeka, ndi mipingo nationalized ndipo anagwirizana m'nyumbayi. yokopa Napoleonic akhala gwero la kubwezeretsa kwa exposures zotsatirazi. Akadzagonjetsedwa Napoleon chabwezedwa ndalama zoposa 5000 eni anagwira kale, koma ambiri anakhalabe mu Louvre.

Mapangidwe nyumbayi

26/07/1791 Constituent Assembly analamula kuti kusonkhana mu nyumba yachifumu ya Louvre "zipilala zaluso ndi sayansi." Pakuti owonetsera zakale anthu linatsegulidwa pa 11/18/1793.

M'zaka XX Louvre Palace, yomwe chithunzi kukwapula ulemerero, lasintha. Re zomera mobisa ndi piramidi galasi inamangidwa, ndipo zopereka Zinthu lidagawikana. Panali ntchito analenga pamaso 1848. Kenako zojambula Impressionist anasamukira ku Museum wa Orsay ndi Impressionism. Anthu zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho kuti analengedwa pambuyo pa 1914 ndi Center National kwa iwo. Georges Pompidou.